人参属药用植物连作障碍研究进展

针对人参属药用植物人参、西洋参和三七连作障碍问题,综述了连作障碍原因及其解决措施,并展望了人参属药用植物连作障碍研究重点.     

现代生物技术在人参属药用植物研究中的应用

该文对DNA条形码等分子鉴定技术、一代和二代测序技术、基因克降等现代牛物技术在人参属药用植物的物种鉴定、转录组分析、次生代谢产物合成途径及关键酶功能鉴定研究中的应用进行综述.现代牛物技术为人参属药用植物在分子水平的研究提供保证,揭示了人参属药用植物转录组及功能基因等遗传信息,加速了人参属药用植物基因组图谱绘制,为阐明人参属植物中重要次生代谢产物——人参皂苷合成的分子机制、实现体外合成重要天然产物以及对未来新药物的研发奠定基础.     

基于HPLC和化学计量法分析人参不同部位人参皂苷差异研究

目的：对人参不同部位中人参皂苷类成分含量进行测定,结合化学模式识别比较含量差异。方法：采用HPLC法对人参主根、侧根、须根、芦头、叶、茎、果、籽、花中人参皂苷Rb₁、Rb₂、Rb₃、Rc、Rd、Re、Rf、Rg₁、Rg₂、Ro含量进行测定,对结果进行热图分析、聚类分析、主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析。结果：10个人参皂苷含量总和的平均值以人参叶>人参花>人参果>人参须根>人参芦头>人参侧根>人参籽>人参主根>人参茎;总体上人参地下部位中原人参二醇型皂苷含量较高(人参主根除外);人参地上部位中原人参三醇型皂苷含量较高;齐墩果酸型皂苷在芦头中含量较高;造成人参不同部位差异的标志物为人参皂苷Re、Rg₁、Rd、Ro,人参茎中未检测到人参皂苷Rb₂、Rb₃,人参籽中未检测到人参皂苷Ro。结论：人参地上部位和地下部位含有皂苷类别的不同可能是造成其药理活性不同的原因;人参的...     

三种缬草属植物的缬草素类含量种间和种内比较

目的:测定不同产地、不同部位三种缬草属Valeriana植物中缬草素类成分的含量。方法:采用RE-HPLC法。结果:蜘蛛香、缬草和宽叶缬草中缬草素类含量差异显著,以蜘蛛香含量最高;不同产地蜘蛛香的缬草素类含量差异较大,以贵州龙里产的最高;不同产地缬草以陕西留坝产的缬草素类成分含量最高;该属植物根茎中缬草素类成分比地上部分含量高。结论:缬草素药用植物中缬草素类成分的种间和种内差异明显。     

人参茎、叶皂甙研究概况

人参茎叶皂甙是从五加科(Arallaceae)人参属植物人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)的茎叶中提取的总皂甙成分。国内外研究证明,人参的地上部分(茎、叶、花、果)含有与人参根类似的皂甙类成分,且其总皂甙的含量显著高于人参根。近代药理学研究表明,人参茎叶皂甙与人参根有相似的药理作用。由于人参根皂甙具有十分广泛的作用,因此,研究人参地上部分尤其是人参茎叶皂甙引起了人们的极大兴趣,并取得了引人注目的成果。目前人参茎叶皂甙的制剂已在国内外广泛应用于临床,治疗多种疾病。本文仅就人参茎叶皂甙的研究概况加以综述。     

人参属药用植物组织和细胞培养的研究进展

从愈伤组织的诱导及培养、试管苗再生、悬浮培养、反应器培养及转基因器官培养等5个方面介绍了人参属药用植物组织与细胞培养的研究进展。日本和韩国已经分别实现了人参悬浮细胞和不定根培养的工业化;我国尽管已经开发了人参愈伤组织的一些产品,但在人参属药用植物组织和细胞培养的工业化方面还有一段路要走。     

野生东北刺人参茎中脂肪酸成分分析

野生东北刺人参茎中脂肪酸成分分析白求恩医科大学普化教研室（长春１３００２１）张宏桂，张宏，阎吉昌，吴广宣白求恩医科大学校直医院内科（长春１３００２１）赫萍东北刺人参（ＯｐｌｏｐａｎａｘｅｌａｔｕｓＮａｋａｉ）为五加科刺人参属的一种多年生药用植物，主产...     

