球囊导管扩张在良性气道狭窄Dumon支架置入中的应用评价

目的评价良性气道狭窄患者Dumon支架置入中应用球囊导管扩张的疗效和可行性。方法经硬质支气管镜置入Dumon支架治疗20例良性中心气道狭窄患者。支架置入前均予球囊扩张狭窄管腔,置入后再予球囊扩张使之完全膨胀。球囊压力3-5atm,每次持续1-3分钟,共进行3-4次。结果 20例Dumon支架均一次性放置成功,共置入支架20个,其中Y型6个,直筒型12个,沙漏型2个。支架刚释放时均存在完全或部分膨胀不良,予球囊扩张后完全扩张。术中、术后未见大出血、窒息、气道破裂、恶性心血管事件等严重并发症。结论球囊导管可以安全、快速的扩张良性狭窄的气道及膨胀不良的支架,为Dumon支架成功置入创造条件。     

经支气管镜球囊扩张术在良性气管支气管狭窄治疗中的应用

目的观察经支气管镜球囊扩张术治疗良性气管支气管狭窄的疗效和安全性。方法气管内局麻下对14例良性气管支气管狭窄患者施行支气管镜直视下球囊扩张术，分别于术前和术后随访中测定狭窄段气道口径，进行气促指数评分及肺功能检查，评价并发症的发生情况。结果14例患者分别接受球囊扩张治疗1～5次，近期有效率100％；狭窄段气道口径从（4．14±2．09）mm增大至（9．54±2．06）mm（P〈0．01），气促指数评分从2．07±0．82降低至0．74±0．49；未见严重并发症发生。结论经支气管镜球囊扩张术是一项有效、安全、简便的治疗良性气管支气管狭窄的方法。     

球囊扩张治疗结核所致气道狭窄1例并文献复习

目的 评价局麻下采用纤维支气管镜介导支气管球囊扩张术治疗支气管狭窄的疗效和安全性。方法 对支气管狭窄患者的局部治疗实施了球囊扩张术。结果 实施了球囊扩张术后,患者支气管管腔立即再通,胸闷明显缓解,无严重并发症。经抗结核治疗6月,复查纤支镜,患者恢复良好,病变气管未见异常。结论 局麻下纤支镜介导的支气管球囊扩张治疗支气管狭窄简便、快速、安全、有效,值得临床推广应用。     

Endoscopic management of benign tracheobronchial tumors

Even though benign tracheobronchial tumors are quite rare, they still can induce airway obstruction, result in suffocation, and need emergent management to remove the obstructing lesions and make the respiratory tracts unobstructed. Although the preferred therapy is surgery, it is still difficult to deal with the tumors in some cases, and the complications of surgery are common. Therefore, bronchoscopic managements, such as Nd: YAG laser, electrocautery, APC and Cryotherapy, are very important to treat benign tracheobronchial tumors and can cure most of them.The efficacy of therapeutic endoscopy for the treatment of patients with benign airways obstruction has been established. However, in order to maximally eradicate the benign tumors with minimal damage to patients, the success of bronchoscopic managements for the treatment strongly depends on the diligent identification of the various factors, including the location, size, shape of tumor, and the age, status, cardio respiratory function of patients, and full comprehension of the limits and potential of each particular technique.Because the advantages and disadvantages of above mentioned interventional methods, single method can not solve all clinical issues. Therefore, in order to remove benign tracheobronchial tumors completely, and reduce the incidence of recurrence as far as possible, many doctors combine several methods of them to treat complicated benign tracheobronchial tumors. This article reviews the core principles and techniques available to the bronchoscope managing benign tracheobronchial tumors.     

