通过自主设计实验,培养学生创新能力

本文总结了针灸实验室教师指导学生自主设计和完成实验,培养学生创新能力的做法和经验。实验设计选题时,注重结合学生的学习兴趣,题目来源于针灸相关知识的学习。设计时,就相关的科研素质、基本要求,对学生进行辅导和培训,针对假说完善实验设计。实施过程中,教师要引导学生从失败中总结经验教训,进一步完善实验细节。实验顺利完成后,指导学生抓紧总结,将成功的经验进行推广。让学生对针灸实验进行自主设计和自主完成,既锻炼了学生的动手能力,又培养了学生的创新思维,同时提高了学生的创新能力。     

医学院校医学物理实验课程考试改革的想法

物理实验教学可使学生在如何运用理论知识、实验方法和实验技术解决科技问题方面得到必要的!基本的训练,对于培养学生的科学学风、科学态度有着不可忽视的作用,也是培养学生分析问题,解决问题能力的不可缺少的教学环节,是培养学生创新与实践能力的极其重要的途径之一。重视物理实验,目前来看,实验考试是一种有效的强制手段。     

《中药药剂学》开设设计性实验的方法初探

为避免传统的实验模式存在一些弊端,在更大程度上发挥学生学习的自主性和创造性,本文针对《中药药剂学》开设设计性实验进行探索。通过教师给定处方,学生查阅相关工具书及文献、制定实验方案、修订实验方案、执行实验方案,让学生完成一个中药制剂完整的制备过程,并通过回顾性陈述,让学生总结中药制剂制备的完整流程,以及在这一过程中值得注意和改进的地方。设计性实验有利于学生对中药学相关专业课程形成交叉,并且有利于发挥学生分析问题及解决问题的能力,提高学生的综合素质。     

通过自主设计实验,培养学生创新能力

本文总结了针灸实验室教师指导学生自主设计和完成实验,培养学生创新能力的做法争经验.实验设计选题时,注重结合学生的学习兴趣,题目采源于针灸相关知识的学习.设计时,就相关的科研素质、基本要求,对学生进行辅导和培训,针对假说完善实验设计.实施过程中,教师要引导学生从失败中总结经验教训,进一步完善实验细节.实验顺利完成后,指导学生抓紧总结,将成功的经验进行推广.让学生对针灸实验进行自主设计和自主完成,既锻炼了学生的动手能力,又培养了学生的创新思维,同时提高了学生的创新能力.     

《医学物理实验》的课程建设与教学改革研究

目前的医学物理实验教学中普遍存在着实验内容和实验仪器陈旧落后、实验教学手段单一、实验时间不足、考核方式不合理、实验室经费投入不足、实验计划安排不合理、学生缺乏动手实验操作的机会、积极性和主动性不高等诸多问题.为了解决以上问题,促进医学物理实验的课程建设与教学改革,我们的做法是:从精选实验内容、改进教学方法、改革考核方式等多方面人手,注重对学生实验能力的培养,提高实验的质量,激发学生实验的热情.同时结合实验室和学生的实际情况对实验教材进行更新和完善,加强对实验室正规化管理,如实验教学管理上采取"集体备课"、"相互听课"和"青年教师培养导师制"等手段,完善和健全实验室的各种规章制度,使实验室建设规范有序.     

生理实验课的教学体会

生理学一门重要的基础医学课程,而生理学实验课是生理教学中的一个重要环节,为以后的临床实践打下坚实的实践基础,必须加强师生对课程重要性的认识,做好实验前准备工作,有重点、有层次地讲解实验内容,激发学生学习兴趣,提高实验效果,指导学生掌握实验步骤,严格操作规范,利用现代化的教学手段,提高实验的成功率,注重培养学生的科学素质,开展第二课堂活动,培养学生实践能力。     

中医药高等院校解剖生理学实验教学改革初探

人体解剖生理学实验多以经典结论的实验验证为主,而对于学生主动思考、自主探索能力培养不足,故对于解剖生理学实验教学模式改革应由验证性向探索性转变,目的不仅培养学生掌握基础性实验,同时提高学生的探索与创新能力。     

中医药高等院校解剖生理学实验教学改革初探

人体解剖生理学实验多以经典结论的实验验证为主,而对于学生主动思考、自主探索能力培养不足,故对于解剖生理学实验教学模式改革应由验证性向探索性转变,目的不仅培养学生掌握基础性实验,同时提高学生的探索与创新能力。     

医学生理实验教学有感

人体生理学是一门以实验为基础的科学。实验教学在整个教学过程中十分重要,通过实验不仅仅是学生理解概念、印证理论和巩固知识的重要手段,而且对于培养学生善于分析、思考、实事求是的科学态度和独立的工作能力具有十分重要的意义。因此在生理实验教学中、应有意识地进行以下的工作。一:培养学生实验前预习实验指导的能力:实验前要求学生根据授课计划预习实验,并带着实验所要求达到的目的进行实验。学生能否在规定时间内按要求完成实验,除要求教师     

综合性实验在生物化学实验教学中应用与探索

生物化学实验课是医学专业重要的实践课程,传统教学存在教学方法单一、学生参与度不够、学习积极性不强、并且没有设置考核方式等问题。综合性实验是一门以学生为主体,运用相关理论知识与实践操作技能相结合方式解决具体实验问题的教学方法,在教学过程中将考核作为实验课检验方法既督促学生认真完成实验内容,又可以减少学生对实验课的懈怠。将综合性实验引进生物化学实验教学,期望提高教学质量,增强学生的理论知识运用能力、动手能力、独立思考能力。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.