鄂产人参属药用植物的研究概况

综述了湖北省境内人参属药用植物的分布及特点、化学成分、以及其药用价值等。并提出了对人参属植物化学成分研究的分类意义。     

三七的研究进展及其质量标志物预测分析

三七是我国常用的大宗中药材,其中化学成分类型丰富,包括三萜皂苷、黄酮、氨基酸、多糖、挥发油等类成分,传统认为三萜皂苷类成分为其主要药效成分。从化学成分和药理作用等几个方面对三七的研究现状进行综述,在此基础上,根据中药质量标志物(quality marker,Q-Marker)理论,探究人参属药用植物亲缘关系,结合三七生源途径、传统功效、传统药性等研究对三七Q-Marker进行预测分析,预测三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rg2、人参皂苷Rd、三七素可作为Q-Marker的选择,以期为三七的质量控制和新标准的制定提供科学依据。     

河南常见药用植物资源及其多样性研究

目的调查研究河南省常见药用植物资源的现状及其多样性。方法采用野外调查、植物标本和文献资料查阅相结合的方法,对河南常见药用植物资源进行初步统计,并对药用植物资源的种类、科属构成、区系组成和药用部位的多样性进行系统的研究。结果河南常见药用植物共有484种,隶属125科355属,其中被子植物97科321属443种,裸子植物7科8属12种,蕨类植物11科13属15种,苔藓植物10科13属14种。科属构成上,优势科、属较显著,优势科为唇形科、菊科、百合科、豆科、蔷薇科等,优势属为鹅绒藤属、蒿属、百合属、大戟属、金粟兰属等。区系分析表明,以温带成分为主,北温带、泛热带、旧世界温带以及世界广布类型构成本区药用植物区系的主体;从药用部位来看,全草类植物比例最高,其次是根和根茎类。结论河南省常见药用植物资源丰富、生物多样,具有较大的开发利用前景。     

Enhancement of wound healing by topical application of Scorzonera species: determination of the constituents by HPLC with new validated reverse phase method

Ethnopharmacological relevance Scorzonera species are mainly used against arteriosclerosis, kidney diseases, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and rheumatism, as well as for pain relief and wound healing in Turkish folk medicine. In the current study, aerial parts and roots of Scorzonera cinerea, Scorzonera incisa, Scorzonera latifolia, Scorzonera mollis ssp. szowitsii, Scorzonera parviflora, and Scorzonera tomentosa collected from different regions of Anatolia and yak? sak?z? which is prepared by drying the latex is obtained from the roots of Scorzonera latifolia were evaluated for their wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects.

Materials and methods

In vivo wound healing activity of the plants was evaluated by linear incision and circular excision wound models. Hydroxyproline content of the treated tissues was also assessed. Acetic acid-induced capillary permeability test was used for anti-inflammatory activity. For the determination of the active constituents, a new high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed. Precision of the developed method was performed by the evaluation of intra-day and inter-day variations of the each standard at limits of quantification (LOQ) levels.

Results

The aqueous methanolic extracts of Scorzonera latifolia, Scorzonera mollis ssp. szowitsii demonstrated the highest activities. The main compound was detected as chlorogenic acid both in roots and aerial parts of the most Scorzonera species and hyperoside or rutin was determined as one of the main component of the aerial parts.

Conclusion

The experimental study revealed that methanol-water extracts from aerial parts of Scorzonera latifolia and Scorzonera mollis ssp. szowitsii were found to have better activity on the wound healing compared to the other extracts and control groups. This might be due to the combined effect of the constituents present in the extracts.     

Ethnopharmacological evaluation of some Scorzonera species: in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Scorzonera species are mainly used against inflammation and to relieve pain in Turkish traditional medicine. Therefore, we aimed to assess in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the aerial part and root extracts of Scorzonera acuminata, Scorzonera cana var. alpina, Scorzonera cana var. jacquiniana, Scorzonera cana var. radicosa, Scorzonera cinerea, Scorzonera eriophora, Scorzonera incisa, Scorzonera laciniata ssp. laciniata, Scorzonera parviflora and Scorzonera sublanata.