高压球囊气道成形治疗良性近端气道狭窄

目的　对纤维支气管镜 (纤支镜 )介导下高压球囊扩张气道成形治疗良性近端气道狭窄的疗效和安全性进行评价。方法　对 37例不同原因造成的不同部位近端气道的良性狭窄患者 ,实施纤支镜介导下高压球囊扩张气道成形术 ,分别于术前和最后一次球囊扩张术后的当天 ,对患者狭窄段的气道直径、气促评分和一秒钟用力呼吸容积 (FEV1 )进行测定并对其并发症的发生情况进行评价。对所有患者均进行了 4～ 2 8个月 (平均 1 4 6个月 )的随访。结果　 37例良性近端气道狭窄的患者分别接受高压球囊扩张 1～ 6次 ,平均接受球囊扩张 (2 4± 1 1 )次。经过高压球囊扩张气道成形术后 ,狭窄段气管、支气管管径明显增大 ,即刻疗效达 1 0 0 %。狭窄段气道直径由扩张前的 (2 6± 1 2 )mm增加到 (6 9± 1 8)mm(P <0 0 1 )。气促评分亦由术前的 2 0± 0 8减少到 0 7± 0 6(P <0 0 1 )。 37例患者中有 2 6例分别于术前及术后进行了FEV1 的测定 ,2 6例患者的术前平均FEV1 为 (1 3± 0 6)L ,经球囊扩张治疗后升至 (1 8± 1 0 )L(P <0 0 1 )。经过 4～ 2 8个月的随访 ,远期疗效达 89% (33/ 37)。其中有 4例患者因肉芽组织过度增生或气管支气管软化而接受了微波、氩气刀或支架植入等联合治疗。37例接受此方法治疗的患     

Ultraflex stents for the management of airway complications in lung transplant recipients

OBJECTIVE: We present our experience with the use of the Ultraflex (nitinol) stents in the management of airway complications in lung transplant (LT) recipients. METHODOLOGY: Nine LT recipients underwent insertion of uncovered Ultraflex stents. Mean change in FEV1, duration to formation of granulation tissue and follow-up post-stent insertion were compared with results obtained in LT recipients who had undergone Gianturco stent (n = 10) and Wallstent insertion (n = 16). RESULTS: Mean improvement in FEV1 after insertion of Gianturco, Wallstent and Ultraflex stents was 670 +/- 591 mL, 613 +/- 221 mL and 522 +/- 391 mL, respectively. No patient with an Ultraflex stent developed mucus plugging or stenosis at stent extremity at a follow up of 263 +/- 278 days. The mean and median duration to stenosis at stent extremity for patients with Gianturco stents was 102 +/- 85 days and 73 days, respectively, compared with 132 +/- 87 days and 142 days, respectively, for patients with Wallstents. Stricture formation in the middle of the Ultraflex stent occurred bilaterally, at the level of anastomosis in one patient in whom stent placement was undertaken in the presence of inflammation. Stent migration in one patient was related to undersizing of the stent diameter relative to the airway diameter. A larger diameter relative stent was subsequently inserted successfully. CONCLUSION: Ultraflex stents appear to have fewer long-term complications when used in the management of airway complications following LT.     

Surgical results of 29 patients with benign tracheobronchial lesions

Abstract This study was carried out in order to evaluate the surgical results of benign tracheobronchial diseases. Between July 1988 and March 1996, tracheobronchial surgery was performed on 29 patients with a variety of benign diseases. The primary diseases were post intubation or post tracheostomy tracheal stenosis ( n = 12), tuberculous stenosis ( n = 7), congenital tracheal stenosis with or without vascular ring ( n = 4), tracheobronchial tumour ( n = 2), oesophageal tumour ( n = 1), and miscellaneous conditions ( n = 3). Thirty-one operative procedures included sleeve lobectomy ( n = 7), sleeve resection of trachea ( n = 17) and bronchus ( n = 2), and plastic surgery of trachea ( n = 4) and bronchus ( n = 1). There was one operative death, which put the mortality rate at 3.4%. There were five postoperative complications in this series (17.2%), including anastomotic disruption of trachea ( n = 1), bilateral vocal cord palsy ( n = 1), prolonged endotracheal intubation ( n =1) and overgrowth of granulation ( n = 2). The complication of anastomotic disruption of trachea was treated by insertion of a tracheal T-tube, and the granulation was treated by bronchoscopic excision. We suggest that tracheobronchoplasty is a safe procedure in carefully selected patients with benign diseases.     

