鼻咽癌外照射后的高剂量率近距离放疗疗效观察

[目的]探讨腔内放疗对鼻咽癌外照射后鼻咽腔内未消退病灶的治疗效果 ,研究近距离放疗时8个剂量参照点的剂量分布及其影响因素。[方法]1994年4月至1998年11月共对34例鼻咽癌外照射后鼻咽腔内未消退病灶行高剂量率近距离放疗(外照射剂量60Gy～71Gy,外照射结束后2天～5天进行首次治疗 ,多数病例剂量参考点深度1 0cm ,放射源驻留长度2 0cm～3 5cm ,多数病例单次剂量8Gy、总剂量16Gy/2次。[结果]CR38例(38/39,97 4 %) ,PR1例(1/39,2 6%) ,中位随访期17月 ,无严重副作用发生 ,通过计算明确了8个参照点的剂量分布情况。[结论]腔内放疗是控制鼻咽腔内外照射后未消退病灶的有效治疗方法 ,但应注意适应证     

尿道、阴茎

成人尿道下裂的手术治疗;尿道内切开结合记忆合金支架置入术治疗难治性后尿道狭窄或闭锁;中国的男性包皮环切术与艾滋病预防;经阴茎腹侧阴茎周围组织环形松解、白膜固定包皮整形术治疗小儿埋藏阴茎;阴茎原始神经外胚叶瘤1例并文献复习……     

胸段食管鳞癌的腔内放疗加体外照射

根治性手术结合术前或术后放疗对选择性食管癌病人的5年生存率不超过10%,单纯体外放疗的效果亦不理想,主要原因是淋巴结及远处转移率高,尤其是局部控制困难.采用腔内放疗作为体外照射的追加疗法,以提高食管癌的局部控制效果,分析其疗效以及在食管癌治疗中的价值.自1974～1988年,对体外照射后一般情况较好且能够插入直径为1cm外管的161例病人行腔内放疗.男139例,女22例.年龄17～88岁,平均64岁.肿瘤长度1.1～15.0cm,平均6.0cm.按1978年UICC TNM分期,Ⅱ期71     

吡柔比星膀胱内灌注预防浅表性膀胱癌术后复发的临床观察

目的：评价吡柔比星(THP)膀胱内灌注预防浅表性膀胱癌术后复发的疗效和安全性。方法：对38例浅表性膀胱癌患者行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TUV-Bt)或膀胱部分切除术，术后定期应用THP(20mg-30mg/40mL)膀胱内灌注，每次药物在膀胱内保留30min。结果：38例患者均获得12个月-24个月随访，无肿瘤复发36例(94.9％)。复发2例。未见有全身性药物不良副作用，有3例膀胱灌注后出现短时间膀胱刺激症状。结论：THP对浅表性膀胱癌有明显和治疗的预防复发作用，患者耐受好，副作用小。     

尿道、阴茎

改良膀胱颈会阴部贯穿牵引固定治疗骨盆骨折后尿道断裂的体会；经尿道前列腺汽化电切术后后尿道狭窄的防治《附19例报告）；经尿道等离子体杆状电极电切治疗尿道狭窄和闭锁27例；改良尿道拖入术治疗外伤性后尿道狭窄36例疗效分析，     

小剂量丝裂霉素C膀胱内灌注预防浅表性膀胱癌术后复发的临床观察

目的 评价小剂量丝裂霉素膀胱内序列灌注预防浅表性膀胱癌术后复发的疗效及安全性。方法 对1998年至2004年42例浅表性膀胱癌患者术后进行膀胱内灌注化疗，其中32例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤(TURBt)电切术，10例行膀胱部分切除术，所有入选病例均经病理证实为浅表性肿瘤，术后1周开始应用丝裂霉C20mg加蒸馏水40mL，1次／周，6次后改为每月1次，维持1年。结果 所有入选病例均获随访12～24个月，12个月内肿瘤复发3例，复发后进展2例，38例随访24个月无复发。42例中均未见明显药物副作用，仅有4例出现轻微尿道刺激症状。结论 丝裂霉素C对浅表性膀胱癌有较明显的治疗和预防复发的作用，灌注后副作用小，患者耐受性好，是较好的预防和治疗浅表膀胱癌的药物。     

