足内侧逆行岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为足内侧岛状皮瓣逆行转位修复足前部皮肤缺损提供解剖学基础.方法:48侧成尸足标本,经动脉灌注红色乳胶,5侧新鲜足标本血管造影.观测(足)横动脉、第1跖底动脉、足底内侧动脉深支的外径、分布及其之间的吻合,并对(足)趾底内侧动脉浅支进行分型.结果:(足)横动脉与跗趾胫侧趾底固有动脉、(足)趾腓侧趾底固有动脉、第1跖底动脉远侧段吻合形成动脉环.(足)横动脉外径(1.3±0.2)mm,伴行静脉外径(1.1±0.3)mm,多为1条,占91.6%,偶见两条,占8.4%.(足)趾胫侧趾底同有动脉外径为(1.1±0.2)mm,伴行静脉外径(1.1±0.2)mm,多为1条,占95.8%,偶见2条,占4.2%.(足)趾腓侧趾底同有动脉外径为(1.5±0_3)mm,伴行静脉外径(1.3±0.3)mm,多为1条,占93.7%,偶见2条,占6.3%.结论:足内侧逆行岛状皮瓣可设计两种术式修复足前部皮肤缺损,以(足)横动脉为血管蒂或以(足)趾底内侧动脉浅支和足底内侧动脉深支内侧支的双血管蒂,使该岛状皮瓣旋转点前移,血管蒂延长,临床应用简便.     

吻合指神经的指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复指腹缺损

目的：报道吻合指神经的指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复指腹缺损的解剖学基础及其临床应用。方法：对20具成人尸体40例手的指掌侧固有神经直径和分支进行了测量；并对39例患者的39指指腹缺损行吻合指掌侧固有神经的指动脉逆行岛皮瓣修复术。结果：（1）指掌侧固有神经平近节指横纹处理1．4－2．0mm，厚0．8－1．0mm；平末节指横纹处宽1．0－1．4mm，厚0．6－0．8mm。（2）近节掌侧支为4．4－5．3支，背侧支为3．8－4．0支；中节掌侧支为3．5－4．6支，背侧支为3．4－4．1支；末节终支为3．8－4．6支。（3）39例患指中38例一期成活，指腹饱满，外观理想，耐磨性好，两点辨别觉达5mm内，指腹感觉达S3以上。结论：吻合指神经的指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复指腹缺损，优于未吻合神经的术式。     

指掌侧固有动脉蒂骨膜瓣转移修复指骨骨不连的应用解剖

目的:为设计指掌侧固有动脉蒂近节指骨骨膜瓣转移修复指骨骨不连提供解剖学依据.方法:7例手部标本逐层解剖观察指骨骨膜动脉的来源与分布,并测量相关数据.结果:指掌侧固有动脉在近、中节指骨每侧均发出两条较为恒定的骨膜支,骨膜血管向对侧走行与对侧骨膜支相互吻合成网状,并与肌腱筋膜血管形成交通支,血运丰富.近节指骨近端骨膜支(除拇指外)外径为:(0.54±0.07)mm,如旋转点定在中节指骨基底部,近端骨膜支到旋转点距离(31.83±4.24)mm,旋转点到指端距离(36.00±3.88)mm.结论:指掌侧同有动脉蒂近节指骨骨膜瓣逆行转移是修复手指中、远节指骨骨不连的理想方法.     

指掌侧静脉的解剖学研究及临床意义

目的探讨指掌侧固有静脉是否存在,指掌侧浅、深静脉在断指再植中的应用价值。方法5只新鲜尸体手,以环氧树脂混合溶液为填充剂,灌注后制成动、静脉分色手血管铸型标本,在手术显微镜下解剖观测。结果指掌侧固有静脉分布不恒定,在示、中、环指共30条手指血管神经束中发现3条,指掌侧固有静脉起自手指中节,在血管束内伴随指动脉而行,在指根部注入指掌侧总静脉,在手指近节其外径为(0.21±0．03)mm。指掌侧浅静脉位置恒定,在远侧指间关节处汇聚成2～4条较粗大的纵向静脉干,逐渐向指掌侧中线的两侧分布,形成2条静脉主干,其在中节的外径为(0.64±0.12)mm,在近节的外径为(0.78±0.10)mm。指掌侧浅静脉管径较粗,但细于指背静脉,其与指背静脉外径的差异有非常显著意义(P＜0.01)。结论指掌侧固有静脉不恒定,属于一种退化现象,不能作为断指再植中的常规吻合静脉。指背静脉是断指再植中的主要吻合静脉,指掌侧浅静脉具有吻合价值。在断指再植中吻合指背静脉的同时,吻合指掌侧浅静脉利于再植指的静脉回流,提高断指再植的成活率。     

