人工肱骨头置换与肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年复杂肱骨近端骨折的近期临床疗效分析

[摘要] 目的 对比分析人工肱骨头置换术和肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年复杂肱骨近端骨折的近期疗效。方法 回顾性分析本院骨科2012年1月~2014年6月采用人工肱骨头置换术和肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗的老年（年龄>65岁）NeerⅢ、Ⅳ部分肱骨近端骨折患者54例，人工肱骨头置换治疗（置换组）30例，肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定治疗（内固定组）24例。比较分析两组手术时间、术中出血量、随访Neer评分及Constant-Murley评分来评定两组临床疗效。结果 两组随访时间相仿，平均随访时间为19.5个月（12~36个月）。内固定组手术时间（101±13）分钟，术中出血量（237.9±32.4）mL，Neer评分（82.5±3.2），Constant-Murley评分（71.7±5.0）；置换组手术时间（98±11）分钟，术中出血量（246.0±39.8）mL，Neer评分（82.9±4.5），Constant-Murley评分（73.5±5.0）。两组手术时间、术中出血量、随访Neer及Constant-Murley评分比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。内固定组有1例出现肩关节半脱位，肱骨头置换组有2例出现肩关节半脱位，通过三角巾悬吊后关节脱位均得到纠正。有1例四部分骨折患者，行内固定术后出现内固定松动、肱骨头坏死，改行人工肱骨头置换术。结论 人工肱骨头置换术和肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨近端复杂骨折的近期临床疗效相似，对不可修复的肱骨近端骨折宜行肱骨头置换术。     

人工半肩关节置换和钢板置入修复老年复杂肱骨近端骨折:肩关节功能比较

背景:老年肱骨近端粉碎性骨折的修复方法临床尚存在争议。目的:对比人工半肩关节置换与肱骨近端锁定钢板置入内固定修复老年肱骨近端复杂骨折的肩关节功能恢复情况。方法:回顾性分析2012年10月至2014年10月收治的老年肱骨近端复杂骨折患者22例,12例行人工半肩关节置换,10例行肱骨近端锁定钢板置入内固定。所有患者均进行治疗后随访,随访期内复查X射线片,并通过Neer评分评估肩关节功能恢复情况。结果与结论:末次随访,人工半肩关节置换组未见假体松动及肱骨头缺血坏死,Neer评分(81±5)分;肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定组内固定松动4例,肱骨头缺血坏死3例,Neer评分(69±5)分,组间差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。在修复过程中,人工半肩关节置换组的平均手术时间低于肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定组,出血量前者高于后者,但组间差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。提示肱骨近端锁定钢板置入内固定与人工半肩关节置换均为肱骨近端复杂骨折有效的修复手段,但人工半肩关节置换可更早的进行功能锻炼,肩关节恢复也较好。     

人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端三、四部分骨折疗效分析

目的　探讨人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端三、四部分骨折的适应症、手术方法及临床疗效。 方法　对采用人工肱骨头置换治疗的39例老年肱骨近端复杂骨折患者进行回顾性分析,其中三部分骨折15例,四部分骨折24例,采用肩关节功能Neer评分及疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analog scale,VAS)对术后肩关节功能和术后疼痛程度等进行随访对比观察。 结果 本组病例全部得到随访,随访时间 12~32 个月,平均 24 个月,Neer 评分: 优 15 例,良 18例,可 5 例,差1例,优良率 84.6%。 结论　人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端三、四部分骨折疗效满意,术中假体的正确植入、肩袖的有效修复、大小结节的正确重建以及个体化的早期关节功能锻炼,是确保术后疗效的关键。     

半肩关节置换治疗复杂肱骨近端骨折

背景：半肩或全肩关节置换治疗复杂的肱骨近端骨折,在迅速消除患者疼痛、有效恢复关节功能等方面临床疗效较好。 目的：分析人工半肩关节置换治疗复杂肱骨近端骨折的技术方法及临床疗效。 方法：对12例人工半肩关节置换治疗的复杂肱骨近端骨折患者进行疗效分析。按Neer分型：其中,三部分骨折2例,四部分骨折10例。以X射线观察、Neer评分标准对半肩关节置换后肩关节功能进行临床评估。 结果与结论：12例随访时间平均18个月(6-48个月)。Neer评分：优10例,良1例,可1例,优良率92%。随访期X射线显示内假体位置良好,无关节周围骨折、神经损伤、感染、脱位和松动等并发症。说明人工半肩关节置换是治疗复杂肱骨近端骨折的有效方法之一。半肩关节置换中须注意肩袖的有效修复和大、小结节的正确重建,结合置换后早期、规范的功能锻炼,可取得满意的临床效果。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程全文链接：     

人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端粉碎性骨折的疗效评估*

目的探讨应用人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端粉碎性骨折的临床效果和适应症选择。方法 2011年1月~2015年1月,对52例老年肱骨近端NeerⅢ、Ⅳ部分骨折患者行人工肱骨头置换术。应用美国肩肘外科医师评分(ASES)、VAS疼痛评分评估治疗结果,观察肩关节活动范围,肌力、疼痛情况。结果 52例患者例患者术后获10~18个月(平均12个月)随访,末次随访时患者肩关节活动度:肩关节活动范围平均为前屈上举(130.4±20.4)°,外旋(35.8±14.2)°,内旋达T9水平。ASES评分平均为(83.4±11.9)分,VAS疼痛评分平均为(1.5±0.9)分,总体优良率为80.3%。48例患者未出现假体松动,4例术后出现肩关节假体上移,1例上举轻度受限,4例出现大、小结节吸收。结论正确选择手术指征和掌握操作技术,应用人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端粉碎性骨折可以获得较为满意的临床效果。     