Materials and methods

For the anti-inflammatory activity evaluation carrageenan, PGE₂ and serotonin-induced hind paw edema and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear edema models were used. p-Benzoquinone-induced abdominal constriction test was employed in mice for the assessment of antinociceptive activity. Furthermore chemical composition of the tested extracts was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively by using RP-HPLC method. Some phenolic acids and flavonoids were used as standards.

Results

Extracts prepared from the aerial parts of Scorzonera cana var. jacquiniana, Scorzonera cinerea, Scorzonera eriophora, Scorzonera incisa and Scorzonera parviflora showed significant inhibitory effect on carrageenan and PGE₂-induced hind paw edema model as well as on p-benzoquinone-induced abdominal constriction test. The extracts did not show any remarkable activity on serotonin-induced hind paw edema and TPA-induced mouse ear edema models. Chlorogenic acid was detected as major compounds in all the species investigated. Additionally, among the tested flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucoside, hyperoside and rutin were found to be in different amounts in Scorzonera species.

Conclusion

The experimental data revealed that Scorzonera cana var. jacquiniana, Scorzonera cinerea, Scorzonera eriophora, Scorzonera incisa and Scorzonera parviflora possess significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity. It has been suggested that flavonoids and chlorogenic acid are partly responsible for mentioned activities of Scorzonera species.     

Sesquiterpene lactones with antinociceptive and antipyretic activity from two Centaurea species

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Several Centaurea species are used to alleviate pain and inflammatory symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis, high fever, and head ache in Turkish folk medicine.

Aim of the study

The effectiveness of extracts, fractions and subfractions from dried Centaurea solstitialis L. subsp. solstitialis (CSS) (Asteraceae) roots and aerial parts were studied on mice.

Materials and methods

The antinociceptive and antipyretic effects of Centaurea solstitialis L. subsp. solstitialis have been investigated by using p-benzoquinone-induced writhing reflex for antinociceptive activity and Freund's Complete Adjuvant-induced pyrexia model for antipyretic activity assessment in mice.

Results

The ethanolic extract from the aerial parts of the plant was shown to possess significant antinociceptive (p < 0.01) and antipyretic activities (p < 0.01). The extract was then submitted to subsequent solvent extractions and chromatographic processes. Through bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures two sesquiterpene lactones, solstitialin A and acetyl solstitialin, were isolated and defined as the active components of CSS. On the other hand, a comparative study was conducted on another species, Centaurea depressa Bieb., which has no similar folkloric utilization. Following the same fractionation chart same compounds were defined as the active ingredients.

Conclusion

Results of the present study proved that aerial part of CSS possesses antinociceptive and antipyretic activities supporting the folkloric assertion in Turkish folk medicine. However, these effects seem not limited to CSS, some other Centaurea species, in fact, having no folkloric use might be equally active.     

大果大戟挥发油化学成分

目的:研究大果大戟Euphorbia wallichii地上部分挥发油的化学成分.方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法,得到大果大戟挥发油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术进行化学成分分析.结果:共分离出25个峰,用面积归一化法测定其相对质量分数,并鉴定出大果大戟地上部分挥发油中20种主要化学成分,已鉴定出的组分占挥发油总量的94.28％.结论:大果大戟地上部分挥发油化学成分包含有机酸、烷烃、萜类及其衍生物,萜类主要为倍半萜,其衍生物则主要为酮类,主要化学成分是十六烷酸(60.36％),其次是降姥鲛-2-酮(7.674％)和十四烷酸(5.433％).     

Ethnobotanical survey and antibacterial activity of plants used in the Altiplane region of Mexico for the treatment of oral cavity infections

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The ethnobotanical survey conducted in this study showed 47 plant species used in the Altiplane region of Mexico for the treatment of dental diseases such as toothache, dental caries, periodontal disease and gingivitis.

Materials and methods

Information was collected by performing interviews. The following data were recorded: name of the patients or herbalists with their age, sex; date and place of gathering information; pathology of persons interviewed; name of the drug (vernacular name); parts used (leaves, bark, fruits, seeds, aerial parts), mode of preparation and administration, and possible combinations.The inhibitory effects of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the medicinal plants detected during the survey the on the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Phrophyromonas gingivalis were determined using microdilution method. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined from the wells of microplate with no visible bacterial growth.

