不同方法处理的牛心包生物相容性和钙化结果分析

目的 观察脱细胞处理对牛心包体内生物相容性及钙化的影响并与戊二醛处理的牛心包进行比较；材料和方法对新鲜牛心包随机分为三组，A、戊二醛处理组：新鲜牛心包采用0．5％的戊二醛进行处理；B、新鲜牛心包组：新鲜牛心包保存于四联抗生素液中；C、脱细胞组：新鲜牛心包酶．去污剂联合脱细胞后保存于四联抗生素液中。上述处理后的牛心包经细菌培养，显示无细菌生长后，植入雄性昆明小鼠皮下三周观察炎性浸润及钙化情况。采用von Kossa钙染色检查进行定性分析；原子吸收光谱检查进行钙含量定量分析。同时体外对三组牛心包进行力学和热皱缩温度进行测试。结果 三组间炎性浸润程度明显不同，0．5％的戊二醛处理组钙化程度明显增高，每克干重牛心包平均含钙量71．2mg，较其他两组有明显差异（P〈0．001），新鲜牛心包组（平均2．12mg／g干重）和脱细胞组（1．41mg／g干重）间钙化程度方面亦有显著统计学意义（P〈0．001）。组织学钙染色光镜下检查显示三组间黑色颗粒有明显差异，支持三组间钙含量定量结果的差异。戊二醛处理组的力学性能与优于新鲜组和脱细胞处理组，热皱缩温度高于新鲜组和脱细胞处理组。结论 新鲜牛心包脱细胞处理后钙化显著降低，免疫源性降低，有很好的生物相容性。     

铁离子-单宁酸处理增强牛颈静脉综合性能

经传统戊二醛(GA)交联的牛颈静脉易发生钙化,限制了其在临床上的广泛应用。在GA交联基础上增加单宁酸(TA)处理,取得了良好的抗钙化效果,但也存在组织柔顺性较差的不足。根据单宁酸易与金属阳离子产生螯合作用的特性,本研究尝试应用三价铁离子(Fe³⁺)与反应体系中的单宁酸形成螯合物,防止单宁酸过度反应,从而提高其抗钙化的综合性能。探索Fe³⁺添加方式和pH等反应条件,分别通过单轴拉伸实验测定力学性能、大鼠皮下植入实验测定钙化水平和两点弯曲法测定血管柔顺性,筛选出优化的TA-Fe³⁺处理方法,并对此方法处理得到的牛颈静脉进行生物相容性评价。结果表明,碱性条件(pH=8)下,TA处理前增加Fe³⁺处理步骤能改善TA固定牛颈静脉的组织柔顺性,柔顺度较TA组显著改善,同时保持了TA处理的力学强度;大鼠皮下植入21和60 d后钙含量显著低于GA组[21 d:(1.71±0.41) mg/g vs (38.12±7.40) mg/g; 60 d:(2.73±1.13) mg/g vs (124.19±14.22) ...     

降低医用牛心包致热原性研究

目的比较不同浓度酒精溶液洗脱医用牛心包中残留戊二醛的效果,通过酒精溶液洗脱作用降低其致热反应。方法牛心包经戊二醛固定后,再用酒精溶液处理,未经酒精溶液处理组作为对照组。分别采用50％、60％、70％、80％、90％酒精溶液对医用牛心包进行浸泡洗脱处理,应用气相色谱法测定洗脱液中戊二醛的浓度,比较不同浓度酒精溶液洗脱戊二醛效果;并采用2005年版《中华人民共和国药典》附录热原检查的方法,检测经60％、70％、90％不同浓度酒精溶液洗脱后牛心包致家兔体温升高的差别。结果洗脱实验中,60％和70％酒精溶液对医用牛心包冲洗后,洗脱液中戊二醛含量分别达18．21‰±0．14％。和11．91‰±0．09‰,优于其余浓度组（n=3,P〈0．01）,60％酒精溶液组优于70％酒精溶液组（n=3,P〈0．05）;热原实验,60％、70％、90％酒精溶液处理组、戊二醛对照组家兔体温升高值分别为0．5℃、0．6℃、0．9℃、0．8℃,其中以60％的酒精溶液效果最优,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义（n=3,P〈0．05）,其余两组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义。结论60％酒精溶液处理可以有效洗脱医用牛心包中残留戊二醛,并且可明显降低其致热原性。     

不同方法处理牛心包的体外力学和抗钙化性能评价

比较传统GA法（A组）、三氯化铝与乙醇联合处理法（B组）、多聚环氧化物处理法（C组）和光氧化法（D组）四种不同方法处理牛心包后力学与抗钙化性能。对新鲜牛心包随机分为四组,用四种方法处理后,测定组织的极限抗拉强度、断裂伸长率、热皱缩温度,比较其力学性能;建立大鼠皮下植入模型,包埋2月后取出标本测定组织钙含量,并做HE染色及von Kossa染色。极限抗拉强度：B组〉A组=C组〉D组;断裂伸长率：C组=D组〉B组〉A组;热皱缩温度：A组=B组〉C组〉D组;钙含量测定：A组〉〉C组〉B组〉D组（P〈0.05）;HE染色和von Kossa染色结果符合以上测定值。三氯化铝与乙醇联合处理组的组织交联程度与力学强度最佳,光氧化处理组与多聚环氧化物（简称PC）处理组的组织柔韧性更好。在抗钙化性能方面,光氧化处理组最好,三氯化铝与乙醇联合处理组与多聚环氧化物处理组次之,GA处理组最差。     

