肺结核患者咯血责任血管及其相关胸部CT表现的分析

目的分析肺结核患者咯血责任血管及其相关胸部CT表现,以期提高支气管动脉介入栓塞(BAE)的治疗效果。方法收集我院2017年10月至2020年10月在本院行胸部CTA及BAE治疗的94例患者的临床及影像资料。总结肺结核不同胸部CT表现与咯血责任血管之间的关系。结果94例患者经CTA检查共发现187支咯血责任血管,其中支气管动脉(BA)124支,非支气管性体动脉(NBSA)63支(多位于肋间动脉及锁骨下动脉);DSA发现咯血责任血管192支,以DSA为诊断“金标准”,CTA对咯血责任血管的检出率为97.4%;35例(占37.2%)病灶周围可见支气管动脉分支局限性迂曲、扩张,供血支气管动脉平均内径为(2.0±0.7)mm;肺结核伴咯血患者胸部CT发现病灶多位于多肺叶,病灶以弥漫性分布为主,多无胸腔积液,此外伴空洞、钙化、支气管扩张及淋巴结钙化等,均与咯血责任血管来源无明显相关性(P>0.05),病灶性质、胸膜增厚程度及结核病灶与增厚胸膜之间关系与咯血责任血管来源明显相关(P<0.05),其中咯血责任血管来源于BA的肺结核伴咯血患者,病灶病变以增殖、渗出为主,邻近胸膜增厚程度多较轻微或没有增厚且增厚胸膜无或轻度黏连者居多,而咯血责任血管来源于BA合并NBSA的肺结核伴咯血患者肺部病变以纤维化为主,邻近胸膜增厚明显,且肺部病灶与增厚胸膜紧密粘连者居多。结论肺结核伴咯血胸部CT表现与咯血责任血管来源关系紧密,可通过胸部CT表现提示咯血责任血管是否源于NBSA,可帮助提高BAE的治疗效果。     

肺结核患者咯血责任血管及其相关胸部CT表现的分析

目的分析肺结核患者咯血责任血管及其相关胸部CT表现,以期提高支气管动脉介入栓塞(BAE)的治疗效果。方法收集我院2017年10月至2020年10月在本院行胸部CTA及BAE治疗的94例患者的临床及影像资料。总结肺结核不同胸部CT表现与咯血责任血管之间的关系。结果94例患者经CTA检查共发现187支咯血责任血管,其中支气管动脉(BA)124支,非支气管性体动脉(NBSA)63支(多位于肋间动脉及锁骨下动脉);DSA发现咯血责任血管192支,以DSA为诊断“金标准”,CTA对咯血责任血管的检出率为97.4%;35例(占37.2%)病灶周围可见支气管动脉分支局限性迂曲、扩张,供血支气管动脉平均内径为(2.0±0.7)mm;肺结核伴咯血患者胸部CT发现病灶多位于多肺叶,病灶以弥漫性分布为主,多无胸腔积液,此外伴空洞、钙化、支气管扩张及淋巴结钙化等,均与咯血责任血管来源无明显相关性(P>0.05),病灶性质、胸膜增厚程度及结核病灶与增厚胸膜之间关系与咯血责任血管来源明显相关(P<0.05),其中咯血责任血管来源于BA的肺结核伴咯血患者,病灶病变以增殖、渗出为主,邻近胸膜增厚程度多较轻微或没有增厚且增厚胸膜无或轻度黏连者居多,而咯血责任血管来源于BA合并NBSA的肺结核伴咯血患者肺部病变以纤维化为主,邻近胸膜增厚明显,且肺部病灶与增厚胸膜紧密粘连者居多。结论肺结核伴咯血胸部CT表现与咯血责任血管来源关系紧密,可通过胸部CT表现提示咯血责任血管是否源于NBSA,可帮助提高BAE的治疗效果。     

肺结核大咯血的介入治疗

目的探讨肺结核大咯血的介入诊断与治疗。方法对213例肺结核大咯血患者行支气管动脉造影（BAG）＋支气管动脉栓塞术（BAE）治疗。结果行支气管动脉栓塞术（BAE）后，经1周、1个月、3个月的疗效观察，大咯血止血成功率分别可达99．5％、95．5％、94．4％，随访6个月成功率达93．4％。结论对肺结核大咯血的病理基础，栓塞材料及方法选择、介入止血无效的原因进行了讨论，认为经由内科治疗无效又无外科手术条件的肺结核大咯血病人，介入治疗是一种有效手段。     

