下肢骨折患者RAPT评分结合D-二聚体监测预防DVT的意义

目的探讨下肢骨折患者静脉血栓形成危险度评分(RAPT)评分结合D-二聚体动态监测对下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的评估意义。方法共纳入自2014-09—2015-01诊治的318例下肢骨折,所有患者在入院时、术前、术后进行RAPT评分,取各分项最高分后将患者分为3组:低危险组(0~5分),中危险组(6~14分),高危险组(14分)。对所有患者在入院第2天、术前1 d、术后1 d、术后3 d、术后5 d进行血浆D-二聚体浓度测定。低危险组患者采取物理预防(足底静脉泵),中、高危险组患者采取物理预防+药物预防(每天皮下注射低分子肝素钙1次,1 ml/次)。结果低危险组33例中1例发生DVT,发生率3.03%;中危险组250例中105例发生DVT,发生率42.00%;高危险组35例中23例发生DVT,发生率65.71%。中危险组(χ2=17.271,P0.001)与高危险组(χ2=26.544,P0.001)DVT发生率明显高于低危险组,高危险组DVT发生率高于中危险组(χ2=6.979,P=0.008),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。中、高危险组入院第2天及术后1 d D-二聚体值明显高于低危险组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对下肢骨折患者进行RAPT评分,并结合D-二聚体变化情况,可以有效地评估患者发生DVT的风险,进而指导预防DVT。     

合并小腿肌间静脉血栓形成的下肢骨折患者的术前抗凝方案

目的探讨合并小腿肌间静脉血栓形成(MCVT)的下肢骨折患者术前抗凝方案。方法笔者自2009-07—2014-10对232例下肢骨折合并MCVT术前行抗凝治疗,术后检测肌间静脉血栓脱落、血栓近端扩展及症状性肺栓塞(PE)发生率。结果 3组的术后肌间静脉血栓脱落率分别为4.39%、1.45%、4.17%,血栓近端扩展分别为3.29%、2.89%、1.39%,症状性PE为2.19%、1.45%、2.28%。3组术后肌间静脉血栓脱落、血栓近端扩展、症状性PE比较差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1.185,P=0.553;χ~2=0.619,P=0.734;χ~2=0.296,P=0.862)。结论对于合并MCVT的下肢骨折患者采用LMHC 5 000 IU,皮下注射,每日1次,1周手术,是一种安全,有效的术前抗凝方案。     

下肢静脉泵预防髋部周围骨折深静脉血栓形成的临床研究

目的探讨针对有高出血风险患者,使用间歇充气加压装置（IPC）下肢静脉泵预防髋部周围骨折手术（HFS）后深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的临床疗效。方法 2008年7月至2011年7月,根据有高出血风险入选标准选择HFS患者32例,采用基本预防、下肢静脉泵物理预防。主要观察双下肢彩色多普勒超声检查结果和双下肢肿胀、疼痛等病症。结果对有高出血风险不能使用抗凝药物预防,采用IPC下肢静脉泵物理预防的32例HFS患者中有7例DVT,发生率21.88%,较本课题组之前未用物理预防与药物预防的对照组研究的发生率33.87%低。结论对于有高出血风险的HFS患者,选择IPC下肢静脉泵预防下肢DVT,能有效地降低DVT发生率,减少并发症,对于预防HFS术后DVT发生有临床意义。     