抗凝治疗患者经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术安全性与疗效分析

目的 探讨接受抗凝治疗患者行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)的安全性和疗效.方法 经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗30例接受抗凝治疗的非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者,术前5 d停服华法林或阿司匹林,改为静脉低分子肝素,术后5 d恢复口服华法林或阿司匹林;术前10 d停服氯吡格雷,改为静脉低分子肝素抗凝,术后5 d再恢复口服氯吡格雷.术后应用吡柔比星膀胱灌注化疗.监测术中、术后有无出血、血栓性疾病及手术并发症.术后随访1～3年.结果 全部患者均一次手术成功,平均手术时间25 min,术中1例膀胱穿孔,术后3例膀胱明显出血,无尿道狭窄发生.随访期间4例复发,均为异位复发,无一例患者死亡.结论 在围手术期合理应用抗凝剂情况下,抗凝治疗患者经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术是安全和有效的.     

直肠癌腔内放射治疗

1989至1990年用高剂量率腔内放疗125例下段直肠癌。术前照射83例,照射超过病变上下缘各2cm,导管处1cm为剂量参考点,5Gy/f.2f/WK.DT30Gy～40Gy。放疗后3周手术。术后照长度超过吻合口上下各1.5处为剂量参考点,10Gy/f 1f/wk DT30Gy,局部淋巴结转移者用下腹穿野外照射DT38Gy。术前放疗中有4例改为单纯放疗,均于1年内死亡。3年生存率术前放疗为69.6％(55/79),术后放疗66.7％(28/42)。     

吡柔比星膀胱灌注预防浅表性膀胱癌术后复发的临床观察

目的评价浅表性膀胱癌行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术或膀胱部分切除术后应用吡柔比星(THP)膀胱灌注化疗预防复发的预期疗效和安全性.方法对28例浅表性膀胱癌行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术或膀胱部分切除术,术后应用THP(30mg/50ml)膀胱灌注,保持30分钟.结果随访3～18个月,无肿瘤复发.结论THP用于膀胱灌注预防浅表性膀胱癌术后复发是安全且疗效显著.     

膀胱癌术后192铱腔内放疗的临床观察

目的:为减少膀胱癌术后复发,提高治疗效果。方法:采取保留膀胱术式,多次复发的表浅型膀胱癌、BCG和化疗药物灌注效果不佳者和G3或T2膀胱癌患者,共13例,术后用~(192)铱腔内近距离放射治疗,以预防复发。结果:其中8例多次复发的多发性膀胱癌放疗前3～11个月(M=8.0)复发。放疗后随方13～27个月,仅复发1例,其余7例未复发。G3或T2以上膀胱癌5例,复发2例。其他3例已随访23个月未复发。结论:膀胱癌术后腔内放疗对于预防复发具有明显效果。并对其优点、效果、副反应进行了讨论。     

Endourethral brachytherapy for prevention of recurrent urethral stricture following internal urethrotomy--first clinical experiences and results

PURPOSE: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of endourethral brachytherapy for prevention of recurrent urethral stricture after internal urethrotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Endourethral high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy was performed in 10 male patients with recurrent urethral strictures after radical prostatectomy or transurethral resection of prostatic adenoma. Brachytherapy commenced on the day of the actual intervention and continued over 3 days; the radiotherapy dose was 4 x 3 = 12 Gy for the first 3 patients and 4 x 4 Gy = 16 Gy for the following 7 patients. RESULTS: During follow-up (range: 8-27 months, mean: 14.8 months), 9 of 10 patients remained relapse-free, i.e., without recurrent strictures or requiring another urethrotomy. In 1 patient with a restricture after endourethral brachytherapy, a second brachytherapy course was performed; nevertheless, he experienced a further restricture 12 months after the second intervention. No radiation-induced acute toxicity occurred, but 1 patient developed incontinence after the current urethrotomy. Overall, patient satisfaction and compliance with the therapeutic procedures was high. CONCLUSIONS: Endourethral HDR brachytherapy proved to be a safe method that can reduce urethral restricture. Further follow-up is needed to prove long-term efficacy of this treatment. Further investigations are planned to evaluate the adequate fractionation and possible late treatment sequelae.     

