非转流下原位肝移植术中患者氧代谢的变化

目的 观察非转流下原位肝移植术中患者氧代谢的变化。方法 21例拟行原位肝移植术的终末期肝病患者,采用静吸复合全身麻醉,无肝期不接受体外转流。麻醉前行双侧桡动脉穿刺置管以备采动脉血和监测动压脉,经右颈内静脉放置Swan-Ganz导管测中心静脉压(CVP)、肺动脉平均压(PAP)、肺毛细血管嵌锲压(PCWP),麻醉诱导后经鼻向胃内置入14F TRIP-NGS导管,监测胃粘膜二氧化碳分压(PgCO2)。分别于全麻诱导后30 min(T0)、门静脉阻断即刻(T1)、门静脉开放后5 min(T2)、门静脉开放后90min(T3)和关腹时(T4)用热稀释法测定心输出量(CO),计算心脏指数(CI)、心搏量指数(SVI)、外周血管总阻力指数(SVRI)、肺血管总阻力指数(PVRI),同时取桡动脉血和肺动脉血作血气分析,记录血液动力学指标、PgCO2,计算氧供(DO2)、氧耗(VO2)、氧供指数(DO2I)、氧耗指数(VO2I)、氧摄取率(ERO2)、胃粘膜内pH值(pHi)、胃粘膜及动脉血二氧化碳分压差(Pg-aCO2)。结果与T0比较,T1-4时心率增快(P<0 01),T1时MAP、CVP、PCWP、PAP、CO、CI和SVI下降,SVRI升高(P<0.05或0.01),T2时PAP、PCWP、CO、CI上升(P<0.05),T3时MAP、SVI下降(P<0.05),T1时DO2、DO2I下降,ERO2增高(P<0.01),T4时VO2、VO2I增加(P<0.05),T1-4时pHi下降(P<0.01),T1和T2时PgCO2、Pg-aCO2增高     

非体外静脉-静脉转流下原位肝移植围术期患者肺分流的变化

目的 观察非体外静脉-静脉转流下原位肝移植(OLT)围术期患者肺分流的变化。方法16例晚期肝病患者行OLT手术采用吸入异氟醚复合静脉输注异丙酚及芬太尼维持麻醉,FiO2100%,无肝期未采用体外静脉-静脉转流。放置Swan-Ganz导管,分别于手术前即刻(T1)、门、腔静脉阻断即刻(T2)、门、腔静脉开放即刻(T3)、新肝期5 min(T4)、90 min(T5)、关腹手术结束时(T6)抽取桡动脉和肺动脉血作血气分析,计算肺泡-动脉氧分压差[P(A-a)O2]、肺内分流率(Qs/Qt)。结果 T1时,P(A-)O2与Qs/Qt均高于正常值,与T1相比,T2时的P(A-a)Q2、Qs/Qt明显降低(P<0.05);与T2相比,T3、T4时的PaCO2、P(A-a)O2、Qs/Qt显著增高(P<0.05);与T3、T4相比,T5、T6时的P(A-a)O2、Qs/Qt显著降低(P<0.05)。Qs/Qt与P(A-a)O2呈正相关(r=0.45,P<0.05);Qs/Qt与PAP呈正相关(r=0.41,p<0.05)。结论 非体外静脉.静脉转流下OLT术前、术中存在一定程度的肺分流,需严格控制无肝期的补液量。     

Treatment of life-threatening hyperkalemia using hemoconcentration in parallel to venovenous bypass during orthotopic liver transplantation

IMPLICATIONS: The elimination of potassium in patients with end-stage kidney failure is limited. An increase in potassium concentrations can lead to lethal arrhythmias. In the described case, a large potassium concentration was treated during a liver transplantation using a new technical approach.     

Intraoperative cytokines production during orthotopic liver transplantation

In summary, we established that a significant production of the monokines interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor apha, and interleukin-1 occurred during orthotopic liver transplantation whereas the lymphokines interferon gamma and interleukin-2 were not detected. Levels of interleukin-6 reached their maximum values before and especially at the end of the anhepatic phase. They remained high after the anhepatic phase, i. e. after reperfusion of the new livers. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 reached their maximum values after the anhepatic phase. Not only were interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor apha, and interleukin-1 present in the serum but they could also be detected in the bile produced by these new livers. Mechanisms of monokine production during orthotopic liver transplantation is multifactorial in origin and further studies will have to evaluate the relative contribution of the various factors involved. The possibility of an association between peroperative monokines and transplant outcome and their potential clinical implication will have to be elucidated.     

