小儿在全麻下行室间隔缺损封堵带的术后监护

室间隔缺损（室缺）是先天性心脏病中最常见的一种，其中膜部缺损占70％左右。传统的开胸手术行室缺修补术，手术创伤大，费用高，有一定的并发症。经导管封堵治疗膜部室缺是近年来发展起来的一种新方法，具有创伤小、安全性好和术后恢复快的特点。我科2001年2月-2003年7月应用新型双盘状室缺封堵器成功地对29例小儿膜部室缺进行了经导管封堵术，取得了满意疗效，现报道如下。     

超声心动图导引下介入治疗室间隔缺损

目的研究体表超声(TTE)导引介入治疗室间隔缺损(VSD)的临床意义.方法 57例膜部 VSD,18例合并膜部室间隔膨出瘤;5例肌部VSD,其中1例为多发性,1例为心肌梗死所致室间隔穿孔,1例合并膜部室缺.缺损直径2～16 mm.在TTE引导下,采用4～18 mm封堵伞进行经导管介入封堵.结果 TTE明确诊断62例VSD,准确率100%.61 例VSD介入治疗成功,成功率98.4%.术后51例左向右分流束消失,10例残余少量左向右分流,其中6例合并主动脉瓣轻度关闭不全,4例合并轻度二、三尖瓣关闭不全.结论 TTE导引在VSD封堵术中确定适应证,预防并发症必不可少.     

小儿在全麻下行室间隔缺损封堵术的术后监护

室间隔缺损(室缺)是先天性心脏病中最常见的一种,其中膜部缺损占70%左右[1].传统的开胸手术行室缺修补术,手术创伤大,费用高,有一定的并发症[2].经导管封堵治疗膜部室缺是近年来发展起来的一种新方法,具有创伤小、安全性好和术后恢复快的特点.我科2001年2月-2003年7月应用新型双盘状室缺封堵器成功地对29例小儿膜部室缺进行了经导管封堵术,取得了满意疗效,现报道如下.     

超声心动图在肌部室间隔缺损封堵治疗中的体会

目的:评价经胸超声心动图在肌部室间隔缺损介入治疗中的价值.方法:回顾性分析2011年1月至12月我科收治的10例肌部室间隔缺损患者的临床资料,术前、术中经胸超声心动图检查,并在术后随访.结果:10例肌部室间隔缺损患者封堵术均成功,封堵器位置正常,无残余分流.结论:经胸超声心动图对肌部室间隔缺损进行术前检查及术中监测可提高肌部室间隔缺损封堵治疗手术的成功率.     

彩色超声心动图在室间隔膜部缺损封堵治疗中的应用

目的：探讨彩色超声心动图(彩超)在室间隔膜部缺损(VSD)经导管封堵术中的应用价值。方法：应用经胸超声心动图(TTE)按封堵适应症筛选9例膜周部VSD患，经导管在X线引导下进行封堵，封堵器为Amplatzer膜部室缺封堵器。结果：1例患儿因合并右室流出道肌性狭窄而放弃封堵术，余8例成功进行了Amplatzer封堵术。2例术后TTE检查即刻、24h可见残余分流、1个月后消失，其余6例未见残余分流，8例均未出现其他并发症。结论：彩超在VSD封堵术对病例的选择、术中引导和术后随访有重要的实用价值。     

经导管封堵治疗膜部室间隔缺损的围术期护理

目的探索应用国产双盘状室间隔缺损封堵器经导管闭合膜部室间隔缺损术的术前、术中及术后护理措施。方法104例先天性心脏病膜部室间隔缺损患者,男48例,女56例,年龄2~56岁,平均(17.29±12.93)岁。经临床体检、心脏超声检查和左心室造影确诊。在X线和经胸超声引导下行经导管室间隔缺损封堵术。术前认真做好患者心理护理及有关术前准备,术中严密心电监护,备齐各种抢救药品和特殊导管,术后持续心电监护,并注意有无相关并发症。结果104例患者中,100例封堵成功,术中无并发症。术后心电监护示非阵发性室性心动过速2例,1周后恢复。所有患者无其他并发症。结论应用国产双盘状室间隔缺损封堵器经导管封堵治疗膜部室间隔缺损安全、有效。术前细致周到的心理护理、术中熟练配合和术后严密监护,对保证手术成功有重要作用。     

