Aβ1—40海马注射对大鼠脑内一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的探讨一氧化氮合酶(NOS)在β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)神经毒性及阿尔茨海默病(AD)病理机制中的作用.方法应用免疫组化方法,观察大鼠海马齿状回Aβ1-40注射后神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达变化.结果正常大鼠海马齿状回区含nNOS神经元计数为8.96±0.35个/视野;生理盐水注射后局部含nNOS神经元无明显变化(8.97±0.29个/视野);Aβ1-40注射后,注射区周围含nNOS神经元数目显著减少(2.98±0.24个/视野).正常及生理盐水注射组脑内未见iNOS表达;Aβ1-40注射后2d、10d和30d,注射区持续出现大量含iNOS的胶质细胞(主要为星形胶质细胞),反应面积分别为0.905±0.082、0.962±0.161、0.935±0.125mm2.结论Aβ1-40海马注射可损伤局部含nNOS神经元及诱导胶质细胞iNOS表达,NOS在Aβ神经毒性和AD发病中有重要作用.     

Effect of clozapine on polypharmacy

Prescribing patterns for a group of outpatients with schizophrenia were surveyed for changes after the initiation of clozapine. Data were drawn from computerized pharmacy records, direct case record reviews, and interviews with the attending psychiatrists. The number of patients with two or more psychotropic drugs decreased by 31 percent after the initiation of clozapine, and a trend toward the use of clozapine without additional neuroleptics was detected. Decreases occurred in the use of anticholinergic agents, carbamazepine, and benzodiazepines, but selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and sodium valproate were more likely to be prescribed concomitantly with clozapine.     

Effect of alcohol on dystonia

An intravenous infusion of a 250-ml, 10% ethanol solution decreased dystonic scores in five of seven patients with spasmodic torticollis, but had no effect in patients with Meige syndrome, tardive dystonia, or generalized torsion dystonia. Alcohol may temporarily decrease some forms of dystonia.     

CYP2C19基因多态性对氯吡格雷药效的影响

氯吡格雷一种广泛应用的抗血小板聚集药物,在缺血性脑血管病二级预防中起着重要的作用。然而,在临床实践中不断发现,不同的患者对氯吡格雷的反应性差异比较大,某些患者对氯吡格雷的反应性较低或无反应,称之为氯吡格雷低反应或氯吡格雷抵抗,氯吡格雷的低反应或抵抗在缺血性脑血管病复发中起到重要的作用。参与氯吡格雷反应下降的因素有很多,包括基因的多态性(如细胞色素P450、ABCB1及P2Y12基因多态性)、药物的互相作用(质子泵抑制剂、他汀类等)、患者的依从性、Ⅱ型糖尿病、慢性肾病等,但目前机制尚未完全清楚。而CYP2C19作为细胞色素P450(CYP450)家族中一类重要的亚型,在多种药物代谢中体现出其重要性。氯吡格雷作为一种常见的抗血小板药物,其代谢也受CYP2C19基因多态性的影响,不同基因型患者对氯吡格雷的治疗反应性不同。文中就CYP2C19的几个主要基因多态性位点对氯吡格雷代谢的影响作综述。     

Effect of Phenytoin on Semen

Summary: Male patients receiving antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have often complained of hyposexuality. Few studies have been done on semen analysis, which is relevant for assessment of potential and possible reproductive outcome in such cases. We evaluated the effect of epilepsy itself and/or phenytoin (PHT) on the male reproductive system. Fifty-five patients with epilepsy (42 with PHT and 13 untreated) and 28 healthy normal controls were studied by semen analysis. Serum samples from 21 of the 55 patients were also analyzed for testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone. Results showed lower volume of seminal fluid, spermatozoa concentration, and total sperm count in untreated and PHT-treated patients as compared with controls, although no difference was evident between the patient groups. Morphologically abnormal sperm were more increased in untreated patients than in PHT treated and control subjects. Hormonal analysis showed lower levels of testosterone in 9 patients. LH levels were increased in one third of the patients. Our results suggests an effect of seizures on the male reproductive system, and PHT may have a slight additive (if any) influence.     

