牛血清蛋白壳聚糖自组装纳米胶束的制备及理化性质研究

目的:研究两亲性壳聚糖衍生物N-辛基-O,N-羟乙基壳聚糖(OGC)对牛血清蛋白(BSA)的负载及其理化性质.方法:制备BSA自组装纳米胶束(BSA-OGC纳米胶束);高速冷冻离心和荧光法测定包封率和载药量,并测定粒径、Zeta电位;透射电镜(TEM)观察其形态;荧光扫描、红外光谱(盯.IR)和差示扫描量热分析(DSC)研究其理化性质.结果:随着OGC浓度升高和BSA浓度降低,BSA-OGC的包封率提高,载药量下降;载药前后,纳米胶束的粒径和电位值均减小;TEM照片显示OGC和BSA-OGC皆为规则球状结构,粒径分布均匀;荧光扫描、FT-IR、DSC结果表明BSA包裹在OGC中,两者是通过电荷和疏水双重作用自组装为纳米胶束.结论:两亲性壳聚糖衍生物OGC作为生物技术药物的传递系统具有潜在应用前景.     

载紫杉醇聚合物胶束的制备工艺优化

目的 优化载药胶束的制备工艺,并对其稳定性进行考察. 方法 采用高效液相(HPLC)法测定紫杉醇(PTX)含量,以载药量、包封率、粒径为考察指标,通过单因素考察方法优化载药胶束的制备工艺. 结果优化工艺下制备的载PTX胶束载药量为(38.63 ± 0.42)%,包封率为(83.19 ± 1.23)%,粒径为(192.2 ± 0.5)nm,载PTX聚合物胶束一定条件下贮存10 d后,粒径与载药量无明显变化. 结论 该载药工艺简单可行,可用于载PTX聚合物胶束的制备,所制备的聚合物胶束短期贮存稳定.     

穿心莲有效部位Poloxamer188聚合物胶束的制备工艺

目的制备Poloxamer188穿心莲有效部位的聚合物胶束。方法薄膜水化法制备穿心莲有效部位聚合物胶束,正交设计优化处方工艺。HPLC法测定其载药量和包封率,激光粒度仪测定粒径。结果载药胶束包封率为(85.7+2.1)%,载药量为(1.11+0.09)%,粒径为(198.32+3.35)nm。结论载药Poloxamer188胶束制备工艺简便易行,为中药制剂提供了新剂型。     

N-辛基-N-季铵化壳聚糖/CMCNa复合胶束的制备、表征及安全性评价

制备N-辛基-N-季铵化壳聚糖(NTMC)胶束,并用羧甲基纤维素钠(CMCNa)对胶束进行包覆以获得安全、稳定的复合胶束制剂。由辛基化和季铵化反应合成NTMC,并考察其临界胶束浓度;通过超声-透析法制备NTMC胶束,测定胶束的包封率和载药率;使用CMCNa对NTMC胶束进行包覆,考察包覆前后胶束的形态、粒径、Zeta电位以及细胞毒性和溶血性的变化。所制得的NTMC的辛基取代度为(37.5±3.6)%,季铵基取代度为48.4%,具有较低的临界胶束浓度(35.6μg/mL)。NTMC胶束粒子呈球形,粒径为(224.6±8.4)nm,Zeta电位为+(44.7±4.5)mV,对紫杉醇的载药率高达(40.2±2.2)%,包封率为(34.4±1.7)%。NTMC/CMCNa复合胶束粒子较不规则,略呈球形,粒径为(302.4±27.3)nm,Zeta电位为-(37.4±6.2)mV。与NTMC胶束相比,NTMC/CMCNa复合胶束的细胞毒性及溶血性大大降低。结果表明:NTMC胶束对难溶性药物(如紫杉醇)有很好的增溶效果,通过CMCNa包覆,可以屏蔽NTMC胶束的强烈正电荷,显著提高制剂的安全性。     

载紫杉醇的羧甲基壳聚糖一大黄酸聚合物胶束制备工艺

目的优化载紫杉醇（PTX）的羧甲基壳聚糖-大黄酸聚合物胶束制备工艺。方法以载药量、包封率、粒径为考察指标,对载药和透析方法进行单因素考察,确定PTX/CR聚合物胶束的最佳制备工艺。结果最佳载药方法为透析法,最佳载药工艺以乙醇（30 mg/m L）作为PTX溶剂,载体CR浓度为7 mg/m L,药载比1∶1.4。结论 CR聚合物通过物理包载PTX形成载药量和包封率较好、粒径小的载药聚合物胶束。     

海藻酸钠-壳聚糖微球制备及质量评价研究

目的:研究制备海藻酸钠-壳聚糖葫芦素微球,并对其质量评价及体外释药进行研究。方法:采用滴制法制备海藻酸钠-壳聚糖微球,采用显微观察评价微球的粒径、圆整度及形态学特征,并以葫芦素(CU)为评价指标测定微球的载药量、包封率及体外释药规律。结果:本研究制备的微球粒径均一,圆整度良好,包封率为78.72％,载药量为17.50％...     