肺结核中量及大量咯血患者非支气管动脉出血的影像改变和介入处理

目的　分析肺结核中量及大量咯血患者非支气管动脉出血动脉造影征象及介入治疗价值。方法 对214例肺结核中量及大量咯血患者,进行肋间动脉和锁骨下动脉造影,其中支气管动脉合并肋间动脉出血153例,合并胸廓内动脉出血3例,同时合并肋间动脉和胸廓内动脉出血4例,合并肋间动脉、胸廓内动脉、胸上动脉出血和胸外侧动脉出血2例,合并肋间动脉、胸廓内动脉和甲状颈干分支出血1例,合并肋间动脉和膈下动脉出血2例。对造影明确出血血管进行栓塞并观察其临床疗效和并发症。结果 DSA造影发现支气管动脉合并肋间动脉出血153例,共465支肋间动脉出血,10.9%(51/465)有造影剂外溢直接征象,96.9%(451/465)有异常网状血管,43.2%(201/465)有出血动脉-肺动脉瘘或出血动脉-肺静脉瘘,32.9%(153/465)动脉造影有侧枝交通与出血的支气管动脉或邻近的肋间动脉相通。10支胸廓内动脉出血,动脉造影有异常网状血管并有侧枝交通与出血的支气管动脉或肋间动脉相通,2支胸上动脉出血和2支胸外侧动脉出血,动脉造影有异常网状血管并有侧枝交通与出血的肋间动脉相通,1支甲状颈干分支2支膈下动脉出血,动脉造影有异常网状血管。单次栓塞治疗有效率84.2%,多次栓塞治疗有效率96.4%。并发症为胸闷、胸背痛、发热。结论 肋间动脉、胸廓内动脉动脉、胸上动脉、胸外侧动脉、甲状颈干分支和膈下动脉造影和栓塞治疗对肺结核中量及大量咯血有重要的临床意义,可提高疗效防止复发。     

肺结核中量及大量咯血患者非支气管动脉出血的影像改变和介入处理

目的分析肺结核中量及大量咯血患者非支气管动脉出血动脉造影征象及介入治疗价值。方法对214例肺结核中量及大量咯血患者,进行肋间动脉和锁骨下动脉造影,其中支气管动脉合并肋间动脉出血153例,合并胸廓内动脉出血3例,同时合并肋间动脉和胸廓内动脉出血4例,合并肋间动脉、胸廓内动脉、胸上动脉出血和胸外侧动脉出血2例,合并肋间动脉、胸廓内动脉和甲状颈干分支出血1例,合并肋间动脉和膈下动脉出血2例。对造影明确出血血管进行栓塞并观察其临床疗效和并发症。结果DSA造影发现支气管动脉合并肋间动脉出血153例,共465支肋间动脉出血,10.9%(51/465)有造影剂外溢直接征象,96.9%(451/465)有异常网状血管,43.2%(201/465)有出血动脉-肺动脉瘘或出血动脉-肺静脉瘘,32.9%(153/465)动脉造影有侧枝交通与出血的支气管动脉或邻近的肋间动脉相通。10支胸廓内动脉出血,动脉造影有异常网状血管并有侧枝交通与出血的支气管动脉或肋间动脉相通,2支胸上动脉出血和2支胸外侧动脉出血,动脉造影有异常网状血管并有侧枝交通与出血的肋间动脉相通,1支甲状颈干分支2支膈下动脉出血,动脉造影有异常网状血管。单次栓塞治疗有效...     

急性下消化系动脉出血的介入诊疗价值和影响因素

目的:探讨血管造影、经导管栓塞术在急性下消化系动脉出血中的诊疗价值及影响出血诊断和栓塞疗效的因素.方法:回顾性分析血管造影和经导管栓塞术治疗39例急性下消化系动脉大出血病例.记录术前、后输血量、血压变化和血红蛋白改变.随访3.6 mo,评价技术成功、临床成功、迟发性出血和并发症.结果:栓塞术前,39例患者中26例输注红细胞悬液,术后仅4例患者(术前Hb均<40 g/L)输注红细胞悬液.肠系膜上、下动脉(2级血管)开口造影,出血阳性诊断率31%;空肠、回肠、回结肠、结肠动脉和边缘动脉等(3级)分支血管开口造影,出血阳性诊断率69%(27/39).总血管造影出血阳性率100%.即刻有效栓塞率达92%,栓塞的技术成功率和临床成功率分别为100%和89.7%.手术操作和栓塞所致动脉痉挛,一过性腹部隐痛4例,2例对症处理后缓解,2例自行缓解.3 d后的肠镜检查,4例患者显示出栓塞区肠黏膜红斑,周围水肿、苍白,但无1例患者出现严重并发症.结论:血管造影、经导管栓塞术是急性动脉性下消化系出血定位诊断和安全、有效的急诊治疗手段.血管造影出血的阳性诊断率和栓塞治疗的疗效受多种因素影响.     

