CT脑池造影在颅内蛛网膜囊肿诊断及治疗中的应用

目的 探讨CT脑池造影(CTC)在颅内蛛网膜囊肿(IAC)诊断及治疗中的应用价值.方法 南方医科大学南方医院神经外科自2006年10月至2009年10月共收治23例IAC患者.其中非交通性蛛网膜囊肿(NCtAC)患者采用神经内镜造瘘并部分囊壁切除手术治疗,交通性蛛网膜囊肿(CIAC)患者采用保守治疗,通过患者手术前后CT、MRI及CT脑池造影(CTC)检查,分析CTC在鉴别诊断CIAC和NCIAC、评价手术治疗NCIAC的效果中的作用. 结果 CTC证实本组患者中17例为NCIAC即真性囊肿,6例为CIAC即假性囊肿;随访术后NCIAC患者CT或MRI检查显示1例囊肿消失,13例囊肿有不同程度缩小,3例无明显变化.随机抽取8例NCIAC患者行CTC检查显示囊肿与脑池沟通良好. 结论 CTC对颅内囊性病变的诊断,尤其是对CIAC和NCIAC的鉴别诊断中的作用尤为重要,CTC检查为颅内囊性病变是否手术治疗提供明确指征,并且术后CTC检查可初步评价囊肿手术效果.     

颅内外侧裂区蛛网膜囊肿显微手术及其改进(附5例报道)

目的探讨外侧裂区蛛网膜囊肿的显微手术方式可行性改进。方法 2例儿童和3例成人的外侧裂区蛛网膜囊肿,行显微手术切除囊肿,术中可见囊肿与周围的蛛网膜下腔不通;术中不仅切除囊肿包膜,并将囊肿与基底池、颈内动脉池充分沟通;并且进一步打通囊肿与外侧裂末梢,囊肿与额叶周围蛛网膜下腔通路,使脑脊液进入囊肿后,可以进入囊肿周围的蛛网膜下腔,恢复脑脊液的正常循环,达到治疗颅内外侧裂区蛛网膜囊肿,减少囊肿复发。结果 5例病人随访15个月到7年,定期复查头颅CT和头颅MR;3例囊腔消失,2例缩小。1例伴有癫痫的病人发作次数明显减少,3例有头疼病人,头疼消失。结论对于年轻和儿童的外侧裂蛛网膜囊肿,切除囊肿包膜和沟通囊肿与颈内动脉池和基底池,而且沟通囊肿与周围的蛛网膜下腔,减少囊肿复发,获得良好的手术效果。     

颅内蛛网膜囊肿的诊疗特点(附26例报告)

目的探讨颅内蛛网膜囊肿(IAC)的诊断和治疗特点。方法对2005年10月至2008年6月收治的26例IAC患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。26例IAC的诊断以临床症状和体征结合CT、MRI及术后病理检查来确诊。治疗以手术治疗为主,21例行囊肿壁部分切除术加囊腔与脑池蛛网膜下腔交通术,1例行囊肿-脑室引流术,2例行囊肿-腹腔分流术,2例行显微外科囊壁全剥离术。结果术后患者症状和体征均有显著改善,CT复查囊肿有所缩小或消失。术后0.5~5.5年,随访的21例症状和体征进一步好转或消失。结论 CT及MRI为IAC诊断最主要和可靠的方法,对小囊肿及近中线旁的深部囊肿,MRI检查优于CT。对IAC手术应依其大小、部位及临床症状不同而综合考虑,凡囊肿伴有颅内压增高,引起神经系统器质性或功能性损伤者均应手术,手术时应尽可能切除囊壁;应用显微外科技术是囊壁全剥离的关键,目的是建立囊腔与邻近脑池、蛛网膜下腔或脑室的交通。     