尺神经手背支营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 :为带尺神经手背支营养血管的皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法 :在 3 0侧成人上肢标本上 ,观测尺神经手背支营养血管及其与周围皮肤的供血情况。结果 :尺神经手背支的血供近侧端来自尺动脉腕上皮支降支 ,起始处外径为 ( 0 .9± 0 .3 )mm ;远端为第 4或第 3掌背动脉。起始处外径分别为 ( 0 .6± 0 .2 )mm和 ( 0 .7± 0 .2 )mm。其神经支在神经束间和神经旁相互吻合成纵行血管网 ,并借分支与筋膜皮支构成丰富的皮下筋膜血管网。结论 :以尺神经手背支及其营养血管为蒂可形成手背尺侧筋膜皮瓣 ,可顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的组织缺损。     

指背动脉蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：报道指背动脉蒂逆行岛状皮瓣设计的解剖学基础。方法：对12只新鲜尸体手标本分别经动脉灌注红色乳胶及动脉铸型标本对照观察，对掌背动脉及指背动脉进行显微解剖，根据其血管分布设计成指背动脉蒂逆行岛状皮瓣。结果：掌背动脉与指掌侧固有动脉在近节指骨底有交通支相连，掌背动脉的终末支-指背动脉，位于指背腱膜的两侧，一般不超过近节指骨中部，有小分支与指掌侧固有动脉的背侧分支在指背形成丰富的血管吻合网。结论：指背动脉与指掌侧固有动脉的吻合支丰富，可以其为蒂，设计成逆行岛状皮瓣，该皮瓣设计合理、血供可靠、操作简便，是手指末端软组织缺损修复较理想皮瓣。     

指固有动脉背侧支为蒂的逆行掌指背筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的为指固有动脉背侧支为蒂的逆行掌指背筋膜皮瓣提供系统翔实的解剖学依据。方法14只新鲜成人尸体手标本,灌注红色乳胶,手术显微镜下解剖观测手背和2～5指指背血管的走行、分布、吻合情况及外径。结果手指近、中节每侧各有1～7支间接背侧皮支,2～8支背侧皮支。手指近节中段、近节远段、中节近段或中段每侧较为恒定的存在一支较粗大的指固有动脉背侧皮支,皮支平均外径通常≥0.30mm。掌背动脉终末段和远端掌深弓穿支的指背分支在近节指背与指固有动脉背侧皮支交通。不同节段指固有动脉背侧皮支在指背外侧缘交互吻合,在指背外侧缘形成一条营养血管链。结论以指固有动脉背侧支为蒂的逆行掌指背筋膜皮瓣解剖简单、快捷,旋转弧长,利于修复手指中远节较大面积的软组织缺损。     

第二和第三掌背动脉皮支皮瓣的应用解剖

目的为掌背动脉远段皮支皮瓣的设计提供解剖学依据。方法在10侧成人手标本动脉乳胶灌注后,解剖观测第2、3掌背动脉走行,皮支的起始部位、走行、外径和吻合方式,模拟掌背动脉皮支皮瓣的切取方法。结果第2、3掌背动脉位置恒定,其皮支发出部位主要集中在远1/3段,直径大于0.2mm者占15%,小于0.2mm占85%,可解剖长度大于20mm;在指蹼处指蹼动脉1～3支,大于0.3mm者为1支,可解剖长度超过10mm。结论以掌背动脉远段皮支为蒂可设计顺行或逆行皮支皮瓣,修复近、中手指皮肤缺损。以指蹼动脉为蒂的顺行皮瓣可修复近、中节手指掌侧皮肤缺损。皮瓣面积以不超过20mm×40mm为宜。     

第二掌指区背桡侧皮瓣血管的应用解剖

解剖50例成人标本。第二掌指背桡侧皮瓣的血供主要来自第一掌背动脉,同时有穿动脉和指固有动脉的指背支参加。第一掌背动脉外径约1mm。按该动脉的走行可分为偏示指型(80％),偏拇指型(8％)和中间型(12％),示指背桡侧动脉来自穿动脉(66％)和第一掌背动脉(34％)。根据动脉构成情况,该皮瓣血供有四种类型。     