弹力绷带加压包扎联合低分子肝素预防老年人股骨转子间骨折术后深静脉血栓形成的疗效观察

目的探讨弹力绷带加压包扎联合低分子肝素(low molecular weight heparin, LMWH)预防老年人股骨转子间骨折术后下肢深静脉血栓形成(deep vein thrombosis, DVT)的疗效。方法回顾性分析西安交通大学医学院附属红会医院创伤骨科2016年3月至2018年1月收治的150例老年股骨转子间骨折病人的临床资料,所有病人手术前后均使用LMWH抗凝预防血栓形成,根据术后是否使用弹力绷带加压包扎分为观察组和对照组。观察组72例,其中男29例,女43例,年龄为(75.83±7.01)岁(65~87岁)。对照组78例,其中男30例,女48例,年龄为(74.77±7.55)岁(65~89岁)。病人骨折部位均采用闭合复位股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗,术后第1、3、5天行双下肢静脉B超检查(观察组拆除弹力绷带后行双下肢静脉B超检查),记录并比较两组的DVT发生率及并发症情况。结果两组病人术后第1、3、5天的DVT发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05);观察组共发生DVT 8例,发生率为11.11%,对照组19例发生DVT,发生率为24.36%,两组DVT总发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^2=4.452,P=0.035);两组间术后下肢肿胀、皮下瘀斑、注射LMWH部位血肿发生率的差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论弹力绷带加压包扎双下肢联合LMWH可降低老年股骨转子间骨折术后DVT发生率,简单、易行,值得临床推广。     

全膝关节置换局部应用氨甲环酸下肢深静脉血栓发生率的分层比较

[目的]探讨全膝关节置换患者局部应用氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid,TXA)对下肢深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)发生率的影响。[方法]回顾分析2014年1月~2015年10月于本院接受全膝关节置换(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)的526例患者的基本信息及临床资料,其中未使用氨甲环酸的患者291例(非氨甲环酸组),局部应用氨甲环酸的患者235例(氨甲环酸组),按照血栓危险因素-体重指数,将两组患者分为正常体重、超重及肥胖三个亚层,在每个亚层中匹配年龄、性别、凝血功能等影响血栓形成的危险因素,分析比较三个亚层中氨甲环酸组和非氨甲环酸组下肢深静脉血栓发生率的差异。[结果]正常体重患者中,氨甲环酸组的DVT发生率为11.1%,非氨甲环酸组DVT发生率为10.4%,两组血栓发生率比较差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.01,P0.05);超重患者中,氨甲环酸组的DVT发生率为14.0%,非氨甲环酸组DVT发生率为13.0%,两组血栓发生率比较差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.05,P0.05);肥胖患者中,氨甲环酸组的DVT发生率为28.0%;非氨甲环酸组DVT发生率为16.3%,两组血栓发生率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.70,P0.05),且差异主要来自两组肌间静脉血栓发生率的不同(19.6%vs7.4%,χ~2=7.48,P0.05)。[结论]在国人正常体重及超重的低血栓风险患者中,膝关节置换术中局部运用氨甲环酸对下肢深静脉血栓发生无影响,肥胖患者应用氨甲环酸将增加下肢深静脉血栓,尤其是肌间静脉血栓发生的风险。     

原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全对全膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的 探讨原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全(PDVI)对全膝关节置换术(TKR)术后深静脉血栓形成的影响.方法 126例TKR患者,术前行彩色多普勒超声检查,记录股总静脉有无反流并记录反流时间,反流时间>1s为静脉瓣膜功能不全(有PDVI组),无反流或反流时间≤1 s为静脉瓣膜功能正常(无PDVI组);术后7 d再对全部患者进行下肢静脉彩色多普勒超声复查,观察有无下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)发生.对两组计量资料采用成组资料χ2检验的方法进行统计学分析.结果 126例患者中,有PDVI组54例,无PDVI组72例,共有50例患者术后发生下肢DVT,总发生率39.7%(50/126).其中,有PDVI组33例患者术后发生下肢DVT,发生率61.1%(33/54);无PDVI组17例患者术后发生下肢DVT,发生率23.6%(17/72);PDVI组下肢深静脉血栓的发生率高于瓣膜功能正常组,两组差异有统计学意义(χ2=21.227,P<0.05).结论 原发性PDVI是TKR术后下肢深静脉血栓发生的危险因素.     