高压球囊气道成形术治疗结核性气道狭窄改善肺功能的观察

目的评价纤支镜介导下高压球囊扩张气道成形术治疗结核性气道狭窄对改善肺功能的作用。方法对24例因气管、支气管结核造成的不同部位近端气道狭窄患者,实施纤支镜介导下高压球囊扩张气道成形术,分别于术前和最后一次球囊扩张术后的当天,对患者的气促评分和肺功能各项参数如肺活量VC(%)、用力肺活量FVC(L)、第1秒用力呼气容积FEV1(%)、第1秒用力呼气容积/用力肺活量FEV1/FVC(%)等进行测定,并对其并发症的发生情况进行评价,设18例对照组患者进行治疗前后比较。所有患者均进行了12～24个月的随访。结果24例患者分别接受高压球囊扩张2～6次,平均接受球囊扩张(3.64±1.29)次。经过高压球囊扩张气道成形术后,气促评分由术前的(1.45±1.01),减少为术后的(0.45±0.59)(P0.01)。术前平均FEV1(%)(81.47±10.07),上升为术后(96.03±10.79),差异有统计学意义(P0.01);术前平均FEV1/FVC(%)及FVC(L)由(79.56±10.77)、(4.03±0.41),上升为术后(87.16±7.55)、(4.62±0.86)差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而VC(%)由术前(77.01±19.35),上升为术后(79.24±15.15)差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组患者治疗前后肺功能各参数变化差异无统计学意义,治疗组12～24个月的随访,远期疗效达91.7%(22/24)。24例接受此方法治疗的患者,除3例出现了远端支气管黏膜轻微撕裂外,未见其他严重并发症发生。结论纤支镜介导下的高压球囊扩张气道成形术是一项有效、安全和简便的治疗结核性近端气道狭窄,改善肺功能的方法。     

球囊扩张与临时性金属支架置入治疗良性气道狭窄的疗效分析

目的观察和分析经支气管镜球囊扩张与临时性金属支架置入治疗良性气道狭窄的疗效。方法将30例良性气道狭窄的患者随机分为两组,球囊扩张组(A组,n=15例)和临时性金属支架置入组(B组,n=15例),疗程均为2个月,随访共6个月,观察两组治疗前后气促评分、狭窄段管腔直径等指标的变化。结果观察6个月末时,两组患者的狭窄段管腔直径均较治疗前增加,差异有统计学意义,气促指数均较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义;临时性金属支架置入组与球囊扩张组相比,气促评分显著降低,狭窄段管腔直径显著升高,差异均有统计学意义,同时临时性金属支架置入组再狭窄发生率低于球囊扩张组。结论临时性金属支架置入治疗良性气道狭窄疗效优于球囊扩张,且术后再狭窄率较低。     

纤维支气管镜下球囊扩张术在治疗结核性气道瘢痕狭窄中的应用

目的探讨纤维支气管镜介导下球囊扩张术在治疗结核性气道瘢痕狭窄中的应用价值。方法在局麻下,对11例结核性气管支气管患者的13处瘢痕狭窄部位实施球囊扩张术,每周1次,连续2～4次。X线胸片、CT扫描动态监测手术前后气道开放以及肺复张情况。于术前和最后一次球囊扩张后当天对狭窄气道直径、气促分数和第一秒用力呼吸容积（FEV₁）和用力肺活量（FVC）进行测定。结果11例患者平均接受球囊扩张治疗2.7次,扩张后支气管管径较前明显增大,症状显著缓解, X线胸片和CT扫描显示肺复张,即刻疗效达100％,远期90.9%。术后狭窄段支气管直径、气促评分、肺功能指标(FEV₁、FVC)均明显改善(P＜0.05)。结论球囊扩张术治疗结核性气管支气管瘢痕狭窄操作简便、安全,疗效显著,可作为临床首选治疗方法。     

球囊扩张术治疗支气管结核气道狭窄的临床价值

目的 探讨经支气管镜球囊扩张术治疗支气管结核气道狭窄的临床应用价值.方法 北京市结核病胸部肿瘤研究所2005年1月至2009年9月经支气管镜球囊扩张术治疗149例支气管结核气道狭窄患者,其中男18例,女131例;年龄16-59岁,平均(32±9)岁.回顾性分析患者治疗前后的临床表现、气道直径及肺复张情况.结果 支气管结核的临床表现不典型,且合并气道狭窄等重症患者较为多见.经球囊扩张后气道直径即刻均有不同程度的增加,狭窄段气道直径由扩张前的(2.7±1.4)mm增至扩张结束时的(6.8±2.0)mm,扩张后3个月和12个月随访时气道直径仍为(6.4±1.7)mm和(6.3±2.3)mm.患者的阻塞性肺炎等症状随气道通畅而缓解或消失.扩张结束后12个月随访结果表明,37例肺不张患者中34例肺复张,再狭窄发生率为3.4%(5/146).治疗前与治疗后3个时段比较,患者气道内径变化和肺复张的差异均有统计学意义(t值为13.09-20.50,均P<0.01),治疗后12个月各项随访结果与治疗结束时和治疗后3个月比较均无明显差别.本组球囊扩张术的成功率为93.3%(139/149),失败率为6.7%(10/149),严重并发症发生率仅为4.0%(6/149).结论 经支气管镜球囊扩张术治疗支气管结核气道狭窄是一种安全、有效的治疗手段.     