核素脑池显像对脑脊液循环障碍的评估

目的探讨核素脑池显像的影像特征及其对脑积水脑脊液循环障碍的评估价值。方法回顾性分析72例经CT或MRI证实为脑积水病人的临床资料,根据年龄分为儿童组(37例)和成人组(35例)。均行核素脑池显像检查。结果经核素脑池显像诊断交通性脑积水38例,其中儿童21例,成人17例;大脑凸面显像剂分布减少或无分布30例(79%),分布接近正常8例(21%);儿童组伴颅内蛛网膜囊肿10例(48%),成人组伴颅内蛛网膜囊肿2例(12%),交通性脑积水病人未发现囊肿与蛛网膜下腔相交通。非交通性脑积水34例,其中儿童组16例,成人组18例;大脑凸面显像剂分布减少或无分布17例(50%),分布接近正常17例(50%);儿童组伴颅内蛛网膜囊肿5例(31%),其中囊肿与蛛网膜下腔相交通3例,成人组伴颅内蛛网膜囊肿2例(11%),未见囊肿与蛛网膜下腔交通。结论核素脑室显像有助于鉴别脑积水的类型和脑脊液吸收情况,并可判断蛛网膜囊肿是否与蛛网膜下腔相通,对选择合适的治疗方案有重要参考价值。     

症状性Tarlov囊肿的发病机制与显微手术治疗(附20例分析)

目的探讨症状性Tarlov囊肿的发生机制和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析20例Tarlov囊肿病人的临床资料。病人主要表现为腰骶部疼痛局部不适、下肢轻度无力、大小便功能障碍等。均经过MRI确诊,囊肿最大径10～41 mm,有不同程度的骶椎压迹。均行显微神经外科手术治疗,显微镜下可见囊腔上端有脑脊液沿神经根袖缓慢流入,囊壁本身或外侧有神经根;予自体脂肪和生物蛋白凝胶填塞囊肿腔。结果本组症状均消失或明显减轻,有效率100%。结论症状性Tarlov囊肿是囊肿与蛛网膜不完全性沟通导致囊肿不断增大而压迫神经所致。囊肿填塞并阻断其与蛛网膜下腔的沟通是手术治疗症状性Tarlov囊肿的有效手段。     

颅内蛛网膜囊肿的治疗策略(附55例报告)

目的探讨颅内蛛网膜囊肿的治疗方法及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2001年8月至2006年6月经头颅MRI和/或CT确诊的55例颅内蛛网膜囊肿患者的临床资料,其中29例经保守治疗症状缓解,18例显微镜下行囊肿壁切除术,并与脑池、蛛网膜下腔沟通,8例行囊肿分流术。结果随访3月~5年(平均15月)所有患者经治疗后症状均有所改善,复查颅脑CT或MRI显示,行开颅手术的18例患者中,15例患者囊肿体积缩小或消失;行分流手术的8例患者中,5例患者囊肿体积缩小或消失。结论难治性癫痫、高颅内压和出现脑组织受压的体征仍是手术治疗蛛网膜囊肿的可靠指征。锁孔入路囊壁开窗并充分建立囊腔与脑池之间的交通仍是治疗蛛网膜囊肿首选方法。     

后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿的神经内镜治疗探讨

目的 探讨神经内镜下后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿的治疗效果.方法 本组共40例病例经CT和MRI均证实为后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿,随机分成显微镜切除组和内镜治疗组,术前均行MRI相位对比电影法.术后根据患者临床症状、影像学表现及相关并发症等判定疗效,同时进行1-2年随访.结果 本组病例行显微镜下囊肿切除术15例,内镜下囊肿切除25例.术后临床症状均有所改善.术后复查头部MRI显示28例患者后颅窝囊肿较术前有明显缩小(94%),MRI相位对比电影显示第四脑室脑脊液流动恢复正常.随访1年,内镜组12例囊肿缩小,14例临床症状明显好转,总有效率为87%.显微镜组8例缩小,3例复发,10例临床症状好转,总有效率为53%.结论 神经内镜治疗后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿与传统的开颅显微镜手术比较,其操作简便,创伤小,手术安全,患者恢复快,手术并发症少,值得进一步推广.     

第四脑室蜂网腊囊肿的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨第四脑室蛛网膜囊肿诊治及手术治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2例第四脑室蛛网膜囊肿患者的临床表现、CT和MRI检查以及手术资料.结果 2例均经手术和病理证实为第四脑室蛛网膜囊肿,采用枕下正中开颅+显微镜下蛛网膜囊肿切除术,术后患者临床症状消失,CT和MRI复查囊肿消失,脑室恢复正常.结论 第四脑室蛛网膜囊肿诊断依赖于临床表现、CT或MRI检查,容易漏诊,显微手术切除囊肿效果较好.     