导管直接溶栓联合腔内治疗在急性下肢深静脉血栓形成中的中远期疗效分析

目的探讨导管直接溶栓(CDT)联合腔内治疗在急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)中的中远期疗效。方法收集2012年7月至2015年6月本科收治的278例急性下肢DVT患者(307条患肢)的临床资料。对单纯抗凝治疗组和CDT联合腔内治疗组的临床疗效进行回顾性分析。结果CDT联合腔内治疗组血栓形成后综合征(PTS)发生率(15.6%)明显低于单纯抗凝治疗组(47.3%),差异有统计学意义(U=5925.500,P0.001)。CDT联合腔内治疗组的慢性静脉功能不全生活质量问卷调查表(CIVIQ)、静脉临床严重程度评分(VCSS)、静脉瓣膜功能优于单纯抗凝治疗组,差异均有统计学意义(U=5639.500、5951.000、2718.000,P均0.001)。两组的血栓复发率差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1.290,P=0.256)。结论 CDT联合腔内治疗较单纯抗凝治疗能更好地改善DVT患者临床症状,提高生活质量,降低急性下肢DVT转归为PTS的发生率,值得在临床上推广应用。     

不同压力球囊扩张治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的探讨球囊扩张(BD)治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的中远期疗效。方法收集2015年1月~2018年12月收治的83例急性下肢DVT患者行导管接触溶栓治疗(CDT)的临床资料,分为CDT组(A组)、CDT+低压力BD组(B组)、CDT+足压力BD组(C组),通过随访症状及生活质量回顾性分析三组治疗效果。结果共28例放置腔静脉滤器;55例患者放置60枚支架。三组患者血栓溶解率比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.928);大腿、小腿周径下降程度比较,差异均无统计学意义(P=0.489、P=0.452)。术后6个月三组患者Villalta评分、CIVID-2评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后12个月Villalta评分A、B组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.083)、A组低于C组(P=0.008),CIVID-2评分A组高于B组(P=0.01)、A、C组差异无统计学意义(P=0.092);术后18个月Villalta评分A、C组差异无统计学意义(P=0.211),CIVID-2评分A组低于C组(P=0.036);余结果符合C组大于B组,A组大于B组,C组大于A组。随访期间所有患者支架通畅率为80%,三组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.769)。结论低压力球囊扩张治疗下肢DVT是安全、有效的方法,临床成功率高,远期疗效好;足压力球囊扩张增加PTS发生率。     

下肢骨折术后并发深静脉血栓形成患者的护理

目的:探讨下肢骨折并发深静脉血栓形成(DVT)患者的护理。方法:通过对50例经下肢血管彩色多普勒检查确诊的并发DVT下肢骨折术后的患者,采取防止静脉滤网、抗凝、溶栓治疗。结果:48例患者临床治愈,2例患者出院后需长期口服抗凝药物。结论:双下肢骨折术后易并发DVT,在应用深静脉滤网、溶栓及抗凝治疗的同时采取有针对性的护理措施,可以取得很好的疗效。     

利伐沙班预防关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓的临床前瞻性对照研究

[目的]探讨关节置换后口服利伐沙班预防下肢深静脉血栓的疗效与安全性。[方法]选取2013年2月~2015年1月本院骨科住院并行髋关节或膝关节置换术的68例患者作为研究对象,其中术后口服利伐沙班抗凝者(利伐沙班组)30例,应用皮下注射低分子肝素抗凝者(低分子肝素组)38例。利伐沙班组术后6 h开始给予利伐沙班10 mg·d-1,口服连续5周;低分子肝素组术后12 h皮下注射低分子肝素4 100 IU,1 d/次,连续14 d。术后随访6个月,评价两组患者下肢静脉血栓发生风险、术后引流量、术后1周出凝血功能及不良反应有无差别。[结果]利伐沙班组6个月内发生下肢静脉血栓5例,发生率为16.67%,低分子肝素组发生6例,发生率为15.79%,两组患者下肢静脉血栓发生风险差异无统计学意义(HR=1.25,95%CI:0.40-3.93,P0.05);利伐沙班组和低分子肝素组术后引流量分别为(1 120.36±186.32)ml和(1 456.66±268.45)ml,利伐沙班组引流量显著低于低分子肝素组(P0.05);术后1周两组患者凝血指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]口服利伐沙班可明显降低关节置换术后下肢静脉血栓风险,与低分子肝素疗效无显著差异,且减少术后引流量。     