经气管镜介入治疗结核性气道狭窄临床分析

目的 探讨目前经气管镜介入治疗结核性气道狭窄的临床效果、并发症及展望.方法 回顾性分析北京天坛医院2006年10月至2008年10月间经气管镜介入治疗结核性气道狭窄的临床资料.结果 目前的介入方法如氩等离子体凝固术、冷冻术、球囊扩张、金属支架放置等联合治疗结核性气道狭窄12例,全部即时效果理想,经治疗后胸闷、气促、咳嗽、咯痰等症状均明显好转,气道直径由治疗前的(2.71±1.89)mrn增加到(8.42±.75)mm(P<0.01).气促指数由治疗前的(2.83±1.14)减少到(0.83±0.69)(P <0.01).远期再狭窄率为75%,对再次介入治疗依然反应良好.结论 目前经气管镜介入治疗结核性气道狭窄是一种可供选择的治疗方法,但远期再狭窄发生率较高.     

经支气管镜球囊扩张术治疗良性中心气道狭窄临床分析

目的探讨经支气管镜球囊扩张技术治疗良性中心气道狭窄的操作方法、安全性及有效性。 方法选择2014年6月至2018年6月达州市中心医院呼吸内科收治的良性中心气道狭窄患者67例,其中结核性狭窄61例,气管损伤性狭窄6例,对不同原因导致的气道良性狭窄患者进行球囊扩张治疗,并必要时联合其他介入治疗措施如冷冻治疗等。治疗结束后对气促评分、KPS评分、肺功能(FEV₁)、气管狭窄程度和并发症发生情况进行评价。 结果所有患者均在气管镜直视下进行球囊扩张治疗,同时进行冷冻治疗。67例患者中,共进行球囊扩张治疗324次。经过球囊扩张治疗后,短期观察狭窄段支气管均有内径增大,气促评分增加,症状缓解。对球囊扩张后气道扩宽的瘢痕狭窄患者随访观察,有18例气道扩宽后再次发生瘢痕挛缩,发生再次狭窄。所有患者中,扩张治疗出现胸痛12例,黏膜少许撕裂2例,无严重不良反应发生。 结论良性中心气道狭窄支气管球囊扩张治疗,近期疗效良好,远期疗效有待进一步评估。     

球囊扩张术治疗结核性气道狭窄的临床价值

目的探讨经纤维支气管镜球囊扩张术治疗结核性气道狭窄的临床价值。方法对22例结核性气管和支气管狭窄患者,在内镜直视下进行球囊扩张治疗,并在术前和最后一次球囊扩张术治疗后当天评价气道开放、近期疗效和肺功能改善情况。结果 22例患者经纤维支气管镜球囊扩张后临床症状明显缓解,即刻疗效达到了95.5%,狭窄段气道直径明显增大(P0.01),气促评分明显降低,术后FEV1明显上升(P0.05)。结论纤维支气管镜下球囊扩张治疗结核性气道狭窄能较好的改善肺通气功能,缓解气促症状,尤其以纤维疤痕为主的气道狭窄疗效好,是一种简单、安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Airway stenting for the treatment of laryngotracheal stenosis secondary to thyroid cancer

Background and objective:   Airway stenting can be a valuable therapeutic option for symptomatic airway stenosis, but its role in the palliation of advanced thyroid cancers invading the upper airway is unclear. This study examined the hypothesis that durable and replaceable silicone stents would give better results than self-expanding metallic stents.
Methods:   A retrospective analysis was conducted of consecutive patients stented for laryngotracheal obstruction due to thyroid cancer. Stenting was performed via a rigid bronchoscope when airway patency after dilatation was ≤50% of normal. Symptomatic improvement, Hugh-Jones (H-J) classification, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (PS), and complications were analysed.
Results:   There were 37 stenotic lesions treated in 35 patients. The most common sites for these lesions were in the inclusive area extending from the cricoid cartilage to the first tracheal ring (26/37 lesions, 70%). Forty-five stents (12 silicone, 20 metallic, 13 T-tubes) were used in 43 interventions. All patients showed immediate symptomatic relief and significant improvement in both PS and H-J classifications. Critical complications were supraglottic stenosis (5/43 interventions, 12%) and, of those same five cases, stent migration was seen in all but one (4/45 implantations, 9%). As these complications occurred only in patients in whom the silicone stents had been placed in close proximity to the cricoid cartilage (5/10 patients, 50%), this emphasizes the unsuitability of silicone stents in such cases. The median survival time from stenting was 8 months. The 1-year survival rate was 40%.
Conclusions:   Airway stenting can achieve significant palliation in patients with thyroid cancer and airway obstruction. The study showed that for the most common lesions, the uncovered Ultraflex stent is associated with fewer critical complications than the silicone stents.     

