特色羟基磷灰石生物材料的发展

目的指出特色羟基磷灰石生物材料的发展趋势。方法综述羟基磷灰石复合生物陶瓷、水化产物为羟基磷灰石的生物骨水泥以及功能羟基磷灰石复合材料的发展。结果结论1、羟基磷灰石多相复合生物陶瓷的发展，在现有工作的基础上进一步提高强度、断裂韧性以适应承重及大面积的骨修复：2、利用骨水泥的可塑性及自固化性发展羟基磷灰石为主体的骨水泥复合材料，以提高临床应用性及手术的可操作性；3、通过在羟基磷灰石中添加少量的特殊物质，使复合材料具有某种预期的功能。     

羟基磷灰石/生物高分子复合材料的制备方法进展

背景:羟基磷灰石/生物高分子复合材料克服了单一的生物陶瓷作为骨替代材料使用的脆性及加工困难的缺陷而成引起广泛的重视。目的:基于当前已发展的制备羟基磷灰石/生物高分子材料的方法有共混法、原位复合法、纤维复合法、仿生矿化法、电化学沉积法等,现对这些制备方法的优势与不足做一综述。方法:分别以英文检索词"hydroxyapatite(HA),composites,preparation";中文检索词"羟基磷灰石,复合材料,制备",应用计算机检索中国期刊网全文检索库(CNKI)及Elsevier数据库1996-01/2009-12有关文章,纳入羟基磷灰石/生物高分子复合材料的文献。排除与研究目的无关和内容重复者。保留31篇文献做进一步分析。结果与结论:目前,羟基磷灰石/生物高分子复合材料仍不完全能满足骨组织工程对材料的要求,需要进一步优化制备方法,增强羟基磷灰石和生物高分子界面的结合,提高复合材料的力学及加工性能;同时,精确控制其复合材料的微观结构与骨材料结构相近,使从而使材料同时具有优良的机械性能和生物学性能,达到临床使用的要求。     

应用羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷及口腔膜引导骨再生修复牙周骨缺损

背景：羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷以天然优质海洋珊瑚为原料,在珊瑚骨架上形成羟基磷灰石薄层,保留珊瑚天然孔孔相同的支架结构,为组织生长提供了良好空间。 目的：观察羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷膜引导骨再生修复牙周骨缺损的临床效果。 方法：将42例下颌第一磨牙牙周病致骨缺损患者随机分组：实验组采用羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷结合口腔修复膜充填修复骨缺损,对照组采用单独羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷充填修复。 结果与结论：临床随访观察12个月,两组牙周组织附着丧失、牙周探诊深度较治疗前明显改善(P < 0.05),且实验组牙周组织附着丧失、牙周探诊深度改善优于对照组(P < 0.05);实验组骨缺损区新骨形成密度和骨量均优于对照组(P < 0.05)。表明采用羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷充填骨缺损区同时覆盖生物膜的引导骨再生技术可获得良好的骨引导再生效果,修复骨缺损。     

纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠复合骨水泥的生物相容性与体内降解研究

对制备的纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠复合骨水泥的生物相容性及体内降解情况进行研究,为临床提供实验依据.参照GB/T16886医疗器械生物学评价标准和要求,对纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠复合骨水泥进行急性细胞毒性试验、溶血试验、热源试验、急性全身毒性试验及体内植入试验等系列体内外生物学试验研究,以进行有效的生物相容性和安全性评价.纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠复合骨水泥的溶血率小于国家规定的5％,在体外不引起溶血反应;浸提液注入动物体内后无死亡,活动进食正常;无细胞毒性反应;热原试验动物体温升高均在0.7℃以下,3只兔体温升高值的总数＜1.5℃,无致热作用;材料植入体内初期有轻度炎症反应,随植入时间延长逐渐减轻,材料也逐渐降解吸收.纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠复合骨水泥具有良好的生物相容性和降解性能,具有临床开发应用前景.     

纳米羟基磷灰石及其复合物修复骨缺损的研究与应用

背景：羟基磷灰石是骨组织工程公认的骨修复替代材料,而纳米羟基磷灰石具有与天然骨更为相似的结构特征。 目的：介绍纳米羟基磷灰石及其复合物的制备方法及特点,了解其在骨缺损修复中的应用情况。 方法：以“Nano-hydroxyapatite,bone defects,bone tissue engineering”为检索词,检索Pubmed数据库;以“纳米羟基磷灰石,骨缺损,骨组织工程”为检索词,检索CNKI数据库。文献检索语种限制为英文和中文。纳入纳米羟基磷灰石修复骨缺损的研究,纳米羟基磷灰石与一种或两种以上复合材料修复骨缺损的研究,以及骨组织工程中纳米羟基磷灰石研究的文章。最终纳入29篇符合标准的文献。 结果与结论：纳米羟基磷灰石可促进新骨形成,且新骨形成量大,具有较好的生物降解性、骨引导性。与天然或非天然材料复合,克服了自身脆性和弱的机械性等缺点,可以加速骨界面愈合。目前研究证实纳米羟基磷灰石在骨缺损的修复中发挥重要的作用,与其他材料复合后将有助于骨缺损的治疗,制备出特定功能的纳米仿生智能材料将是骨组织修复材料的未来发展方向。     

纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠复合骨水泥与骨髓基质细胞的生物相容性*☆

背景：在前期的试验中,通过共沉淀法合成了纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠复合粉体,并与柠檬酸衍生物溶液调和制备出可生物降解、适当力学性能以及较好黏合强度的骨水泥。 目的：验证纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠复合骨水泥材料对体外兔骨髓基质细胞黏附及增殖的影响,了解材料的生物相容性。 方法：应用共沉淀法制备纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠复合材料作为骨水泥的固相粉体,将柠檬酸衍生物配制成溶液作为液相调和制备黏合性骨水泥。培养兔骨髓基质细胞,传代扩增后接种到材料上,体外继续培养;以细胞加入无材料的培养皿培养为对照。 结果与结论：体外培养的兔骨髓基质细胞2 d后呈梭形成纤维细胞样,生长良好。有材料实验组细胞数显著多于对照组(P < 0.01)。扫描电镜下骨水泥材料具有良好的多孔网状结构,兔骨髓基质细胞伸出多个伪足样突起,紧密贴附在材料表面。两组细胞均保持持续增殖,2,4,6,和8 d实验组增殖均显著快于对照组(P < 0.01)。提示纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠复合骨水泥材料具有良好的生物相容性。      

纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠复合骨水泥的生物相容性与体内降解研究

对制备的纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠复合骨水泥的生物相容性及体内降解情况进行研究,为临床提供实验依据。参照GB/T16886医疗器械生物学评价标准和要求,对纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠复合骨水泥进行急性细胞毒性试验、溶血试验、热源试验、急性全身毒性试验及体内植入试验等系列体内外生物学试验研究,以进行有效的生物相容性和安全性评价。纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠复合骨水泥的溶血率小于国家规定的5%,在体外不引起溶血反应;浸提液注入动物体内后无死亡,活动进食正常;无细胞毒性反应;热原试验动物体温升高均在0.7℃以下,3只兔体温升高值的总数〈1.5℃,无致热作用;材料植入体内初期有轻度炎症反应,随植入时间延长逐渐减轻,材料也逐渐降解吸收。纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠复合骨水泥具有良好的生物相容性和降解性能,具有临床开发应用前景。     

深低温冻存羟基磷灰石/骨髓间充质干细胞修复兔桡骨缺损

背景：以往研究表明羟基磷灰石复合骨髓间充质干细胞具有良好的骨缺损修复效果,但这种复合材料在冻存后是否具有骨缺损修复效果还不清楚。 目的：观察深低温冻存羟基磷灰石/骨髓间充质干细胞复合修复骨缺损的效果。 方法：制备27只日本大耳白兔桡骨10 mm缺损模型,随机分为冻存复合材料组、新鲜复合材料组与羟基磷灰石组,3组分别于骨缺损处植入-80 ℃保存3个月的羟基磷灰石/同种异体骨髓间充质干细胞复合物、新鲜制备的羟基磷灰石/同种异体骨髓间充质干细胞复合物及单纯羟基磷灰石,植入后8,12周行大体观察、X射线观察及苏木精-伊红染色等组织学观察,并于12周行生物力学检测。 结果与结论：术后12周,冻存复合材料组、新鲜复合材料组骨缺损大部分愈合,有成熟骨小梁通过,有的可见髓腔通畅,塑形较好;羟基磷灰石组骨痂生成少,骨缺损部分愈合,塑形欠佳,新骨生成少于冻存复合材料组、新鲜复合材料组(P < 0.05)。冻存复合材料组、新鲜复合材料组最大载荷明显大于羟基磷灰石组(P < 0.05)。表明低温冻存羟基磷灰石/骨髓间充质干细胞复合植骨材料的骨缺损修复能力与新鲜制作的复合材料几乎一致,未因冻存受到影响。     

聚磷酸钙纤维增强α-磷酸三钙/纳米羟基磷灰石骨水泥复合材料的力学性能

背景:利用纤维增强磷酸钙骨水泥的机制很早就被人们认识和利用。由于非吸收性纤维存在生物相容性低及应力遮挡等问题,近期的研究热点主要是可降解吸收的生物活性纤维对磷酸钙骨水泥性能的影响。目的:制备聚磷酸钙/(α-磷酸三钙/纳米羟基磷灰石)骨水泥复合材料,观察聚磷酸钙对磷酸钙骨水泥力学性能的增强效果。方法:利用固相反应法和湿法反应法分别制得α-磷酸三钙和纳米羟基磷灰石粉末,再将2种粉末按不同比例混合进行高温处理,然后将其与不同质量比、不同长度的聚磷酸钙纤维复合制成骨水泥试样。对试样进行凝固时间、力学性能测试,利用扫描电镜观察试样微观结构。结果与结论:聚磷酸钙长度为3mm、含量为10%时,抗压强度为66.43MPa,抗弯强度为13.86MPa。扫描电镜显示聚磷酸钙在磷酸钙骨水泥基体中分布均匀,结合性能好。在Ringer’s溶液中浸泡3个月,纤维仍具有一定的增强效果。提示聚磷酸钙纤维对α-磷酸三钙/纳米羟基磷灰石骨水泥有一定的增强作用,聚磷酸钙/(α-磷酸三钙/纳米羟基磷灰石)骨水泥复合材料具有良好的力学性能。     

纤维增强磷酸钙骨水泥生物复合材料初探

目的采用羟基磷灰石包裹的聚乙烯纤维增强α-TCP生物骨水泥,以提高复合材料的强度. 方法利用X射线衍射和扫描电镜,对水化后的复合材料进行成份分析和组织观察,用CMT系列微机控制电子万能(拉力)试验机测其抗折强度,压汞法测气孔率. 结果水化产物主要为羟基磷灰石,形成的针状晶体在纳米尺度,抗折强度为8.20 MPa ,气孔率为45.8%.结论经过处理的聚乙烯纤维分散均匀与基体结合良好;纤维的加入可提高α-TCP骨水泥生物复合材料的强度;裂纹在纤维处被转向或钉扎.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.