染料介导光氧化固定牛带瓣颈静脉的生物特性评价

为了解染料介导光氧化固定牛颈静脉的生物稳定性,抗钙化性和免疫原性,新鲜的牛颈带瓣静脉经染料介导光氧化法固定,分别进行化学消化和胃蛋白酶消化,上清液进行梯度聚丙烯酰胺电泳来了解其生物稳定性;将氧化固定的材料埋植于SD大鼠皮下,3周后取出,测钙含量、进行钙染色以及组织学检查了解其抗钙化性和免疫原性;采用戊二醛固定以及新鲜的牛带瓣颈静脉作为对照。染料介导光氧化固定的牛带瓣颈静脉经化学和酶消化之后的上清液电泳之后出现极淡的蛋白条带,明显淡于新鲜的未处理的材料,戊二醛固定的材料几乎不出现蛋白条带。皮下埋植3周后,钙含量测定,染料介导光氧化组显著低于戊二醛组,统计学上差异有显著性意义;钙染色,戊二醛组可见大量的钙沉积,新鲜组也可见钙沉积,但比戊二醛组少,染料介导光氧化组只见少量钙沉积;组织学检查提示光氧化组细胞浸润明显少于其他两组。体外动物实验提示,染料介导光氧化固定的牛带瓣颈静脉具有生物稳定性,低的钙化性和低免疫原性。     

环氧交联牛心包材料内皮化的抗钙化作用研究

研究生物材料内皮化延缓钙化的效果 ,从材料学上改进生物瓣性能 ,提高其耐久性打下基础。方法 ,将环氧交联的牛心包材料体外内皮化后同时进行犬股动脉间位移植和腹部皮下包埋 ,与单纯戊二醛处理者和单纯环氧处理进行钙化程度对比。结果 :钙含量测试结果以内皮化环氧交联材料皮下包埋最低 ,未内皮化材料中以环氧处理者钙含量较低。结论 :环氧交联牛心包材料确可实现体外快速内皮化 ,生物材料的内皮化“活化”有赖于表面全部被自体存活内皮细胞覆盖才能实现 ,完全的内皮化确有抗钙化效果 ,两种动物模型研究生物材料抗钙化和内皮化时各有优缺点     

单宁酸与牛颈静脉的交联机制研究

为从化学角度探索单宁酸与牛颈静脉的交联机制,使用5种含有单宁酸不同特征基团的模式分子,分别对戊二醛固定后的牛颈静脉带瓣血管进行交联处理。体内实验采用20只SD大鼠皮下植入处理后的带瓣血管,21和60 d后用原子吸收光谱法测定抗钙化效果,用Masson和EVG染色测定交联程度。体外采用热稳定性和酶解实验检测交联程度,并使用傅里叶变换红外光谱检测带瓣血管化学结构的变化,推测单宁酸与带瓣血管交联作用的类型;进一步在确定交联类型的体系中加入系列浓度梯度(0.1、0.3、0.5、1 M)的尿素,对交联类型使用同样方法进行验证。结果显示,含多酚羟基的单宁酸组带瓣血管交联程度最高,21和60 d钙含量分别为2.25、8.26 mg/g,抗钙化能力最优(P<0.05);傅里叶变换红外光谱图中,单宁酸组带瓣血管有氢键生成。浓度梯度尿素实验表明,随着尿素浓度的增加,单宁酸与牛颈静脉组织交联程度下降(P<0.05),60 d时单宁酸组钙含量为8.10 mg/g,远低于加入0.1 M尿素组的16.83 mg/g和0.5 M尿素组的50.76 mg/g(P < 0.001)。研究表明,单宁酸对牛颈静脉带瓣血管的交联作用是由其所含的多酚羟基与组织中蛋白质基团间通过氢键而产生的,为进一步优化单宁酸抗钙化处理流程提供依据。     

牛心包修补腹壁缺损的实验研究与临床应用

<正> 以往报道牛心包用戊二醛处理后,长期埋入皮下无坏死、溶解现象,作者将新鲜小牛心包用戊二醛处理后,做修补兔腹膜缺损实验。6个月后,光镜和透射电镜下均无原结构损坏和溶解现象。然     

一种体外流动钙化模型的建立

目的 构建一种基于模拟生理流体环境、且可便捷、高效反映心血管植入物钙化特性的体外测试模型,为心血管植入物的快速开发提供新的手段.方法 选择新鲜牦牛牛心包(青海裕泰畜产品有限公司,中国);选择3周龄Wistar雄性幼鼠5只,体质量(50±5)g.采用常规戊二醛(GA)与处理牛心包交联方法,制备GA交联的牛心包材料(Yak...     

牛心包脱细胞处理后免疫原性的研究

牛心包用0.5%胰蛋白酶处理3 h,探讨其作为组织工程心脏瓣膜支架材料的可行性。大鼠被分成新鲜牛心包组、脱细胞处理牛心包组、空白对照组三组,分别测定其血清中产生的特异性抗牛心包抗体IgG的OD值,结果发现IgG含量在术后7 d三组间比较无统计学意义(P>0.05),其余各时点间比较差异有显著性(P<0.05),在相应时点新鲜牛心包产生的IgG值比脱细胞处理的牛心包高,且新鲜牛心包产生的IgG值在术后2月达峰值,而脱细胞处理牛心包产生的IgG在术后1月达峰值。组织学观察发现脱细胞处理后牛心包完全清除了细胞成分,纤维网架结构轻度松散,但基本保持完整。结果表明,这种脱细胞方法能完全清除牛心包上的细胞成分,降低免疫原性。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.