支气管-肋间动脉联合栓塞治疗肺结核大咯血

目的 探讨支气管-肋间动脉联合栓塞治疗肺结核大咯血的临床价值.方法 19例肺结核大咯血患者,行选择性支气管动脉和肋间动脉造影并对病变血管用2 mm手术丝线段进行栓塞.结果 19例咯血患者,共栓塞58支出血血管.其中行支气管动脉-肋间动脉联合栓塞17例,单独栓塞支气管动脉和肋间动脉各1例.17例联合栓塞患者24 h内咯血停止16例,即刻止血率94.2%（16/17）;1周内咯血停止1例;近期有效率100%（17/17）.2例单独栓塞支气管动脉或肋间动脉者止血无效.3～6个月内复发2例.无严重栓塞相关并发症发生.结论 支气管-肋间动脉联合栓塞是治疗肺结核大咯血的有效手段,具有止血迅速、复发率低及安全性高的优点.     

支气管-肋间动脉联合栓塞治疗肺结核大咯血

目的探讨支气管-肋间动脉联合栓塞治疗肺结核大咯血的临床价值。方法19例肺结核大咯血患者,行选择性支气管动脉和肋间动脉造影并对病变血管用2 mm手术丝线段进行栓塞。结果19例咯血患者,共栓塞58支出血血管。其中行支气管动脉-肋间动脉联合栓塞17例,单独栓塞支气管动脉和肋间动脉各1例。17例联合栓塞患者24h内咯血停止16例,即刻止血率94.2%（16/17）;1周内咯血停止1例;近期有效率100%（17/17）。2例单独栓塞支气管动脉或肋间动脉者止血无效。36个月内复发2例。无严重栓塞相关并发症发生。结论支气管-肋间动脉联合栓塞是治疗肺结核大咯血的有效手段,具有止血迅速、复发率低及安全性高的优点。     

支气管动脉栓塞治疗肺结核咯血的疗效分析

目的观察支气管动脉栓塞对治疗肺结核咯血的有效性及安全性。方法对37例咯血患者术前予支气管动脉血管CT成像（CTA）检查,大概明确出血部位,并行支气管动脉栓塞治疗。结果 37例患者行支气管动脉栓塞（BAE）后,治愈30例（81.1%）,显效4例（10.9%）,好转2例（5.4%）,无效1例（2.6%）。结论支气管动脉栓塞是治疗肺结核咯血的有效方法之一,选择性动脉栓塞治疗更安全,值得推广。咯血是肺结核的常见并发症,易引起病人窒息、死亡。有些患者内科治疗往往达不到立即止血的效果。目前我院支气管动脉栓塞治疗,以其显著的效果成为临床治疗咯血的有效方法之一。我院自2000年开展介入工作以来,共治疗肺部各种原因引起的咯血372例。其中肺结核咯血患者123例,绝大多数取得满意效果。本文就2008年1月～2009年12月本院肺结核咯血37例患者,用选择性支气管动脉栓塞术治疗的疗效进行分析。     

支气管动脉栓塞治疗肺结核大咯血31例

目的回顾性分析支气管动脉栓塞治疗肺结核合并大咯血。方法对31例肺结核大咯血在影像监视下行选择性支气管动脉造影后用明胶海绵颗粒进行栓塞。结果31例中右侧支气管动脉出血15例,左侧12例,还有4例为两侧支气管动脉共干。结论对肺结核合并大咯血内科保守治疗效果不佳又无条件进行外科手术者,应尽早行支气管动脉造影并栓塞。     

A case of intractable hemoptysis originating from the branches of the right subclavian artery, successfully treated with arterial coil embolization]

A 30-year-old woman was admitted because of persistent and severe hemoptysis in November 2005. She had been given a diagnosis of interstitial pneumonia (IP) and pulmonary aspergilloma in 2001, and she was treated with oral prednisolone and itraconazole. However she had persistent and intractable hemoptysis. Multi-detector row computed tomography (MDCT) revealed that hemoptysis from the right upper lobe did not originate in bronchial arteries, but the abnormal branches of the right subclavian artery. Surgery was not performed because of her pulmonary function, but she was successfully treated by non-bronchial arterial coil embolization. At 10 months after the embolization, hemoptysis has not recurred. MDCT was very useful for diagnosing the cause of hemoptysis and selective nonbronchial arterial coil embolization might be helpful in treating intractable or refractory hemoptysis.     