室间隔缺损介入封堵治疗失败原因分析

目的 分析室间隔缺损介入封堵失败病例,提高术前超声心动图筛选患者的手术成功率.方法 对50例室间隔缺损介入封堵手术失败患者的超声心动图检查结果进行分析.结果 14例术中出现房室传导阻滞,13例术后有残余分流,19例无法建立封堵轨道,2例嵴内置人封堵器后出现较明显的主动脉瓣反流,1例冠心病、1例急性心肌梗死伴室间隔穿孔,以上患者均未能完成手术.结论 应用超声心动图注意观察室间隔缺损的左右室侧大小及周边结构.对年龄较小、缺损复杂或年龄较大合并冠心病的患者,应慎用封堵方法.     

胸壁打孔电视胸腔镜体外循环下室缺修补47例

目的 :总结 4 7例胸壁打空电视胸腔镜辅助下室间隔缺损修补的体外循环 (CPB)方法和可行性。方法 :分析 4 7例室间隔缺损患者在胸腔镜下行室缺修补病例并与随机抽取的同期 4 7例常规方法修补室缺病例进行比较。结果 :胸腔镜组患者CPB时间平均 (89.6± 2 7.4 )min ,升主动脉阻断时间平均 (37.9± 15 .3)min ,3例患者产生血红蛋白尿。 2例患者因术后残余漏而再次CPB下手术 ,其他患者手术顺利 ,术后无并发症并痊愈出院 ;常规组CPB时间平均 (6 9.2± 19.6 )min ,升主动脉阻断时间平均 (2 6 .7± 11.3)min ,2例患者产生血红蛋白尿 ,患者手术均顺利。二组转流时间和主动脉阻闭时间相比较差别明显 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :初期胸壁打空电视胸腔镜体外循环下行室间隔缺损修补术的体外循环时间和主动脉阻闭时间较常规方法延长 ,但其手术方法安全可靠。     

室间隔缺损修补术后残余分流自然愈合的彩色多普勒超声心动图观察

本文报道２例室间隔缺损修补术后残余分流但以后自然愈合的患者，１例室间隔缺损患者于修补术后１０天彩色多普勒超声心动图检查时见残余分流，在术后１２周复查时发现残余分流自然消失。另１例为室间隔缺损合并房间隔缺损患者，术后第２天有较重的血红蛋白尿，彩色多普勒超声心动图检查时发现心室水平及左室与右房间的残余分流而行再次修补术。第二次术后１５天彩色多普勒超声心动图检查时仍存在左室与右房间的残余分流。继续追踪观察于再次术后７周原残余分流消失，自然愈合。室间隔缺损术后可因修补不完善，补片与空间隔间缝线撕裂，或补片与室间隔间存在较窄的缝隙而出现残余分流。较小的残余分流可因补片与室间隔交接处形成血栓、缝线周围纤维化等因素而自然愈合，患者无需进行再治疗。彩色多普勒超声心动图可较敏感地发现室间隔缺损术后残余分流，并可追踪观察残余分流的自然愈合，因而对其预后判断具有重要价值。     

经导管治疗膜周部室间隔缺损的疗效和安全性

【目的】评价经导管介入治疗先天性膜周部室间隔缺损(VSD)的疗效和安全性。【方法】20例VSD患者术前由经胸超声心动图确诊,在透视及经胸超声心动图监视下经导管置入室缺封堵器封堵VSD,术后1、3、6个月分别行经胸超声心动图、心电图评价治疗效果。【结果】20例VSD患者术中经左心室造影明确缺损直径为3~9.5(5.60±2.55)mm,成功封堵20例,封堵成功率100%,手术并发症发生率10%(2/20),封堵术后3个月超声复查左室舒张末径较术前明显缩小。【结论】经导管治疗膜周部VSD是一种成功率较高、并发症少、疗效可靠的介入治疗方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.