应用神经内镜治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿

目的 探讨应用神经内镜治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿的适应证、手术方法和效果.方法 2009年6月至2011年11月,应用神经内镜治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿51例,均行囊肿壁部分切除+囊肿与蛛网膜下腔和脑池造瘘沟通术.结果 51例症状消失,随访到37例,行CT和MRI扫描囊肿消失9例,囊肿体积缩小1/2以上18例,另10例缩小1/3.结论 神经内镜治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿安全、微创、效果明确,应作为首选的治疗方法.     

青少年Chiari畸形脑脊液流动状态的临床研究

目的 检测Chiari畸形枕颈交界区蛛网膜下腔脑脊液流动状态。方法对7例Chiair畸形病人（年龄10～20岁）,行常规脑脊髓磁共振（MRI）检查,同时采用MRI相位对比电影法检测C2椎体下缘水平椎管内蛛网膜下腔脑脊液向下最大流速（MSV）、向上最大流速（MDV）、向下流动所占据整个流动周期比例（SFR）、向上流动所占据整个流动周期比例（DFR）和静止期比例。以7例年龄匹配正常人作为对照组,检测方法相同。结果与正常对照组比较,Chiari畸形脑脊液流动状态发生改变,脑脊液流速减慢,SFR明显缩短,静止期比例延长（P〈0．05）。结论Chiari畸形病人C2处椎管内脑脊液流速减慢,相对静止期延长,提示脑脊液流动状态与Chiari畸形的病理生理改变有关。     

The clinical classification and treatment of middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts in children

Objective

The optimal management for middle fossa arachnoid cysts (MFAC) remains controversial, but cystocistern fenestration is effective. MFACs are divided into non-communicating arachnoid cysts (NCIAC) and communicating arachnoid cysts (CIAC). This retrospective observational study evaluated the role of phase-contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) in the diagnosis and postoperative evaluation of MFACs and assessed surgical outcomes.

Methods

Twenty-eight children with MFAC that were diagnosed by conventional neuroradiology were enrolled. PC-MRI was performed preoperatively. The clinical manifestations, cyst volumes and PC-MRI data were analyzed, and the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at the fistula was qualitatively evaluated.

Results

No communication with the adjacent subarachnoid space was found on preoperative PC-MRI in 20 patients, and they were diagnosed with NCIAC. A statistically significant decrease in cyst volume was observed in all 20 patients postoperatively. Symptoms resolved or improved in the 14 patients who were symptomatic preoperatively, and a positive CSF flow was found in all 20 patients postoperatively. PC-MRI diagnosed eight patients with CIAC, and the cyst sizes did not increase during follow-up.

Conclusions

Cystocistern fenestration is an effective treatment for children with lateral fissure IAC. PC-MRI can be used to determine the IAC type and to evaluate the effectiveness of cystocistern fenestration.     

A Case of Intradural-Extramedullary Form of Primary Spinal Cysticercosis Misdiagnosed as an Arachnoid Cyst

We describe a rare case of intradural-extramedullary primary spinal cysticercosis. A 42-year-old man visited our institute for lower back pain. He denied having consumed raw meet. Magnetic resonance (MR) images revealed an intradural pure cystic mass at the L3-L4 level. A radiologic diagnosis of spinal arachnoid cyst was established. Three years later, he complained of aggravated back pain, and follow-up MR examination showed a markedly expanded cyst, occupying the subarachnoid space from the T11 to the S1 level. L2 hemilaminectomy was performed, and a yellowish infected cyst bulged out through the dural opening. The cyst was removed en bloc. The histopathological findings of the cyst were consistent with parasitic infection. Serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confirmed the presence of spinal cysticercosis. As there was no intracranial lesion, the final diagnosis was primary spinal cysticercosis, which is very rare. MR imaging is a sensitive diagnostic tool for detecting cystic lesions in the spine; however, it is difficult to distinguish cysticercosis from non-infectious cysts such as an arachnoid cyst without using gadolinium enhancement. Clinicians treating spinal cysts with an unusual clinical course should include cysticercosis as a differential diagnosis. We recommend contrast-enhanced MR imaging and serum ELISA in the diagnostic work-up of such cases.     

