干姜中姜辣素提取方法的比较研究

目的：从四种常用提取方法中选择一个提取干姜的最佳方法。方法：选择紫外分光光度法,以姜辣素含量为指标,分别对回流法、超声法、浸渍法及渗漉法四种常用提取方法对干姜药材的提取效果进行比较。结果：以上四种提取方法的提取效率分别为3.36%,1.96%,3.20%,2.92%。结论：干姜中姜辣素的最佳提取工艺为回流法。     

鱼腥草总生物碱提取工艺的研究

目的优选鱼腥草总生物碱的最佳提取工艺。方法比较冷浸法、回流提取和超声法3种方式,以鱼腥草总生物碱得率及生物碱含量为指标,采用正交试验法对鱼腥草总生物碱的回流提取工艺进行优选。结果最佳提取工艺：用20倍量85%乙醇回流提取3次,每次2 h。结论该工艺提取效率高,稳定可控,简单经济,适合工业化生产。     

地锦草有效成分总黄酮测定方法的建立及提取工艺研究

目的建立地锦草总黄酮含量的测定方法及优化地锦草中总黄酮的提取工艺。方法采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定总黄酮含量;提取工艺考察了水回流提取、乙醇回流提取及超声提取不同的提取方法,优选出乙醇回流提取法,采用单因素试验及正交试验优化地锦草的乙醇回流提取工艺。结果该测定方法的平均回收率为102.82%,RSD=1.2%;地锦草总黄酮提取工艺考察,最终确定最佳工艺:75%乙醇,15倍量,提取2次,每次2 h;提取率高达到2.588%。结论优选的总黄酮提取工艺方法简单、易行。     

桂枝解郁方中巴戟天、甘草提取工艺研究

目的：优选桂枝解郁方中巴戟天、甘草提取工艺。方法：采用正交试验对醇提工艺条件进行优选,以耐斯糖、甘草苷、甘草酸的含量及固体得率为指标,对乙醇浓度、乙醇体积、提取时间、提取次数进行考察,优选桂枝解郁方的最佳提取工艺。结果：最佳提取工艺为乙醇浓度30％,加12倍量的体积,提取3次,每次回流1．5h。结论：该提取工艺提取效率高,方法简便、稳定。     

正交试验优选制何首乌的提取工艺

目的：探讨制何首乌提取的最佳工艺。方法：以二苯乙烯苷的含量为指标,采用L9（3^4）正交试验,优选制何首乌的提取工艺条件。结果：影响制何首乌提取的因素的程度依次为乙醇浓度〉液料比〉提取时间。最佳工艺条件为：加10倍量60％的乙醇。浸泡30min,加热回流提取2次,每次120min。结论：与超声提取法比较该工艺提取率较高。     

黄柏升麻口腔缓释膜中升麻提取工艺的研究

目的：优选升麻中异阿魏酸的最佳提取工艺.方法：采用高效液相色谱法测定异阿魏酸含量,以异阿魏酸的含量为考察指标,通过正交试验考察乙醇浓度,提取时间及提取次数对异阿魏酸的影响.结果：升麻的最佳提取工艺为：加70％乙醇,加热回流提取4h,提取2次.结论：按优选的工艺条件提取工艺简单、经验可行.     

正交试验优选复方百部止咳颗粒中黄芩苷的提取工艺

目的：研究复方百部止咳颗粒中黄芩苷的提取工艺。方法：以甲醇、乙醇为溶剂,选择最佳提取溶剂,从各种传统提取分离方法中,选择最佳提取方式,通过正交试验优选复方百部止咳颗粒中黄芩苷的提取工艺。结果：以乙醇做溶剂所得含量较高,且分离度较好,超声提取法所得黄芩苷含量较高,溶剂浸提法和回流提取法提取时间较长,超声提取法提取时间短,且无其他组分峰干扰,以80%乙醇作为提取溶媒所得到的黄芩苷含量最高,使用6倍量乙醇作为提取溶媒比使用8倍量、10倍量乙醇所得黄芩苷的含量高,超声时间超过40min后所得黄芩苷的含量已基本稳定。结论：复方百部止咳颗粒中黄芩苷的最佳提取工艺为6倍量80%乙醇,超声40min。     

正交设计试验法优选淫羊藿提取工艺条件

目的：优化乙醇回流法提取淫羊藿的工艺条件。方法：以淫羊藿苷的含量为指标，通过正交设计试验筛选乙醇回流法提取淫羊藿的最佳提取工艺，结果：影响淫羊藿乙醇回流法提取的主次因素为：溶媒用量＞乙醇浓度＞提取次数＞提取时间，最佳提取工艺条件是：用8倍80％的乙醇回流，提取3次，每次30min，结论：通过正交设计试验优选得到的淫羊 藿乙醇回流法的提取工艺条件稳定可行。     

山楂中金丝桃苷最佳提取工艺优选

目的：优选山楂中金丝桃苷的提取工艺条件。方法：以料液比、乙醇浓度、提取时间和提取次数为影响因素,选用L9（34）表设计的正交试验考察乙醇回流提取法提取金丝桃苷的最佳条件,以高效液相色谱法测定的金丝桃苷含量为考察指标评价各种条件的提取效率。结果：山楂中金丝桃苷的最佳提取工艺为：8倍量体积分数50%乙醇回流提取3次,每次1 h。实验所测得金丝桃苷的平均含量为1.91%。结论：优选工艺提取的金丝桃苷成分含量高,工艺简单,经济方便。     

复方苦芪甘胶囊制备工艺的研究

目的：优选复方苦芪甘的最佳提取工艺。方法：采用正交设计L9（3^4）法，以总浸膏量、总皂苷含量和苦参总碱含量为指标，综合评分考察。结果：最佳提取工艺为药材加20倍量50％乙醇，回流提取5h，共提取3次。结论：优选得到的工艺是合理的。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.