Right lobe living donor liver transplantation with or without venovenous bypass

BACKGROUND: Venovenous bypass was considered necessary to maintain haemodynamic stability and avoid splanchnic and retroperitoneal congestion during the anhepatic phase of liver transplantation. It was essential for right lobe living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in which the inferior vena cava needed to be cross-clamped to construct wide and short hepatic vein anastomoses. However, many complications related to venovenous bypass have been reported. This study aimed to determine whether venovenous bypass was necessary for right lobe LDLT. METHODS: Between June 1996 and June 2001, 72 patients underwent right lobe LDLT. The outcomes for the first 29 patients who had venovenous bypass during the operation were compared with those of the remaining 43 patients who did not have venovenous bypass. In patients without bypass, blood pressure was maintained during the anhepatic phase by boluses of fluid infusion and vasopressors. RESULTS: Compared with patients undergoing operation without venovenous bypass, patients who had venovenous bypass required significantly more blood, fresh frozen plasma and platelet infusion, and had a lower body temperature; their postoperative hepatic and renal function in the first week was worse than that in patients who did not have a bypass. The time to tracheal extubation was longer and the incidence of reintubation for ventilatory support was higher with venovenous bypass. Six of the 29 patients with venovenous bypass died in hospital, compared with two of the 43 patients without a bypass (P = 0.05). By multivariate analysis, the lowest body temperature during the transplant operation was the most significant factor that determined hospital death. CONCLUSION: Venovenous bypass is not necessary and is probably harmful to patients undergoing right lobe LDLT, and should therefore be avoided.     

非转流经典原位肝移植病人术中血糖和乳酸的变化

目的 探讨非转流经典原位肝移植病人术中血糖和乳酸的变化。方法 静吸复合全麻下行非转流经典原位肝移植病人80例,男66例,女14例,年龄12～67岁,体重40～130kg,于麻醉前、无肝前期、无肝期30和60min、门静脉开放后5和30min以及手术结束时采集动脉血,测定血糖及乳酸浓度。其中70例采集门静脉开放后的肝静脉血测定。结果 术中无一例出现低血糖,门静脉阻断前血糖轻度上升,无肝期血糖有所回降,但仍高于术前。静脉开放5min时,血糖由开放前6.34mmol/L升高到12.14mmol/L(P<0.01)。术中血乳酸呈进行性上升,术前1.87mmol/L,静脉开放5min时达5.23mmol/L(P<0.01),随后继续维持在高水平。开放门静脉后的肝静脉血血糖达16.0～90.5mmol/L,乳酸9.6～80mmol/L。结论 非转流原位肝移植术中常出现高血糖和高乳酸血症,尤其是移植肝开放循环后,需随时监测并纠正。     

Transesophageal echocardiography-guided placement of internal jugular percutaneous venovenous bypass cannula in orthotopic liver transplantation

Venovenous bypass has improved patient survival and decreased morbidity and mortality in the field of orthotopic liver transplantation. The standard at many transplant centers is the use of the internal jugular percutaneous venovenous bypass cannulae (PVVBC) for venous return to the patient. Placement of these large (18F) PVVBC may lead to several complications and requires confirmation before use. Use of transesophageal echocardiography, an effective and rapid method to guide placement of the PVVBC and minimize potential complications associated with insertion of the device, is described.     

Does adult liver transplantation without venovenous bypass result in renal failure?

Thirty-eight adult orthotopic liver transplant recipients were studied to compare renal hemodynamics and renal function with (17 patients) and without (21 patients) venovenous bypass. Bypass was used when mean arterial blood pressure decreased by greater than 30% or cardiac index decreased by greater than 50%, or both, during a 5-min trial of clamping of the suprahepatic and infrahepatic vena cava and portal vein. Intraoperative measurements were performed 2 h after induction of anesthesia, 10 min before the end of the anhepatic phase, and 2 h after cava unclamping. During the anhepatic stage, renal perfusion pressure decreased significantly in the group with no bypass (79 +/- 20 vs 60 +/- 17 mm Hg, P less than 0.05) (mean +/- SD), whereas it remained unchanged in the group with bypass (77 +/- 14 vs 74 +/- 16 mm Hg, NS); urinary output was not modified in the bypass group, whereas it decreased significantly in the group with no bypass compared with the dissection phase (0.7 +/- 0.6 vs 1.7 +/- 2.0 mL.kg-1.h-1, P less than 0.05). However, during the postreperfusion phase, urinary output was similar in both groups and was more when compared with the dissection phase (P less than 0.05). Serum creatinine level was increased in both groups on the third postoperative day, but no difference occurred between the groups (bypass group 107 +/- 49 mmol/L; nonbypass group 126 +/- 95 mmol/L). No patient required dialysis in either group in the postoperative period. This study suggests that in patients without preoperative renal failure and who tolerate the trial of clamping well, venovenous bypass is not required to maintain postoperative renal function after liver transplantation.     

简化型腹部多器官移植动物模型的建立

目的建立一种非静脉转流的简化型猪腹部多器官移植模型。方法采用健康长白幼猪,供、受猪为同一胎猪,按体重相近原则配对。供者器官原位灌洗,摘取全腹脏器以及与之相连的腹主动脉和下腔静脉,修剪成肝、胰、胃、十二指肠以及近端2 m空肠的器官簇,整块移植到切除整个前肠和中肠器官(肝、胰、胃、十二指肠、全部小肠和大部分结肠)的受者腹腔。术中未使用静脉转流。术中监测受者的血流动力学、pH值及电解质变化。结果25次手术中,仅19次手术顺利完成,受者术后存活时间为2～146 h。与无肝前期相比,无肝初期、新肝初期及新肝期的平均动脉压、中心静脉压明显下降(P<0.05);与无肝初期相比,新肝期的平均动脉压、中心静脉压也明显下降(P<0.05);新肝期受者处于严重的代谢性酸中毒状态。结论在非静脉转流下建立简化型猪腹部多器官移植模型是可行的。