Effect of L-Dopa in Schizophrenia

L-Dopa was administered to 84 cases of schizophrenia (55 male, 29 female) together with major tranquilizers which had been given previously. 1) Patients suffering from lack of spontaneity, abulia, apathy, and disturbance of rapport were chosen as subjects in this research. The cases with hallucination, delusion and disturbance of the self were also included. Duration of illness is as follows: 111 for within one year 2 cases, 2–3 years 4 cases, 3–5 years 8 cases, 5–10 years 17 cases, more than 10 years 53 cases. The subjects are in most cases 20–50 years old. 2) Initial daily dose was 100–600 mg, then gradually increased to maximum dose 1200 mg. Maintenance dose was 400–600 mg, and continued administration was at most for 3 months in the longest administered cases. Symptom-changes including amelioration and exacerbation were most remarkable at 400–800 mg daily dose. 3) Remarkable amelioration was seen in 8 cases (9.5%), moderate in 17 cases (20.2%), and slight in 20 cases (23.8%). Aggravation was seen in 5 cases (6.0%), no change were seen in 34 cases (40.5%). Remarkable and moderate amelioration were noted in 25 cases (29.8%). 4) Most remarkable amelioration was seen at L-Dopa 600 mg administration: Remarkable amelioration 6 cases, moderate 11 cases, and 17 cases (20.2%) in all. Next was seen at 400 mg administration: Remarkably ameliorated cases are 2, moderately 2; in total of 4 cases. However four cases exacerbated at 600 mg. 5) The relation between duration of illness and therapeutic effect is as follows. In the cases ill for more than 10 years, which show personality deterioration, any amelioration is hopeless. Generally speaking it is effective for the cases ill for within 10 years. 6) The evaluation result on 74 cases is as follows. Disturbance of rapport was the most improved: Remarkably ameliorated cases were 5, moderately 18, and amelioration rate was 31.5%. Disturbance of emotional expression was ameliorated second most: Remarkably ameliorated cases were 8, moderately 11; the rate 26.4%. 7) As exacerbated cases, 10 cases of excitement were noted. In relation to the above-mentioned results, we discussed L-Dopa's therapeutic mechanism.     

The Mozart Effect

This review deals with the Mozart Effect, an improvement of performance while listening to Mozart music. Previous studies have shown improved spatial temporal reasoning and improved IQ test results and neurophysiological changes, mainly increased coherence among different groups of subjects. This review emphasizes the effect on epileptiform patterns, both generalized and focal; provides an example of a chronic effect over a period of 1-2 days; addresses the distinctive aspects of the music to account for this phenomenon and shows that long-term periodicity in the power of the music is a special quality; and deals with the melodic line and shows that Mozart repeats the melodic line much more frequently than other well-known composers. It is likely that the superorganization of the cerebral cortex resonates with great organization found in Mozart music.     

血管形成素对血脑屏障通透性的影响

酪氨酸激酶受体Tie-2表达于血管内皮细胞（EC）和早期造血细胞．具有免疫球蛋白样环形结构和表皮生长因子同源结构域，曾经被认为是孤儿受体。Davis等1996年首次报道其配体血管形成素（angiopoietin，Ang）-1结合到Tie-2引起受体磷酸化，通过增强EC与血管周围支持细胞联系来促进血管成熟和稳定。     

Effect of naloxone on acute stroke

Naloxone was administered intravenously in a dose of 1.2 mg to 24 patients in the first 24 hours after they had suffered a stroke. Twenty patients were treated with placebo. In the naloxone-treated group a dose as low as 0.8 mg produced a slight but statistically significant improvement in neurologic status, and this improvement continued until the end of the observation period (two weeks). In the placebo group neurologic improvement was slower and less pronounced. The present results support a previous observation that naloxone may be a valuable drug in the early stage of acute cerebrovascular disease.