小隐静脉解剖和多普勒超声活体观察在远端蒂皮瓣的意义

目的:探讨小隐静脉与远端蒂皮瓣静脉回流.方法:以腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣为例.(1)解剖观察40侧小隐静脉.(2)用多普勒超声检查60侧人的小隐静脉.结果:解剖观察外踝尖水平上 3～4 cm小隐静脉体表投影与皮瓣轴线基本一致,两者相差(0.5±0.3)cm.40侧中有12侧各有1支与腓静脉的交通支,距外踝尖(3.0±0.7)锄,外径(1.2±0.5)mm;彩超检杳外踝尖水平上3～4cm小隐静脉内径为(2.3±0.7)mm,距体表(3.2±1.0)mm,78.3%正常人的小隐静脉能较显著将远侧的静脉血导入近侧.若足踝部大隐静脉回流障碍,小隐静脉引流将加剧.结论:(1)结扎小隐静脉消除了浅静脉干对远端蒂皮瓣的倒灌,可改善皮瓣静脉回流.(2)经超声定位,在外踝尖水平上3～4cm行0.5～1 cm的纵向小切口能准确结扎小隐静脉,操作简单,不会损伤蒂部穿支血管和血管网.     

示指血管神经的断面观测

用２７个成人示指作组织切片后，选取近侧、中间和远侧指横纹及相邻横纹１／２处的横断面切片，对指掌侧固有动脉、静脉和神经的位置、形态进行了观测。     

掌浅弓的应用解剖

ObjectiveTo provide anatomical basis for repair of the superficial palmar arch with transplanted superficial vein when the operations of vessel repair and replantation of severed palm are performed.MethodsThe origin and branches of ulnar of superficial palmar arch were observed and measured on 30 cases of hand specimens.ResultsThere were 4 types of branches arising from the ulnar side of superficial palmar arch.If the center of pisiform bone was regarded as point O,the origin of the proper palmar digital artery of little finger as point A,the origin of common palmar digital arteries of the 3rd、2nd、1st fingers were regarded as point B,C,D respectively;then the distance was as followO-A 30.1±5.6 mm;A-B 8.1±4.7 mm;B-C 9.2±6.0 mm;C-D 6.2±3.9 mm.The diameters of the origins of branches followedA1.24±0.34 mm;B1.50±0.34 mm;C1.78±0.42 mm;D1.54±0.38 mm.ConclusionsThe branches of superficial palmar arch on ulnar side are constant.The anatomical data will benefit the repair the repair of superficial palmar arch.     

The simian crease: Relationship to various genetic disorders

The creases of the palm have been of interest for clinicians, anthropologists, and palmists for hundreds of years, but the variations in them have only been studied during the past 50 years. The simian crease, aptly named for its resemblance to the palmar creases of nonhuman simian primates, has received recognition clinically and anthropologically owing to its abnormal appearance and confounding cytogenetic etiology. Given the rarity of these palmar creases but also their usefulness in diagnosing congenital disorders, discussion of cases of those disorders could provide clinicians with further helpful diagnostic knowledge. This review of the literature focuses on the history, embryology, genetic and hereditary origins, and clinical significance of simian creases for the benefit of the diagnosing clinician. Clin. Anat. 32:1042–1047, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

指掌侧总动脉与指掌侧总神经的关系及其临床意义

目的:探索指掌侧总动脉及其分支是否对指掌侧总神经形成卡压,为临床诊断和治疗提供解剖学基础。方法:选用60侧手,在手掌部解剖,观测指掌侧总动脉的出现率、记录指掌侧总动脉分支出现的数量、分支对指掌侧总神经骑跨的数量、指掌侧总动脉对指掌侧总神经骑跨的数量,及指掌侧总神经被骑跨处的形态学观察,并对数据进行统计学分析。结果:60侧手指掌侧总神经在与指掌侧总动脉及其分支骑跨处有5例发现压痕的形态学改变,占指掌侧总动脉及其分支数量的10.3‰。统计结果为样本P=1.47%,样本标准误Sp=0.65%,卡压率:(1.47±0.65)%,95%的可信区间为(0.20%-2.74%)。结论:指掌侧总动脉可以造成指掌侧总神经的卡压,是导致指掌侧总神经卡压的原因之一。     

The Structure and Elastic Properties of Arterial Junctions

Light microscopic studies showed marked differences in the elastin pattern at aorto-branch junctions on the proximal and distal lips of the junctions, both for small elastic branches such as the intercostals, and for the large muscular branches arising from the abdominal aorta.