Balloon dilatation in management of postoperative airway obstruction due to tracheal bronchus associated with right main bronchial stenosis: Emphasizing the role of three‐dimensional computed tomography on preoperative evaluation

Three‐dimensional computed tomography (3D‐CT) not only allows accurate preoperative delineation of the lesions but also provides precise pathomechanic diagnosis for planning the most effective treatment to avoid respiratory compromise. In a 10‐month‐old baby girl, who was ventilator‐dependent after successful correction of double outlet right ventricle (DORV), flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) revealed the new formation of postoperative airway obstruction over the right main bronchus (RMB) and obstructed right tracheal bronchus (RTB). 3D‐CT demonstrated tracheobronchial obstruction (TBO) was caused by the dilated ascending aorta (AAo) and right pulmonary artery (RPA). Sequential treatments including artery pexy of AAo and RPA and balloon dilatation (BD) of the stenotic RTB and RMB had successfully restored the airway patency. The patient was successfully weaned from ventilator 2 days after treatments and has shown no respiratory difficulty thus far. Thus, the impact of preoperative 3D‐CT on planning treatment cannot be emphasized. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:730–733. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

沉默信息调节因子1在结核性气管支气管狭窄中的作用

目的 探讨沉默信息调节因子1(Sirtuin 1,SIRT-1)在结核性气管支气管狭窄中的作用.方法 将患者分为正常对照组(A)、增生性狭窄组(B)、瘢痕性狭窄组(C)3组;收集患者术前的血清,运用ELISA检测SIRT-1、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、白细胞介素(IL)-8的表达水平;收集术中病变气管支气管组...     

支气管镜下激光、球囊扩张联合冷冻治疗良性中心气道狭窄的疗效分析

目的研究支气管镜下激光、球囊扩张联合冷冻治疗良性中心气道狭窄(CAS)的疗效分析。方法本研究对象为2017年11月-2018年8月于我院治疗的42例良性CAS患者,随机数字表法均分为两组。对照组21例患者采用支气管镜下激光、球囊扩张治疗,观察组21例患者在此基础上联合冷冻治疗,随访10个月,记录围术期情况,比较术后当天、1月、10个月气道狭窄再通疗效,各随访时间采用美国胸科学会(ATS)气促评分标准评价呼吸困难指数,镜下观察肉芽肿、黏膜水肿、管腔通畅等情况。结果观察组术后早期呼吸困难发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),均无气胸、大咯血、纵隔气肿等发生;两组术后当天气道狭窄疗效评价差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后1月、10个月观察组气道狭窄疗效优于对照组(P<0.05);观察组术后当天、1月、10个月呼吸困难指数均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组术后肉芽肿能够较快形成稳定非挛缩样瘢痕,并保持稳定管腔扩大状态;对照组易出现黏膜水肿,残留肉芽肿,容易出现管腔再狭窄。结论支气管镜下激光、球囊扩张联合冷冻治疗良性CAS疗效更佳,术后呼吸更畅通,同时冷冻治疗能改善激光、球囊扩张治疗后出现的医源性黏膜水肿及肉芽肿引起的气道再度狭窄。     

Expandable metallic stents should not be used in the treatment of benign esophageal strictures

Expandable metallic stents have become popular in recent years for the treatment of esophageal strictures. While they are undoubtedly of great value in the palliation of malignant strictures and tracheo-esophageal fistulas, there is concern over their use for the treatment of benign diseases. We report three cases, in which such problems were seen following stent insertion for benign esophageal strictures. All three patients developed further strictures above the stents, one was complicated by a tracheo-esophageal fistula and two stents (in one patient) migrated distally into the stomach. Two of the patients underwent subsequent esophageal surgery. In both cases, this proved extremely difficult and hazardous because of the intense fibrotic reaction induced by the stents. Expandable mesh stents should not be used for the treatment of benign esophageal strictures without careful consideration of the potential problems, which can include rendering the problem inoperable.