Results

In total, tree places of the Altiplane region of Mexico were visited and five healers and 100 patients were questioned. 47 wild and cultivated species were recorded. The most frequent uses were to treat tooth pain, gum diseases, bad breath and cavities. Infusions were the most frequently prepared formulation. Other applied preparations mentioned with decreasing frequency were decocts, syrups, tinctures, direct application of the plant material without prior preparation and finally macerations.The ethanolic extracts of Haematoxylon brasiletto, Punica granatum, Iostephane heterophyla, Bursera simaruba, Cedrela odorata and Rhus standleyi (12.5–65.0 μg/mL) as well as water extracts of Haematoxylon brasiletto, Punica granatum, Iostephane heterophyla, Amphipterygium adstringens, Argemone mexicana, Cedrela odorata, Eysenhardtia polystachya, Persea americana, Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomun zeylanicum, Cnidoscolus multilobus and Rhus standleyi (10.5–78.0 μg/mL) showed the highest inhibitory effect against Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Conclusions

Many plants are used in the Mexican traditional medicine to treat oral bacterial diseases by the healers or patients. Our study demonstrated that most of the medicinal plants showed an antibacterial effect in vitro, and justified at least in part their use in traditional medicine. These results encourage further investigations to extract and identify the active chemical compounds responsible for the antibacterial effect observed.     

多组学差异表征与分子鉴定赋能中药的精准鉴别——以人参属中药为例

中药基原鉴定特别是对易混淆品种的区分，是中药质量控制的难点。同属植物（或近缘品种）、同植物不同部位来源的中药往往化学组成十分相似，这为中药的真伪鉴别，特别是配方颗粒或中成药投料真实性的鉴定带来了极大的挑战。人参及其同属多种植物来源的中药对机体具有补益作用，目前在全球范围内使用广泛。人参属多个品种属于易混淆中药，特别是在饮片外观特征消失的成方制剂中易发生混用。近年来，多组学差异表征技术与分子鉴定技术在人参属中药的鉴别及区分中应用广泛，且具有互补性。以人参属多来源中药为例，综述了多组学差异分析技术及分子鉴定技术在品种区分中的应用，以期为易混淆中药的精准鉴别提供方法学参考。     

藏药镰形棘豆毒性及化学成分相关性分析

将镰形棘豆全草分为地上和地下部分,分别用不同溶剂提取得到地上水溶、地下水溶、地上脂溶、地下脂溶4种提取物。各提取物以最大剂量（以生药量计为50 g·kg^-1·d^-1）连续灌胃小鼠15 d,各组小鼠外观和行为未见明显异常,但脏器系数、血液生化指标、组织病理切片等分析表明地上和地下脂溶性提取物对小鼠肝脏有轻中度损伤,地上和地下水溶性提取物及地下脂溶性提取物对小鼠肾脏有轻度损伤。化学成分分析表明地上和地下脂溶性提取物含有丰富的黄酮苷元,尤以地上部分含量较高,而多糖和蛋白含量较低;地上和地下水溶性提取物则含有较多多糖和蛋白,黄酮苷元含量较低。     

三七地上部分营养成分分析与评价

目的：为充分利用三七地上部分植物资源,对不同产地的三七茎叶和花的主要营养成分和矿质元素含量进行分析。方法：采用国家标准方法对不同产地三七地上部分的水分、灰分、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗蛋白、矿质元素含量等进行测定。结果：三七地上部分茎叶和花含有较高的蛋白质、粗纤维、较低的脂肪含量以及大量的矿质元素,其中以锌（Zn）,铁（Fe）,锰（Mn）,钙（Ca）,镁（Mg）的含量较高。结论：三七茎叶和花含有丰富的营养元素和矿质元素,可以作为新资源食品进行开发。     

蒺藜果实、茎叶不同采收期总皂苷含量分析

目的 :测定比较蒺藜不同采收期果实与茎叶中总皂苷含量,以确定不同部位的最佳采收期和地上全草入药的可能性。 方法 :采用分光光度法,以菝葜皂苷元为对照品,检测波长为310 nm,测定总皂苷含量。 结果 :蒺藜茎叶总皂苷含量在7月份最高,果实总皂苷含量在10月份最高,地上全草总皂苷含量7月份最高。 结论 :从总皂苷的角度,蒺藜茎叶或全草7月份采收为宜,果实10份采收为宜,同时表明蒺藜全草入药的可行性。