Multiseptated arachnoid cyst treated with fenestration after valvular insufficiency in an adult.

Treatment of symptomatic arachnoid cysts is based on two procedures: cyst fenestration versus derivation of CSF. Multiseptated cysts represent a very special group. We present the case of a 75 year old woman with a symptomatic multiseptated arachnoid cyst, developing subacute bleeding in one of the cavities. Final diagnosis was obtained after MRI. CSF derivation became insufficient with clear improvement after fenestration and communication to subarachnoid space.     

Functional imaging of cerebrospinal fluid pathology

The most common problem addressed by dynamic radionuclide imaging of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities is differentiating patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) from those with other forms of degenerative brain disorder who would clearly not benefit from surgical treatment by ventricular shunting. Radionuclide cisternography (RC) SPECT and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) SPECT are critically important for the diagnosis and therapy management of patients with chronic hydrocephalus. However, radionuclide imaging is helpful not only in identifying patients with NPH showing improvement after shunting. RC reveals tracer activity outside the intracranial cavity, indeed. The importance of establishing the diagnosis arises from the fact that untreated leaks can be followed by meningitis in up to one quarter of patients. CSF collections may communicate with the subarachnoid space. RC SPECT has proved useful in assessing the communication of the arachnoid cysts (CSF collection) with the ventricular or subarachnoid compartment. Improved anatomical detail revealed by SPECT imaging is helpful in solving problems of the CSF pathology. Sensitive and accurate assessments of normal and disordered CSF dynamics can be obtained with RC SPECT.     

Radioisotope cisternographic study on intracranial arachnoid cyst (author's transl)

The dynamics of the CSF circulation in six cases of intracranial arachnoid cysts was examined by RI cisternography suing 0.5 to 1.0 mCi of 169Yb DTPA or 50 to 100 microCi of 131I HSA injected into the lumbar subarachnoid space. Serial scintigrams were obtained with rectilineal scintillation scanner at 2, 4, 6, 24 and 48 hours after injection. The communication of the cavity of arachnoid cyst and subarachnoid space was recognized in all cases. The cysts were best visualized at 24 hours in most cases. Four patterns of the entry and stasis of RI in cysts were observed as follows, 1) rapid filling of RI into the cyst and delayed clearance, 2) both rapid filling and clearance, 3) slow filling and delayed clearance, 4) no filling.     

Postnatal development and enlargement of primary middle cranial fossa arachnoid cyst recognized on repeat CT scans

The etiology and mechanism of expansion of primary intracranial arachnoid cysts have been much debated. A rare case of an 8-month-old boy is reported, in which postnatal development and enlargement of a middle cranial fossa arachnoid cyst was detected on follow-up CT scans. Based on intraoperative and histological findings, the cyst was found to be intra-arachnoid. The wall was excised completely, and the lobe adjacent to the cyst appeared normal apart from signs of atrophy. Histological study of the excised cyst revealed a common arachnoid membrane with neither ependymal nor inflammatory cells; the cyst fluid was similar to CSF. The etiology of the lesion remains unclear, but it was considered that the expansion of the cyst might have occurred through a ball-valve mechanism of the membrane in communication with the general subarachnoid space.     

成人后颅窝巨大蛛网膜囊肿的诊断与手术治疗

目的 探讨成人后颅窝蛛网膜囊肿的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性总结分析10例成人后颅窝巨大蛛网膜囊肿的临床资料和手术效果,10例全部采取开颅囊壁切除造口粘连松解术,并使之与第四脑室和蛛网膜下腔交通,1例同期行颅内多发性硬膜下积液钻孔引流术.结果 所有病人术后恢复良好,出院前症状改善6例,无变化4例.术后1周常规复查头部MRI,囊肿缩小、小脑部分复位6例.3个月后随访复查头部CT,无囊肿复发.其中小脑完全复位4例,大部分复位6例;脑积水消失、脑室恢复正常4例,脑积水减轻6例;临床症状消失7例,好转3例.结论 开颅在显微镜下获得囊肿腔与脑室及蛛网膜下腔的交通是避免后颅窝巨大蛛网膜囊肿复发和治疗脑积水的关键,手术效果良好.     