人工半肩关节置换在肱骨近端骨折治疗中的应用

目的：探讨人工肱骨头治疗肱骨近端复杂骨折的临床疗效和并发症的预防。方法：12例肱骨近端复杂骨折患者施行人工肱骨头置换术，患者平均年龄64．8岁，1例为三部分骨折，1例为肱骨头劈裂性骨折，10例为四部分骨折，其中3例伴肩关节脱位，手术全部采用可调节式骨水泥型人工肱骨头假体。结果：术后平均随访18．1月，Constant评分平均为78．6分（46～92分）。随访发现肱骨大结节上移、肩关节下方不稳定和异位骨化各1例。结论：人工肱骨头置换是治疗肱骨近端复杂骨折的有效方法，精细的手术操作是减少并发症、取得满意疗效的关键。     

人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端粉碎性骨折的技术要点

背景:采用人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端粉碎性骨折可快速恢复肩关节良好的活动功能。但人工肱骨头置换过程中如何重建和恢复肩关节周围软组织平衡,其关键技术值得探讨。目的:分析人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端粉碎性骨折的效果及技术关键。方法:选择1999-06/2009-01解放军第八十九医院骨科关节外科施行人工肱骨头置换的13例肱骨近端粉碎性骨折患者,男4例,女9例,年龄在69.2(63~78)岁。术中准确复位固定大小结节,假体植入得当,修复肩袖损伤,术后进行康复训练,采用Neer评分标准随访评价治疗效果。结果与结论:13例患者随访51(9~112)个月,Neer评分标准显示,优6例,良5例,可2例,优良率85%;X射线片示无关节脱位、假体松动或断柄,患者均能完成日常活动,10例主观非常满意,主观满意度为77%。在熟悉肩关节解剖和功能特点的基础上,严格把握手术适应证,遵循肱骨头置换过程中的关键技术方法,置换后落实必不可少的康复训练过程,采用人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端粉碎性骨折,可快速恢复肩关节良好的活动功能。     

长型肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端并肱骨干骨折

背景：国内外均有文献报道证实长型肱骨近端内固定锁定钢板用于治疗肱骨近端骨折疗效显著。 目的：总结应用长型肱骨近端内固定锁定钢板手术治疗肱骨近端合并肱骨干骨折的临床疗效。 方法：纳入应用长型肱骨近端内固定锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端合并肱骨干骨折患者16例。其中男7例,女9例,年龄45-83岁,平均71岁。肱骨近端Neer分型,2部分骨折5例,3部分骨折8例,4部分骨折3例;肱骨干骨折AO分型A1型5例,B1型6例,B2型2例,C1型2例,C3型1例。内固定后肩关节功能采用Constant-Murley肩关节评分标准对患者两侧肩关节进行评分,同时计算评分百分比并作相应评价。肘关节采用改良HSS评分标准评估。 结果与结论：16例患者均获随访,随访时间12-24个月,平均14.9个月。所有患者骨折均愈合,时间8-17周,平均12.1周。2例患者出现伤口脂肪液化,换药后均愈合。1例患者治疗后出现桡神经麻痹症状,1例患者出现肩峰撞击综合征,治疗后好转。无内固定松动、螺钉切割及肱骨头缺血坏死等并发症发生。治疗后12个月按Constant-Murley评分标准为65-90分,平均76.87分。与健侧百分比为71.4%-93.8%,平均83.41%。优良15例,满意1例。改良HSS肘关节评分优13例,良3例,优良率100%。说明长型PHILOS钢板治疗肱骨近端合并肱骨干骨折固定可靠,并发症少,疗效满意。     

锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效分析

[摘要] 目的 探讨肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效。方法 2010年2月~2013年8月应用肱骨近端锁定钢板（locking proximal humeral plate, LPHP）治疗肱骨近端骨折73例，其中男性32例，女性41例，年龄39~78岁，平均（61.2±10.4）岁。根据Neer分型，二部分骨折22例，三部分骨折43例，四部分骨折8例。结果 73例患者65例获得随访，随访时间6~25月，平均14.5月，最终均骨性愈合，平均愈合时间约5.5月。根据肩关节Neer功能评分标准评定：优（>90分）35例；良（80~89分）24例；可4例，差（＜70分）2例。优良率达90.8%。随访中未发现伤口感染、螺钉松动及肱骨头坏死等并发症。结论 LPHP设计合理，用于治疗肱骨近端骨折具有固定牢靠，并发症少，可早期进行功能锻炼等优点，疗效肯定、满意。     

锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折

目的探讨应用肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年人肱骨近端骨折的疗效。方法 2007年3月~2009年9月使用肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折34例,年龄60~81岁,平均69.5岁。骨折按Neer分型:2部分骨折9例、3部分骨折19例、4部分骨折6例。结果 34例均获随访,随访8~18个月,平均(7.5±1.5)个月。均获骨性愈合,平均愈合时间3~5月。肩关节功能按Neer疗效评分系统评定,优25例、良9例。结论锁定加压钢板治疗老年人骨折疗效满意,是目前治疗肱骨近端骨折较理想的内固定方法。同时重视肩袖损伤的修复,术后能早期进行功能锻炼,功能恢复良好。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.