基于透明质酸-紫杉醇前药的载药胶束的制备及大鼠体内药代动力学

以两亲性透明质酸-紫杉醇高分子前药(HA-PTX)为载体,制备包载PTX的高载药量纳米胶束;分别使用HPLC、动态光散射法(DLS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和X线粉末衍射法(XRD)等手段对其载药量、包封率、粒径分布和胶束形态等进行测定或表征;采用荧光芘探针法测定HA-PTX的临界胶束浓度(CMC);以市售紫杉醇注射剂(Taxol)为对照,通过大鼠体内药代动力学实验考察载药胶束的体内过程。载药胶束PTX-HA-PTX化学偶联药物和物理包载药物总量高达41.8%,包封率高达95.4%,平均粒径为213.2 nm,Zeta电位为-15.5 mV;XRD结果确证药物以分子状态或无定型状态存在于胶束内部;TEM和AFM显示胶束呈类球形;大鼠药代动力学结果显示,相对于Taxol,PTX-HA-PTX胶束组的血药浓度时间曲线下面积(AUC)显著提高(P<0.01),而清除率(CL)显著下降(P<0.05),说明PTX-HA-PTX胶束可延缓PTX在体内的消除,延长滞留时间,提高药效。结果表明HA-PTX可作为优良的增溶载体,具有良好的应用前景。     

姜黄素纳米脂质载体的制备及大鼠体内药代动力学

采用熔融-乳化法制备姜黄素(Cur)纳米脂质载体(Cur-NLC),并考察其形态、粒径、Zeta电位、包封率和载药量等理化性质,同时以透析法研究制剂的体外释药特性。测定Cur-NLC和Cur原料的混悬液经大鼠灌胃后的体内药代动力学行为,并通过DAS2.0软件计算药代动力学参数。结果显示,透射电镜观察Cur-NLC呈较规则类球体,平均粒径为(187.5±4.67)nm,Zeta电位为(-23.65±2.86)mV,包封率、载药量分别为(98.33±0.40)%和(4.59±0.19)%;Cur-NLC和Cur混悬液体外释药行为分别符合一级方程和Peppas方程,Cur-NLC在HCl(pH 1)和PBS(pH 6.8)中的36 h累积释放量分别为24.3%和19.2%,Cur混悬液的36 h累积释放量分别为90.2%和84.2%,说明Cur担载于纳米脂质体后具有明显的缓释特性。经大鼠灌胃后,Cur-NLC和Cur混悬液的AUC0-∞分别为(621.14±179.92)ng.h/mL和(32.49±3.55)ng.h/mL,cmax分别为(92.81±38.52)ng/mL和(5.39±0.13)ng/mL,Cur-NLC的AUC0-∞和cmax分别提高了19.12倍和17.22倍。因此,Cur-NLC对Cur起到很好的保护作用,避免了药物的渗漏,载药量和包封率均较高,能显著增强Cur在胃肠道的吸收,提高Cur的口服生物利用度。     

白藜芦醇TPGS/PLGA口服纳米粒的制备

目的:制备白藜芦醇TPGS/PLGA(水溶性维生素E衍生物/聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物)口服纳米粒。方法:用自制的TPGS/PLGA为载体材料,制备纳米粒(OPN),选取粒径、Zeta电位、载药量、包封率进行质量评价。结果:所制OPN的平均粒径为(198±8.6)nm,Zeta电位为(-21.7±3.2)mV,载药量为(20.24±3.5)%,包封率为(82.31±3.47)%。结论:所制OPN质量稳定、可控。     

姜黄素半乳糖化十六酰壳聚糖聚合物胶束的制备

目的 制备姜黄素半乳糖化棕榈酰壳聚糖聚合物胶束,并考察其制备工艺对包封率和载药量的影响。方法 以半乳糖化十六酰壳聚糖（GHC）为载体材料,采用乳化-溶剂挥发法制备姜黄素聚合物胶束;应用正交试验考察药物：载体质量比、油相：水相体积比、超声时间对载药聚合物胶束包封率和载药量的影响,以对制备工艺进行优化;以透射电镜（TEM）和动态光散射粒度分析仪（DLS）对聚合物胶束的形态、粒径和Zeta电位进行测定。结果 药物：载体质量比对胶束的包封率和载药量影响最大,其次为油相：水相体积比和超声时间。最佳条件为药物：载体质量比为1：15,油相：水相体积比为1：7,超声时间为30 min。制备的载药胶束的形状为球形,大小均匀,平均粒径为179.7 nm,Zeta电位约为76.46 mV,包封率为96.3%,载药量为9.1%。结论 本文所采用的乳化-溶剂挥发法制备工艺适于制备姜黄素聚合物胶束。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.