经导管~(192)Ir近距离放射治疗局部晚期肝门部胆管癌

目的：观察局部晚期肝门部胆管癌姑息性引流术后１９２Ｉｒ腔内放疗的疗效。方法：先行手术探查尽可能刮除肿瘤并放置Ｕ型管引流，术后再经导管腔内放疗。参考点距离放射源中心轴１０ｍｍ，总量２４～３０Ｇｙ／３次。３例配合肝动脉区域性灌注化疗，１例配合外照射ＤＴ４５Ｇｙ／４．５周。结果：生存期６～２６个月，中位生存期１１．５月。１５例死亡，１例目前存活８个月。全组１年生存率３７．５％，２年生存率６．０％，结论：局部晚期肝门部胆管癌姑息性引流术后腔内放疗可提高生存期及生活质量     

Combined modality treatment in unresectable extrahepatic biliary carcinoma

PURPOSE: Cancers of the extrahepatic biliary tract are rare. Surgical resection is considered the standard treatment, but is rarely feasible. Several reports of combined modality therapy, including external beam radiation, often combined with chemotherapy and intraluminal brachytherapy, have been published. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemoradiation plus intraluminal brachytherapy on response, local control, survival, and symptom relief in patients with unresectable or residual extrahepatic biliary carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From February 1991 to December 1997, 20 patients (14 male, 6 female; mean age 61 +/- 12 years; median follow-up 71 months) with unresectable (16 patients) or residual (4 patients), nonmetastatic extrahepatic bile tumors (common bile duct, 8; gallbladder, 1; Klatskin, 11) received external beam radiation (39.6-50.4 Gy); in 19 patients, 5-fluorouracil (96-h continuous infusion, days 1-4 at 1,000 mg/m(2)/day) was also administered. Twelve patients received a boost by intraluminal brachytherapy using (192)Ir wires of 30-50 Gy, prescribed 1 cm from the source axis. RESULTS: During external beam radiotherapy, 8 patients (40%) developed grade 1-2 gastrointestinal toxicity. Four patients treated with external-beam plus intraluminal brachytherapy had a clinical response (2 partial, 2 complete) after treatment. For the total patient group, the median survival and time to local progression was 21.2 and 33.1 months, respectively. Distant metastasis occurred in 10 (50%) patients. Two patients who received external beam radiation plus intraluminal brachytherapy developed late duodenal ulceration. Two patients with unresectable disease survived more than 5 years. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that chemoradiation plus intraluminal brachytherapy was relatively well-tolerated, and resulted in reasonable local control and median survival. Further follow-up and additional research is needed to determine the ultimate efficacy of this regimen. New chemoradiation combinations and/or new treatment strategies (neoadjuvant chemoradiation) may contribute, in the future, to improve these results.     