抗凝、溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓对患者发生肺栓塞的影响

目的 探讨抗凝、溶栓治疗对下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)患者发生肺栓塞的影响.方法 回顾分析经抗凝、溶栓治疗并获随访的105例下肢深静脉血栓患者的临床资料,统计肺栓塞的发生率,并对患者的性别、年龄、血栓位置、血栓类型行单因素分析,探讨它们与肺栓塞发生的关系.结果 抗凝、溶栓治疗的患者住院期间有症状肺栓塞的发生率为2.86%(3/105),出院后随访无肺栓塞发生.肺栓塞的发牛率与性别、年龄、血栓位置、血栓类型无关(P=0.086,0.618,1.0,1.0).结论 对下肢DVT患者严格的抗凝、溶栓治疗可有效的降低其肺栓塞的发生率,故VCF的置入应严格掌握适应证.     

Underlying factors influencing the development of the post-thrombotic limb

PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine whether patients having underlying venous disease in their contralateral limbs indicates a more severe long-term clinical outcome in the ipsilateral limb after a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and to determine what other factors may influence the long-term outcome. METHODS: An acute DVT was initially diagnosed by means of duplex ultrasound scanning. Follow-up clinical examinations and bilateral duplex reflux studies were performed for a mean period as long as 3 years. The patients were divided into two groups: group I, those with no history of a contralateral DVT, and group II, those with a history of a contralateral DVT. The patients were classified at their final examination according to the Clinical, Etiology, Anatomic, Pathophysiologic (CEAP) classification, and the ipsilateral and contralateral limbs were compared. Predisposing factors were compared with the final clinical outcome. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients were monitored in a mean follow-up period of 3 years. There was a significant difference in the incidence of symptoms between the ipsilateral limbs (P <.01) and the contralateral limbs (P <.001) for both groups. There was no significant difference between the incidence of superficial reflux between the ipsilateral and contralateral limbs, but the deep venous system and perforator veins were involved more often in the ipsilateral limbs. In group I, only six patients (10%) had no evidence of venous dysfunction (CEAP = 0) in their ipsilateral or contralateral limbs at the time of the final examination, and all patients had reversible risk factors. Of patients who had a mild clinical outcome (CEAP score, 1 to 3), 64% had a healthy contralateral limb, and the remaining 36% had mild to moderate disease. Eighty percent of patients with the most severe clinical outcome (CEAP > 3) had mild to moderate venous disease in their contralateral limb and had nonreversible risk factors. CONCLUSION: There are a significant number of patients with an acute DVT who had an underlying venous disease in the uninvolved contralateral limb. An ipsilateral post-thrombotic limb is more likely to develop in patients with primary venous reflux after an acute DVT. The level of venous dysfunction in the contralateral limb is an indication of the severity of disease developing in the ipsilateral limb. The initial risk factors of the patients have an influence on the final clinical outcome.     

Duplex ultrasonography after total hip or knee arthroplasty

We prospectively studied all patients admitted for total hip (THR) or knee (TKR) arthroplasty from July 2000 to February 2001. No pharmacological anticoagulation was given. All patients received a standardized postoperative rehabilitation regimen. Forty-six patients with known risk factors for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) were excluded. Eighty patients were studied (22 THR, 58 TKR; 55 women, 25 men). Mean age was 68 (30-90) years. Duplex ultrasonography on both lower limbs was performed on days 5-7 postoperatively. Location and extent of any thrombus were documented. In patients with distal DVT, a follow-up scan was done on days 10-14. If proximal propagation was observed, patients received full anticoagulation. If no propagation was detected, the distal thrombus was considered stable and clinical observation was continued. In the THR group, 1/22 and in the TKR group 9/58 were found to have distal DVT. All were asymptomatic. On follow-up scanning, none showed proximal propagation. All patients were followed up for at least 18 months, and none showed postthrombotic symptoms. Isolated distal DVT in "low-risk" Chinese patients after THR or TKR is not uncommon. Clinically they are usually "silent." If routine perioperative pharmacologic antithrombotic prophylaxis is not practiced, monitoring with duplex ultrasonography may need to be considered.     