显微外科治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿的疗效观察

目的 探讨显微手术治疗颅内蛛网膜囊肿的效果。方法 回顾性分析42例颅内蛛网膜囊肿患者采用显微手术治疗的疗效。结果 囊肿全切除23例,大部切除14例,部分切除加脑池交通术5例。术后复查CT,29例囊肿消失或明显缩小。平均随访1年,患者症状与体征均改善。结论 显微手术治疗蛛网膜囊肿疗效满意。充分建立囊腔与脑池和蛛网膜下腔的交通,是手术成功的关键。     

Large infratentorial multilocular arachnoid cyst

Clinical and radiological findings in a 2-year-old boy with a large multilocular infratentorial arachnoid cyst are presented. The cyst was extended in the bilateral paracollicular and retrocerebellar region and was communicating with each other but not with the ventricular system. Associated with those cysts was a significant degree of hydrocephalus due to compression of the fourth ventricle. Delayed metrizamide CT scan showed totally isolated cysts from CSF circulation although the cystic content was determined as the CSF.     

Endoscopic management of intra and paraventricular CSF cysts

Background The management of intra- and paraventricular lesions is one of the fields in which modern neuroendoscopic techniques have given the most significant contribution in terms of reduction in operative invasiveness and postoperative complications. In this context, fluid cysts represent an ideal ground on which results obtained with traditional surgical procedures (open surgery, shunting) have more and more to compare with the increasing number of encouraging results obtained by neuroendoscopy. Objective The objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the results of the endoscopic treatment of intra- and paraventricular cysts performed at our institution and how they compare with what has been reported in the literature, concerning the results of open surgery, shunting, and endoscopic management. Materials and methods All the patients with intra- and paraventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cysts endoscopically managed at our institution between March 2000 and October 2006 were included. Based on cyst location documented by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the cohort of patients examined was subdivided in five groups: A, paraventricular cysts; B, choroids plexuses cysts; C, secondary intraventricular cysts in previously hydrocephalus shunted patients; D, quadrigeminal cistern arachnoid cysts; and E, suprasellar arachnoid cysts. The neuroendoscopic procedures were performed with a 30° rigid endoscope (Storz Decq, 3.8 mm). The surgical plan and best trajectory were selected on preoperative MR imaging. Postoperatively, all patients underwent CT scans in the first 48 h after surgery and MR control 3 months after surgery. Results There were 26 patients (18 M/8F). The mean age at diagnosis was 8.95 years. Five of 26 cases were adult patients. Four patients had paraventricular cysts; 2 patients had a choroids plexuses cyst; 6 patients a secondary intraventricular cyst in previously shunted hydrocephalus; 11 patients had a quadrigeminal cistern arachnoid cyst and 3 patients had a suprasellar arachnoid cyst. Fifteen patients had an associated hydrocephalus at the time of the surgical treatment (one patient in group A, six patients in group C, six in group D, and two in group E). Twenty-three out of 26 patients underwent endoscopic management of their cystic lesion as primary procedure; in the remaining three cases, it represented a secondary procedure after open cyst marsupialization or/and the implant of a cystoperitoneal shunt. Endoscopic management consisted in a cystoventriculostomy (CV) in 19 patients. Third ventriculostomy (ETV) was associated to CV in seven cases, and it was performed at the same time of the CV procedure in all these cases. There was no mortality, neither operative morbidity. At a mean follow-up of 2.15 years (0.1–4 years), a complete resolution of preoperative clinical symptoms and signs was recorded in 80.9% of symptomatic patients. Control MRI showed a reduced cyst size in 25/26 patients and a stable cyst size in the last case, with signs of CSF flow between the cyst and the cerebral ventricles in all cases. One out of 15 patients with associated hydrocephalus had a persistent ventriculomegaly without signs of increased intracranial pressure. Conclusions Our results confirm that endoscopic management of intra- and paraventricular cysts is a valid alternative to open surgery as well as to shunting procedures. Control of clinical symptoms and signs was obtained in around 80% of our patients, while radiological evidence of cyst size reduction occurred in more than 95% of them. These rates are comparable with results of open surgery and shunting. The main advantage of neuroendoscopy is the low incidence of complications, a result that is confirmed by the present series. Presented at the Third World Conference of the International Study Group on Neuroendoscopy (ISGNE), Marburg, Germany, 15–18 June 2005.