The dosimetry of prostate brachytherapy-induced urethral strictures

PURPOSE: There is a paucity of data regarding the incidence of urethral strictures after prostate brachytherapy. In this study, we evaluate multiple clinical, treatment, and dosimetric parameters to identify factors associated with the development of brachytherapy-induced urethral strictures. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 425 patients underwent transperineal ultrasound-guided prostate brachytherapy using either (103)Pd or (125)I for clinical T1b/T3a NxM0 (1997, American Joint Committee on Cancer) adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland from April 1995 to October 1999. No patient was lost to follow-up. 221 patients were implanted with (103)Pd and 204 patients with (125)I. The median patient age was 68 years (range 48-81 years). The median follow-up was 35.2 months (range 15-72 months). Follow-up was calculated from the day of implantation. Thirteen patients developed brachytherapy-induced strictures, and all strictures involved the membranous urethra. A control group of 35 patients was rigorously matched to the stricture patients in terms of treatment approach; i.e., choice of isotope, plus or minus radiation therapy, and plus or minus hormonal manipulation. Nine of the 13 stricture patients had detailed Day 0 urethral dosimetry available for review. The apex of the prostate gland and the membranous urethra were defined by CT evaluation. Urethral dosimetry was reported for the prostatic urethra, the apical slice of the prostate gland, and the membranous urethra which was defined as extending 20 mm in length. RESULTS: The 5-year actuarial risk of a urethral stricture was 5.3%, with a median time to development of 26.6 months (range 7.8-44.1 months). Of multiple clinical and treatment parameters evaluated, only the duration of hormonal manipulation (>4 months, p = 0.011) was predictive for the development of a urethral stricture. The radiation dose to the membranous urethra was significantly greater in patients with strictures than those without: 97.6% +/- 20.8% vs. 81.0% +/- 19.8% of prescribed minimum prostate dose, mPD (p = 0.031). The urethral dose 20 mm distal to the prostate apex was 57.6% +/- 23.8% vs. 31.5% +/- 13.9% of mPD for the stricture and control patients, respectively (p = 0.011). In addition, the extent of the 75% mPD and 50% mPD levels beyond the prostatic apex was also significantly greater for stricture patients, 16.6 +/- 5.3 mm vs. 11.9 +/- 4.5 mm (p = 0.010) and 19.0 +/- 3.2 mm vs. 16.0 +/- 3.4 mm (p = 0.021), respectively. Dose to the prostatic urethra was not predictive of stricture, but the magnitude and extent of high-dose regions within the prostate were predictive of stricture. Twelve of the 13 patients who developed urethral strictures were successfully managed by dilatation/transurethral incision. To date, 1 of the 12 patients has required a second dilatation. The remaining patient developed an iatrogenic induced injury and was catheter-dependent for 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: After prostate brachytherapy, the actuarial 5-year incidence of urethral strictures is 5.3% with a median time to development of 26.6 months. All strictures involved the membranous urethra and occurred within the first 44 months after brachytherapy. In most cases, membranous urethral strictures are easily managed with dilatation/incision. Factors predicting for the development of a urethral stricture included the magnitude and extent of high-dose regions within the prostate, the mean membranous urethra dose and the dose 20 mm distal to the prostatic apex, the maximum extent along the membranous urethra of certain dose levels, and the duration of hormonal manipulation.     

Chemoradiation and brachytherapy in biliary tract carcinoma: long-term results

PURPOSE: To evaluate long-term effects of chemoradiation and intraluminal brachytherapy in terms of local control, disease-free survival, overall survival, and symptom relief in patients with unresectable or residual extrahepatic biliary carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty-two patients with unresectable (17 patients) or residual (5 patients) nonmetastatic extrahepatic bile tumors received external beam radiation therapy (39.6-50.4 Gy) between 1991 and 1997. In 21 patients, 5-fluorouracil (96-h continuous infusion, Days 1-4, 1,000 mg/m2/day) was administered. Twelve patients received a boost of intraluminal brachytherapy with 192Ir wires (30-50 Gy) 1 cm from the source axis. RESULTS: During external beam radiotherapy, 10 patients (45.4%) developed Grade 1 to 2 gastrointestinal toxicity. In patients with unresectable tumor who could be evaluated, the clinical response was 28.6% (4 of 14). Two patients showed complete response. In all 22 patients, median durations of local control, disease-free survival, and overall survival were 44.5 months, 16.3 months, and 23.0 months, respectively. Two patients who received external beam radiation therapy and intraluminal brachytherapy developed late duodenal ulceration. In patients with unresectable tumors, median survival was 13.0 months and 22.0 months in those treated with and without brachytherapy, with 16.7% and no 5-year survival, respectively (p=0.607). Overall 5-year survival was 18.0%: 40% and 11.7% in patients treated with partial resection and in those with unresectable tumor, respectively (p=0.135). CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the role of concurrent chemoradiation in advanced biliary carcinoma; the role of intraluminal brachytherapy boost remains to be further analyzed in larger clinical trials.     

