肝脏疾病患者血清细胞因子IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-4、IL-10的检测

目的分析细胞因子TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-10在肝病患者血中的浓度改变及临床意义。方法应用酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）试剂盒体外检测不同类型肝病患者血清细胞因子TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-10的浓度。结果IL-4、TNF-α、IFN-γ在急性乙型肝炎、慢性乙型肝炎、乙型肝炎肝硬化及重型肝炎组患者外周血的浓度,较正常对照组,均显著升高（P〈0．001-P〈0．05）,而IL-10的肝病组与正常组之间、肝病组之间相比,均未有显著差别（P〉0．05）;IFN-γ在乙型肝炎肝硬化组中的浓度显著高于慢性乙型肝炎组（P〈0．01）和重型肝炎组（P〈0．05）;IL-4在重型肝炎组中的浓度显著高于急性（P〈0．05）、慢性乙型肝炎组（P〈0．05）。结论细胞因子IL-4、IFN-γ、TNF-α在乙型肝炎病毒感染中起重要作用;细胞因子IL-4、TNF-α、IFN-γ分别参与乙型肝炎病毒感染中的促纤维化作用和抗纤维化作用;促炎因子 IFN-γ、TNF-α和抗炎因子IL-4共同参与重型肝炎的发病过程。     

慢性心力衰竭一氧化氮和血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度的变化及其相互关系

目的：探讨一氧化氮（N0）和血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）在慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者中的变化，及其与心功能的相互关系。方法：选取CHF患者60例及正常人30例，检测NO、AngⅡ水平及左室射血分数（LVEF），进行组问比较及相关分析。结果：（1）CHF组NO、AngⅡ水平明显高于正常对照组，而LVEF水平相反（P〈0．01）；（2）随着心功能减退，NO、AngⅡ水平逐渐升高（P〈0．01或〈0．05）；（3）收缩性与舒张性心力衰竭之间NO、AngⅡ水平差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；（4）LVEF与NO、AngⅡ呈负相关（r=-0．415，-0．544，P〈0．01）。结论：NO、AngⅡ参与了CHF形成的病理生理过程，且与CHF的严重程度有关。     

阿托伐他汀短期治疗慢性心力衰竭的临床观察

目的观察短期应用阿托伐他汀对慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者心功能、血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和白介素-6（IL-6）水平的影响。方法选择50例CHF患者随机分成治疗组27例和对照组23例。所有CHF患者均给予常规治疗，治疗组在此基础上加用阿托伐他汀10mg／次，1坎／d，晚餐后顿服，治疗4周。治疗前、后分别测量左室射血分数（LVEF）、TNF-α、IL-6和血脂水平。结果两组患者治疗前、后LVEF、TNF-α、IL-6间差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．01）；两组患者治疗前后差异亦均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；治疗组患者治疗前、后TC、TG、LDL—C间差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．01）；两组患者治疗后TC、LDL—C间差异亦均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论短期应用阿托伐他汀可以降低CHF患者的TNF-α和IL-6水平，改善心功能，其作用机制考虑可能与他汀类药物的非调脂作用有关。     

慢性充血性心力衰竭患者IL-6、TNF-α与心功能分级的相关性

目的探讨慢性充血性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血清细胞因子IL-6、TNF—α与心功能分级的关系。方法采用液相蛋白定量技术检测60例心功能Ⅱ-Ⅳ级的CHF患者（CHF组）及20例健康查体者（对照组）的IL-5、TNF-α浓度,并作相关性分析。结果CHF组血清1L-6、TNF-α显著高于对照组（P均〈0．05）,且随心功能的恶化逐渐升高;不同心功能分级间比较均有统计学差异（P均〈0．05）;血清细胞因子与心功能分级呈显著正相关（r=0．640—0．819,P均〈0．05）;心功能与原发病无关。结论细胞因子的上调与CHF的发生、发展、转归之间存在着一定的关联,与心衰严重程度密切相关。     

慢性心衰患者细胞因子与心衰严重程度的相关关系

目的观察慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者外周血炎症细胞因子白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、纤维蛋白原（FG）、超敏C-反应蛋白（hsCRP）水平变化及其与心衰严重程度的相关关系。方法选择60例CHF患者为病例组,包括冠心病30例,高血压性心脏病14例,心肌病16例（扩张型心肌病10例,肥厚型心肌病6例）。另外选择40例年龄、性别与病例组相匹配的健康受试者作为对照组。所有受试者均测定外周血IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、FG、hsCRP水平、血脂,同时询问吸烟史、高血压病史及糖尿病史。CHF患者评估NYHA心功能分级并测定左室射血分数（LVEF）。结果CHF患者外周血炎症细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、FG、hsCRP水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）;不同病因心衰患者间IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、FG、hsCR水平差异无显著性（P〉0．05）;IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、FG、hsCRP水平与NYHA心功能分级呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）,与LVEF呈显著负相关（P〈0．05）。结论CHF患者外周血炎症细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、FG、hsCRP水平显著高于对照组,与NYHA心功能分级呈显著正相关,与LVEF呈显著负相关,与CHF的发生机制有关。     