围手术期应用抗凝药物预防直肠癌术后下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的 评价围手术期应用抗凝药物预防直肠癌术后下肢深静脉血栓形成(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)的疗效和安全性.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2009年6月收治的96例直肠癌手术患者的临床资料,分为两组(非抗凝组48例,抗凝组48例).抗凝组围手术期应用低分子肝素钙;非抗凝组围手术期未用低分子肝素钙.结果 抗凝组DVT的发生率为4%,明显低于非抗凝组(19%)(x2=5.031,P＜0.05);抗凝组术后住院时间为(12±3)d,明显少于非抗凝组[(22±6)d](t=10.328,P＜0.01).两组手术时间、术中出血量及术后引流血量,手术前后外周血小板计数,手术前后凝血酶原时间及部分凝血酶原时间,术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的开始时间,继发不良反应,术后主要并发症发生率及死亡率两组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).结论 抗凝药物围手术期应用可安全有效地预防直肠癌根治术后下肢深静脉血栓形成.     

Risk of deep vein thrombosis following laparoscopic rectosigmoid cancer resection in chinese patients

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in Chinese patients who underwent laparoscopic resection of rectal or sigmoid cancer in the absence of thromboprophylaxis. METHODS: Patients with adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon or rectum scheduled for laparoscopic resection were recruited. Neither chemoprophylaxis nor mechanical methods against DVT were employed. They were scheduled to have routine duplex ultrasound of both lower limbs perioperatively. RESULTS: In a 12-month period, 50 patients were recruited. Postoperative DVT occurred in 19 (38%) patients. None needed anticoagulation. Complete resolution of the thrombus was noted in 10 (53%) patients 12 weeks after operation, and in six patients 36 weeks after operation. Female sex was identified as being associated with a higher incidence of DVT. Age, smoking, preoperative neoadjuvant chemoirradiation, preoperative metastasis, duration of operation, conversion and postoperative complications did not appear to be risk factors for DVT. CONCLUSION: The incidence of asymptomatic calf vein DVT is relatively high after laparoscopic resection for rectosigmoid cancers in the Chinese population. However, complete resolution occurred without the use of anticoagulant therapy in the majority of cases. It is thus difficult to advocate the routine use of anticoagulant prophylaxis.     

利伐沙班预防高原红细胞增多症患者全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓发生的临床研究

目的评估利伐沙班在预防高原红细胞增多症（HAPC）患者全膝关节置换（TKR）术后深静脉血栓（DVT）形成中的作用。方法 2009年9月至2010年12月61例HAPC患者接受单侧TKR治疗,按随机数字表法将患者分为利伐沙班组和依诺肝素组。其中利伐沙班组共31例,平均年龄（62.8±9.2）岁,男11例,女20例;依诺肝素组30例,平均年龄（63.4±10.5）岁,男9例,女21例。术后8h分别采用利伐沙班和依诺肝素进行预防血栓发生治疗,共10d。结果利伐沙班组31例中4例发生DVT,发生率为12.9%;依诺肝素组30例中7例发生DVT,发生率为23.3%,两组间无统计学差异（x2=1.122,P=0.289〉0.05）。结论利伐沙班可有效预防HAPC患者TKR术后DVT形成,且安全、方便、作用持久。     