A light-pipe method showed that the internal apical curvature of translucent human cerebral arteries became flatter as the pressue increased. Longitudinal strips of aorto-branch junctions from sheep and dogs were stretched at known strain rates. There appear to be differences in the two species as the flow divider is least distensible in sheep and most distensible in dogs.

Scanning electron microscopy of NaOH-digested arteries showed that the internal elastic membrane is a fenestrated sheet, the adventitia has fibrous elastin, and the medial layers are transitional. There are many interlamellar connections.     

中指主要血管神经的断面观测

用２７例成人中指作组织切片后，取近侧，中间和锭侧指横纹及相邻指横纹中点处的横断面切片，对指掌侧固有动脉，神经及静脉的位置，管径进行了观测。指掌桡侧固有动脉，神经在－Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅴ断面中的４，５区和ＩＶ断中３，４区内的出现率都高于９０％，它们纵径的平均值分别大于０．８０ｍｍ和１．３０ｍｍ。     

Deep palmar arch patterns in Brazilian individuals

The deep palmar arch is very important in the blood supply to the hand. Consequently, the radial artery and the deep palmar arch were studied in 60 hands from 30 cadavers of adult Brazilian individuals, of both sexes. The cadavers belong to the Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil. The hand arteries were injected with red stained latex neoprene the deep palmar arch was observed in 59 preparations (98.3%). The arch conformation was classified in two groups, according to the course of the radial artery through the interosseous spaces from the dorsal to the deep palmar region. In group I the radial artery passed through the first interosseous space, and was observed in 51 preparations (85.0%) in group II, the artery passed through the second interosseous space, and was observed in 8 preparations (13.3%). In each group the arches were subdivided according to the number and origin of the deep palmar branch. In group I the arch was formed by the radial artery anastomosing with one deep palmar branch in 41 cases (68.3%), and with two deep palmar branches in 10 cases (16.7%). These branches originated from the ulnar artery, ulnar proper palmar digital artery of the little finger or the common palmar digital artery of the fourth interosseous space. In group II the deep palmar arch was formed by the radial artery anastomosing with one deep palmar branch in 7 cases (11.7%) and in only one case (1.7%) with two deep palmar branches. Knowledge of the arterial variations is very important for surgical procedures in the palmar region.     

手指解剖结构的三维建模及临床意义

目的:应用计算机辅助模拟技术(CAD)建立手指解剖结构的三维模型.在计算机上实现手指解剖结构的三维演示.方法:根据手部解剖图谱及相关资料,应用3ds max的放样、多边形等算法建立三维模型.结果:应用上述方法成功地建立了手指解剖结构及指固有动脉逆行岛状瓣的三维模型.该模型可在电脑屏幕上自由旋转,隐藏不感兴趣结构.结论:应用三维建模软件进行手指解剖结构的三维演示是可行的,它有助于人们更好的理解和记忆解剖结构,进行手指手术设计.     

手掌部动脉的构筑

本文在手术显微镜下,观察和测量了50侧成人手掌部的动脉。手掌部的动脉,以掌浅层动脉、掌深层动脉和手背动脉形成3个主要血管层次。各层次间的吻合有:1.边缘吻合:位于手掌桡侧和尺侧缘,有浅,深2组。2.中央吻合,包括掌侧浅、深层间的直接交通支和间接交通支;掌侧和背侧间的近侧穿支、掌骨间隙穿支和远侧穿支。掌深弓及分支住手掌动脉构筑中居中间联系位置,对手掌部侧副循环的调节有重要作用。根据Poiscuille定律的流量公式,结合手掌动脉的形态特点推论,手掌部动脉的血液灌流,浅层以尺动脉为主,深层以桡动脉为主;边缘吻合的血液是从掌侧流向背侧;中央吻合的血流主要来自掌深弓及其分支。手掌部动咏的配布存在优势区域。深弓区优于浅弓区和手背动脉网区;中央吻合优于边缘吻合;边缘深层吻合优于浅层吻合。本文还讨论了指动脉的配布。     

指掌侧浅静脉的解剖及其在断指再植的 应用

为吻合指掌侧浅解静脉的断指再植术提供解剖学基础。在１０个从桡动脉或尺动脉加压灌注美兰显著静脉的成人新鲜手标本上，解剖观察指掌侧浅静脉的形态，分布特点和管径。结论：吻合指掌侧浅静脉可完全解决再植指静脉回流问题。