Brachytherapy: Results of two different therapy strategies for patients with primary glioblastoma multiforme

BACKGROUND: In the current study, the authors describe and compare two different strategies of brachytherapy for the treatment of patients with primary glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). METHODS: The study was comprised of 84 patients. Forty-five patients were implanted with permanent or temporary low activity iodine-125 ((125)I) seeds in Cologne and 21 patients were implanted with temporary iridium-192 ((192)Ir) wires in Amsterdam. Both groups received external beam radiation therapy (EBRT); the (125)I group received 10-30 grays (Gy) with the implant in situ and the (192)Ir group received 60 Gy before implantation. In Cologne, implantation was performed after a diagnostic stereotactic biopsy whereas in Amsterdam implantation took place after cytoreductive diagnostic surgery. In addition, 18 patients in Amsterdam served as a control group. This group received only EBRT after cytoreductive surgery. RESULTS: In both groups the mean age of the patients was between 50-55 years, with 80% of the patients age > 45 years. The mean implantation volume encompassed by the referenced isodose was 23 cm(3) for (125)I and 48 cm(3) for (192)Ir. Initial dose rates were 2. 5-2.9 centigrays (cGy)/hour for permanent (125)I, 4.6 cGy/hour for temporary (125)I, and 44-100 cGy/hour (mean, 61 cGy) for (192)Ir. A total dose of 50-60 Gy, 60-80 Gy, and 40 Gy, respectively, was administered at the outer margins of the tumor. The median survival was approximately 16 months for both the (125)I group and the (192)Ir group. This was 6 months longer than the median survival in the control group. Reoperations were performed in 4 patients in the (125)I group (9%) versus 7 patients in the (192)Ir group (33%). No complications or late reactions were reported in the (125)I group, whereas one case of hemorrhage and three cases of delayed stroke were observed in the (192)Ir group. CONCLUSIONS: The equal median survival times in these two brachytherapy groups with such different dose rate radiation schedules support the hypothesis that dose rate does not play a major role in the survival of patients with primary GBM.     

外放射结合腔内照射治疗气管癌和支气管肺癌的疗效观察

目的 探讨气管癌、支气管肺癌腔内放射治疗的价值。方法 4例原发气管癌和22例原发支气管肺癌及14例(18处病变)支气管肺癌术后复发者，外放射采用6MV X射线，剂量为DT30～77Gy(平均52Gy)；腔内照射采用低剂量率^192Ir小线源(1．48BGq)，支气管黏膜参考点剂量为4～6Gy／次，总剂量10～53Gy(中位值28Gy)。结果 37例肿瘤完全消退(CR)，2例部分消退(PR)，1例轻微变化(MR)，3、5年局部控制率分别为75％和65％。23例生存时间≥3年，3年生存率为57．5％。并发症较少见。结论 外放射结合腔内照射治疗对于早期支气管肺癌、局限性气管癌和支气管肺癌术后复发者是有效的治疗手段．长期生存是可能的。     