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目的对比分析手术与非手术治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的疗效。方法将2002年8月至2006年3月重庆医科大学附属第二医院血管外科病房收治的127例8h至90d的中央型或混合型下肢DVT病人(患肢周径均大于健侧2cm以上),分为非手术治疗组60例,手术治疗组67例。手术组先置放下腔静脉滤器,然后行患肢取栓、球囊扩张、支架置放治疗。两组病人均经患肢行抗凝、溶栓等治疗。以治疗后彩色多普勒超声检查、患肢肿胀消退和胀痛缓解情况评价治疗效果。结果手术组总的疗效较非手术组好。手术组急性期与亚急性期的疗效相比差异无统计学意义,但均优于手术组慢性期。两组急性期的疗效差异无统计学意义,但亚急性期手术组疗效优于非手术组。结论下肢DVT急性期行非手术治疗可能更为合理,急性期未正规治疗的亚急性期中央型或混合型血栓适宜手术治疗。     

DVT Prophylaxis After TKA: Routine Anticoagulation Vs Risk Screening Approach — A Randomized Study

The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) recommended routine anticoagulation for thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing lower limb arthroplasty. We compared results of routine anticoagulation Vs risk stratified approach for Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis after TKA in terms of symptomatic DVT and wound complications. Nine hundred TKAs done in 673 patients were randomized after DVT risk screening to routine anticoagulation (n = 450) or to risk stratification (n = 450) and selective anticoagulation. 194 patients in the risk screening group received only Aspirin. Primary outcome was symptomatic DVT and wound complication. This randomized study showed that the symptomatic DVT rates after TKA were similar whether patients were routinely anticoagulated or selectively anticoagulated after risk screening. However there was a significantly higher incidence of wound complications (P < 0.014) after routine anticoagulation.     

全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓发生的随机对照研究

目的 通过随机对照研究,探讨全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的发生率和预防措施.方法 2007年5月至2008年12月行全髋关节置换术的141例患者,男53例,女88例;年龄17～86岁,平均(63.20±13.78)岁.根据是否使用低分子肝素随机分成抗凝组(82例)和非抗凝组(59例),术后均行患肢深静脉顺行性造影,明确血栓发生的部位、大小及数量.诊断标准根据1972年Rabinov和Paulin提出的诊断标准,结合国内吕厚山的相关经验进行统一诊断.根据下肢血栓的部位将血栓分为中央型、周围型和混合性血栓.结果 全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的发生率为32.62%(46例),其中中央型1例,混合型2例,周围型43例.临床症状有小腿后侧疼痛,沉重或紧张,足和踝关节周围轻度肿胀.临床体征有肌肉压痛、Homans征或Neuhof征阳性.将症状和体征都作为临床依据,其中无临床依据者共34例,占73.9%.抗凝组(82例)和非抗凝组(59例)深静脉血栓形成发生率的差异无统计学意义.结论 采用数字化下肢深静脉造影技术能准确地发现全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成,临床症状与其无直接关联,低分子肝素抗凝后虽能降低深静脉血栓形成的发生率,但差异无统计学意义.     

不同治疗方法对下肢深静脉血栓发生肺栓塞影响的对比研究

目的 对比不同治疗方法对下肢深静脉血栓形成发生肺栓塞的影响.方法 回顾性分析2002年8月至2008年6月201例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,男性97例,女性104例;年龄24～83岁,平均60.4岁.其中血栓发生于左侧肢体174例,右侧24例,双侧3例.所有患者发病≤7 d,入院时无肺栓塞,且均获得随访.按治疗方法分为:单独溶栓抗凝组,手术取栓后溶栓抗凝组及置入下腔静脉滤器后溶栓抗凝组.分别计算各组住院期间和随访期间3组肺栓塞的发生率.结果 单独溶栓抗凝组住院期间有症状肺栓塞发生率为2.8%(3/107),下腔静脉滤器组、手术组无肺栓塞发生,3组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.425).出院后随访6～72个月,平均24个月.随访期间单独溶栓抗凝治疗组及手术取栓组无肺栓塞发生,下腔静脉滤器组肺栓塞发生率为2.4%(1/42)且死于肺栓塞,3组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.656).结论 三种治疗方法对下肢深静脉血栓形成、发生有症状肺栓塞的影响并无差异,下腔静脉滤器的置入应严格掌握适应证.