曲美他嗪对慢性心力衰竭病人心功能、脑钠肽和心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ的影响

目的观察曲美他嗪对慢性心力衰竭（CHF）病人心功能、脑钠肽（BNP）和心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（cTnⅠ）的影响。方法60例病情稳定的CHF病人。随机分为治疗组及对照组。每组30例。对照组病人采用心力衰竭常规药物治疗，治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上加用曲美他嗪20mg，每日3次。两组均连续治疗4周。观察治疗前后两组NYHA分级、心功能、BNP和cTnⅠ等指标的变化。结果与治疗前相比，两组治疗后NYHA分级及心功能均得到显著改善，血浆BNP及cTnⅠ水平显著降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；与对照组治疗后相比，曲美他嗪组显著缩小病人左室舒张末内径（LVEDD，P〈0．05），显著减小左室质量指数（LVMI，P〈0．05），显著增加左室射血分数（LVEF。P〈0．05）；血浆BNP（P〈0．05）和cTnⅠ（P〈0．01）显著降低。结论曲美他嗪能降低血浆BNP及cTnⅠ水平，改善CHF病人的心功能。     

异丙酚和异氟醚对颅脑手术病人围术期细胞因子平衡的影响

目的探讨异丙酚和异氟醚对颅脑手术病人同术期细胞因子IL-10、IL-6及TNF-α的影响及异丙酚用于颅脑手术麻醉的优越性。方法30例择期行颅内肿瘤切除术的病人，随机分为两组：异氟醚组（Ⅰ组），异丙酚组（P组），每组15例。两组患者分别在麻醉前（T1）、手术开始切皮后2h（T2）、术后2h（T3）、术后48h（T4）四个时间点采取静脉血测血清中细胞因子1L-6、IL-10及TNF-α浓度。结果①两组血清IL-10浓度切皮后2h明显上升，与术前水平相比有显著差异（P〈0．01）。组间比较，P组切皮后IL-10浓度明显高于Ⅰ组（P〈0．01）。术后2h两组间的差异减小，但仍有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。②两组血清IL-6浓度切皮后2h明显上升，与术前水平相比均有显著差异（P〈0．01）。至术后48h仍维持在一个较高的水平，与术前相比仍右显著统计学差异（P〈0．01）。组间比较，P组切皮后2h IL-6浓度低于Ⅰ组（P〈0．05）。③两组血清TNF-α浓度在组内及组间比较均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论在颅脑手术中，手术麻醉可引起血清细胞因子IL-10及IL-6的显著升高，但对TNF-α无明显影响；异丙酚可在一定程度上抑制IL-6的产生并促进IL—10的产生，从而有利于围术期细胞因子平衡的维持。可作为颅脑手术麻醉的首选用药。     

C反应蛋白、胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C与慢性心力衰竭左心室射血分数的关系

目的探讨血浆超敏C反应蛋白（hs—CRP）和胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C（cystatin—C）浓度与慢性心力衰竭（CHF）左心室射血分数（LVEF）的关系,总结两者在CHF发展过程中的临床意义。方法选择CHF患者102例,根据二维超声心动图检查结果分为LVEF≤50％病例组（A组）54例和LVEF〉50％病例组（B组）48例,测定血浆hs—CRP和cystatin-C水平,并与30例正常对照组（C组）进行对比分析。结果A组和B组hs—CRP,cystatin—C均较C组明显升高（P〈0．01）,且A组hs—CRP较B组明显升高（P〈0．01）,但A组cystatin—C与B组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;Cystatin—C与hs—CRP呈正相关性（r=0．248,P〈0．05）。结论CHF随着LVEF值降低,血浆hs—CRP和cystatin—C值升高,两者结合更有利于评价CHF临床严重程度。     

老年慢性心力衰竭患者血清激活素A水平的变化及意义

目的探讨老年慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血清激活素A水平的变化及意义。方法ELISA法测定老年CHF患者87例及健康对照组32例血清激活素A的水平。结果心功能Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级组与对照组及心功能Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级组之间比较，差异显著（P〈0．05）。激活素A水平在左心室射血分数（LVEF）〈30％组和30％～40％组之间比较差异显著（P〈0．05），LVEF〈30％组与对照组比较差异非常显著（P〈0．01），LVEF30％～40％组与对照组比较差异不显著（P〉0．05）。血清激活素A水平在贫血组与对照组之间比较差异非常显著（P〈0．01），贫血组与非贫血组之间比较差异显著（P〈0．05），而非贫血组与对照组比较差异不显著（P〉0．05）。结论老年CHF患者血清激活素A水平在心功能差及贫血者有明显增高。     

氯沙坦对心力衰竭患者血浆内皮素-1和降钙素基因相关肽的影响

目的了解心力衰竭患者血浆内皮素-1（ET1）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）和降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）的变化，并观察氯沙坦对其的影响。方法测定40例健康者（正常对照组）和90例心力衰竭患者血浆ET-l、AngⅡ和CGRP浓度，随后90例心力衰竭患者被随机分成常规治疗组和氯沙坦组（常规治疗＋氯沙坦50mg每日1次），每组45例。治疗14天后复测血浆ET-1、AngⅡ和CGRP浓度，同时应用彩色多普勒超声显像仪测量正常对照组和心力衰蝎患者治疔前后的左心室射血分数（LVEF）。结果与正常对照组相比较，心力衰竭患者血浆ET-1、AngⅡ明显升高（P〈0．01），ET-1和AngⅡ与LVEF呈负相关（r=-0．7l，r=-0．62，P〈0．01），ET-1和AngⅡ呈正相关（r=0．69，P〈0．01）。治疗14天后，氯沙坦组血浆ET-1明显下降（P〈0．01），CGRP显著升高（P〈0．01），LVEF得到改善（P〈0．05）。而常规治疗组无明显变化（P〉0．05）。结论心力衰竭患者血浆ET-1、AngⅡ浓度明显升高，且与LVEF呈负相关，血浆CGRP显著下降。氯沙坦具有降低ET-1，升高CGRP并改善LVEF的作用。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.