Saving bladders with brachytherapy: implantation technique and results

PURPOSE: To analyze and report the treatment results of brachytherapy for solitary bladder cancer in the Arnhem Radiotherapy Institute. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between January 1983 and October 1998, 63 patients with a solitary bladder tumor were treated with a combination of transurethral resection, external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), and interstitial radiotherapy. The indications for bladder-conserving treatment were tumor < or =5 cm, T1G3 (n = 14), T2G2 (n = 8), T2G3 (n = 37), and T3a (n = 4). The prescribed implant dose was either 55 Gy (range 50-65 Gy) in combination with small pelvis external beam RT, 3-4 fractions of 3.5 Gy (n = 58), or 30 Gy in combination with 20 fractions of 2 Gy external beam radiotherapy (n = 5). Brachytherapy was performed with 2-8 137Cs needles until 1995 (n = 48) and 2-5 afterloading catheters (192Ir) since 1996 (n = 15). Follow-up cystoscopies were performed at 3-month intervals during the first 2 years, then every 6 months for 3 years, and annually after the fifth year. The median follow-up was 4.9 years. RESULTS: Twenty patients developed local recurrences, of which 6 were "true in-implant recurrences," 12 were in second bladder locations, and 2 were urethral recurrences. All recurrences developed within 2.5 years after treatment. Of these 20 patients, 13 underwent cystectomy: 6 stayed disease-free, 1 died of postoperative complications, 2 developed regional metastases, and 4 developed distant metastases. The 5-year disease-specific survival rate was 80% for patients with Stage T1 and 60% for those with Stage T2 disease. The local control rate was 70% in the whole patient population and 80% after salvage cystectomy. Forty-four bladders were saved. Acute complications were seen in 14 patients, and no significant late complications occurred. CONCLUSION: Using this treatment technique, a high cure rate with conservation of the bladder and only minor toxicity can be obtained in a selected patient population having a solitary tumor < or =5 cm.     

Biliary tree malignancies: The University of Minnesota experience

Because of its slow-growing natural history, most patients with extrahepatic biliary tree malignancies present with inoperable disease. For the minority of patients with operable disease, surgical resection remains the treatment of choice and offers the patient the best chance for long-term local control. The role of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the management of these patients in the definitive, adjuvant, and palliative setting is expanding, although unsettled. Response rates with chemotherapy have been low and will most likely find a place in a combined multimodality setting. Radiotherapy (external beam, intraoperative, and intraluminal brachytherapy using ¹⁹²Ir) has played a major role in the treatment of these cancers. The close proximity of bowel, kidney, and liver limits the external beam radiotherapy doses that can be safely delivered. Since most patients require placement of percutaneous transhepatic biliary catheters to relieve jaundice, this route has been utilized to deliver higher doses of radiation to the tumor area with intraluminal ¹⁹²Ir ribbons. The University of Minnesota has treated 15 patients with extrahepatic bile duct cancers. Most were located at the bifurcation of the common bile duct and were treated with intraluminal brachytherapy alone or with external beam radiotherapy. Our results are comparable to previously reported retrospective data with a median survival of 8 months and three long-term survivors. J. Surg. Oncol. 1997;65:298–305. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

CT-guided interstitial brachytherapy of liver malignancies alone or in combination with thermal ablation: phase I-II results of a novel technique

PURPOSE: To assess the safety and efficacy of CT-guided brachytherapy alone or in combination with laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT) in patients with liver malignancies. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty-seven patients presented with 36 liver metastases and two primary liver carcinomas. Twenty-one patients were treated with CT-guided high-dose-rate brachytherapy alone using a 192Ir source. Sixteen patients received brachytherapy directly after MRI-guided LITT. The indications for brachytherapy alone were a tumor size >5 cm, adjacent central bile duct or adjacent major vessels causing unfavorable cooling effects for thermal ablation, and technical failures of LITT. The dosimetry for brachytherapy was performed using three-dimensional CT data acquired after percutaneous applicator positioning. On average, a minimal dose of 17 Gy inside the tumor margin was applied (range, 10-20 Gy). RESULTS: The mean tumor size was 4.6 cm (range, 2.5-11 cm). The mean liver volume receiving > or =5 Gy was 16% (range, 2-40%) of the total liver. Severe complications were recorded in 2 patients (5%). One patient developed acute liver failure possibly related to accidental continuation of oral capecitabine treatment. Another patient demonstrated obstructive jaundice owing to tumor edema after irradiation of a metastasis adjacent to the bile duct bifurcation. A commonly encountered moderate increase of liver enzymes was greatest in patients with combined treatment. The local control rate after 6 months was 73% and 87% for combined treatment and brachytherapy alone, respectively. CONCLUSION: CT-guided brachytherapy using three-dimensional CT data for dosimetry is safe and effective alone or in combination with LITT. Brachytherapy as a stand-alone treatment displayed genuine advantages over thermal tumor ablation.