AO双钢板治疗肱骨髁间骨折疗效分析

目的 讨论分析肱骨髁间骨折AO双钢板内固定的手术疗效。方法 收治肱骨髁间骨折24例，均行切开复位双钢板螺钉内固定。结果 本组随访时间4个月～3年7个月，骨折愈合时间均在8～12周，18例术后功能恢复优良，优良率75％。结论 肱骨远端形态构造特殊，双钢板及螺钉能有效固定骨折端，并早期功能锻炼，最大限度地恢复肘关节功能，在临床上取得满意疗效。     

空心螺钉内固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折21例

目的评价空心螺钉内固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折的疗效。方法2002年3月～2005年1月期间，21例成人肱骨髁间骨折患者均采用开放复位空心螺钉内固定。结果随访12～30个月，平均24个月，骨折均于术后3～4个月愈合。结论空心螺钉内固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折，固定牢靠，可早期功能锻炼，有助于肘关节功能恢复。     

肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折的双钢板内固定治疗

目的探讨手术治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折后疗效。方法收治22例肱骨髁间骨折患者,行切开复位双钢板内固定手术。按照AO分型,C：型3例,C,型19例。结果19例获得12～26个月（平均15．7个月）随访。无1例发生切口坏死及感染,尺神经损伤1例患者术后3个月内获得恢复。所有患者骨折均愈合。根据Jupiter等肘关节功能恢复情况评定,优良率为78．9％。结论双钢板固定肱骨髁间骨折,能够早期功能练习,对肘关节功能恢复较好。     

经肱三头肌两侧入路内固定术治疗肱骨髁间骨折临床分析

目的探讨经肱三头肌两侧入路行双钢板、螺钉或Y型板内固定术治疗肱骨髁间骨折的方法及效果。方法对38例肱骨髁间骨折患者实施经肱三头肌两侧入路内固定术,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果 38例患者术后均获18个月随访,骨性愈合良好,肘关节功能恢复优良率92.11%。结论对肱骨髁间骨折患者经肱三头肌两侧入路行肱骨髁双钢板、螺钉或Y型钢板内固定治疗,内固定稳定,利于早期功能锻炼及肘关节功能恢复,是肱骨髁间骨折较理想的治疗方法。     

尺骨鹰嘴截骨双侧肱骨髁上钢板加空心加压螺钉治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折

目的分析双侧肱骨髁上钢板加空心加压螺钉内固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折优势及手术疗效。方法2005年6月至2010年3月手术治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折16例,按骨折AO／ASIF分型：C1型4例,C2型6例,C3型6例。所有病例均行后路经尺骨鹰嘴截骨,使用AO双重建钛板加空心加压螺钉内固定。术后尽早行肘关节的主动功能锻炼。结果16例随访6-36个月,骨折全部愈合。根据Cassebaum法评分,优10例,良4例,可2例;优良率87．5％。结论双侧肱骨髁上钢板加空心加压螺钉治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折是目前治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折的较好方法,有利于肘关节早期运动,恢复肘关节的功能。     

解剖型钢板双侧柱内固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折

目的 探讨解剖型钢板双侧柱内固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折的疗效.方法 采用肘后人路,内、外侧柱双固定治疗26例肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折,定期复查X线片及肘关节功能.结果 术后3～6个月骨折全部愈合.肘关节功能按改良Cassebaum法评分:优13例,良8例,可4例,差1例.术后尺神经麻痹1例,鹰嘴截骨不愈合1例,治疗后均痊愈.结论 解剖型钢板双侧柱内固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎骨折,肘关节功能恢复满意,效果可靠.     

经尺骨鹰嘴V形截骨双钢板内固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折

目的探讨经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路并应用肱骨内外侧柱双钢板固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折的方法和疗效。方法 2004年4月至2009年1月采用经尺骨鹰嘴V形截骨双钢板内固定治疗粉碎性肱骨髁间骨折33例,其中C1型7例,C2型15例,C3型11例。全部获得随访,随访时间5～30个月（平均19个月）,用改良Cassebaum评分系统对其疗效评定。结果 33例骨折全部愈合,平均愈合时间18.7周。术后疗效优17例,良11例,可4例,差2例,优良率84.8%。结论解剖复位骨折,重建肘关节的稳定性以及早期的功能锻炼是肘关节功能恢复的关键因素。经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路显露骨折充分,肱骨内、外侧柱双钢板固定肱骨髁间骨折牢固可靠,并可满足患者早期进行关节功能锻炼。     

肱骨髁间骨折的内固定治疗

目的探讨切开复位双钢板内固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折的方法和临床疗效。方法回顾性分析采用双钢板内固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折44例。骨折按AO/OTA分型:C1型10例(22.7%),C2型18例(40.9%),C3型16例(36.4%)。术后随访时记录骨折愈合时间及Mayo肘关节功能评分。结果 44例中39例获得随访,平均随访21.6个月(13.0～31.0个月),平均骨折愈合时间为14.7周(12.0～21.0周)。术后12.0个月Mayo评分平均为82.4分(45.0～100.0分)。结论切开复位双钢板内固定能对骨折进行有效固定,保证早期功能锻炼,肘关节功能恢复满意。     

经尺骨鹰嘴截骨双钢板内固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折

目的 探讨经尺骨鹰嘴截骨双钢板内固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折的手术方法及疗效.方法 采用经尺骨鹰嘴截骨双钢板内固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折患者65例.结果 65例均获随访,时间5个月～2年.骨折愈合时间3～6个月.无骨不连、骨化性肌炎、迟发性尺神经受压、内固定失效等并发症.按Aitken Rorabeck评分标准评定肘关节功能:优43例,良12例,可10例,优良率84.6%.结论 经尺骨鹰嘴截骨是治疗肱骨髁间骨折的较好入路,手术解剖复位重建肘关节稳定,术后早期功能锻练,是肘关节功能恢复的重要因素.     

16例肱骨髁间骨折手术治疗疗效分析

目的 探讨手术治疗肱骨髁间骨折的疗效.方法 16例C型肱骨髁上骨折采用肱三头肌舌形瓣或尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路,分别采用双钢板(10例)、Y型钢板(4例)及张力带钢丝(2例)内固定治疗.结果 16例均获随访,时间6～44个月.骨折全部愈合,愈合时间3～5个月.肘关节功能按Aitken et al标准进行评定:优7例,良5例,可2例,差2例.结论 影响肱骨髁间骨折手术治疗术后疗效的相关因素较多,其中骨折解剖复位、坚强固定及早期主动功能锻炼是肘关节功能的决定因素,双钢板固定是较理想的内固定材料.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.