顽固性咯血患者肺叶切除术前行动脉栓塞介入治疗的价值

目的 探讨数字减影血管造影(DSA)引导下超选择性经导管动脉栓塞介入治疗(简称“介入栓塞治疗”)在顽固性咯血患者行肺叶切除术前的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析我院连续收治的 45例因顽固性咯血入院,需施行肺叶切除术患者的临床资料。将肺叶切除术术前进行介入栓塞治疗的20例患者作为研究组,将未施行术前介入栓塞治疗的25例患者作为对照组。观察两组患者引起咯血的责任血管分布情况、与原发病的关系及介入栓塞治疗的效果。对比两组患者手术时间、出血量及并发症发生率等指标的差异。计量资料组间比较采用t检验,计数资料组间比较采用χ²检验,均以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 DSA检查发现研究组20例患者共有出血责任血管 57支,其中支气管动脉(BA)12支,非支气管性体动脉(NBSA)侧支循环42支,肺动脉(PA) 3支;研究组结核性毁损肺及肺空洞并发曲菌球患者(11例)的NBSA 以肋间动脉、锁骨下动脉及腋下动脉为主(共29支),支气管扩张患者(9例)的NBSA以食管固有动脉、膈下动脉为主(共13支)。介入栓塞治疗后即刻止血13例,占65.0%,咯血减少7例,占35.0%。研究组患者术中出血量平均为(600±155)ml,对照组患者术中出血量平均为(850±210)ml,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=23.73,P=0.000);研究组患者手术时间为(150±35)min,对照组患者手术时间为(180±40)min,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=12.40,P=0.000)。结论 NBSA为顽固性咯血的主要责任血管,其分布规律与原发病相关;术前行介入栓塞治疗有助于控制咯血,并能有效减少术中出血,缩短手术时间,从而降低手术风险。     

介入栓塞治疗肺动脉假性动脉瘤伴大咯血的临床疗效分析

目的 探讨体肺双途径栓塞治疗肺动脉假性动脉瘤(pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms,PAPs)伴大咯血的临床疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年2月海南医学院第二附属医院收治的经CT血管造影(CT angiography,CTA)/数字减影血管造影(digital subtractive angiography,DSA)证实为PAPs伴大咯血的15例肺结核患者的临床资料.记录相关影像学表现、介入治疗技术和临床止血成功情况,随访1年内咯血复发状况.结果 共发现15个PAPs,肺CTA发现14个,血管造影发现1个.术中仅支气管动脉造影发现6个,仅肺动脉造影发现4个,支气管动脉及肺动脉造影均发现4个,1个体肺动脉造影均未发现.介入栓塞术后咯血有效止血14例,1例患者术中因大咯血窒息导致死亡.患者随访12个月,其中1例患者术后2周复发大咯血行外科切除术;1例咯血术后3个月余复发,再次行介入栓塞后咯血停止.结论 经体肺双途径栓塞治疗肺结核患者PAPs伴大咯血的临床疗效确切,方法可行,但仍有一定风险.     

Place of surgery in pulmonary aspergillosis and other pulmonary mycotic infections

Surgery is part of the therapeutic strategy of aspergillosis and mucormycosis. The aspergilloma is defined as a rounded mass, developing in a cavity by the proliferation of spores of Aspergillus. The most common complication was haemoptysis reported in 50-95% of cases. The pleuropulmonary lesions predisposing are: tuberculosis, residual pleural space, emphysema and lung destroyed by fibrosis or radiotherapy or bronchiectasis. The indications for surgery depend on symptoms, respiratory function, the parenchyma and the type of aspergilloma (simple or complex). In a patient with an intrapulmonary aspergilloma, lung resection preceded by embolization is recommended based on respiratory function. For intrapleural aspergilloma, thoracoplasty is recommended according to the patient's general condition. The invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is characterized by an invasion of lung tissue and blood vessels by hyphae in immunocompromised patients. The death rate of patients who have an API after treatment for leukemia or lymphoma was 30 to 40%, after bone marrow transplantation 60%, after solid organ transplantation from 50 to 60% and after any other cause of immunocompromising from 70 to 85%. The main cause of these deaths is massive hemoptysis. Surgery (lobectomy) is indicated for the prevention of hemoptysis when the mass is in contact with the pulmonary artery or one of its branches, and if it increases in size with the disappearance of border security between the mass and the vessel wall. The patient will be operated in an emergency before the white blood cells do not exceed the threshold of 1000 cells/μl. A persistent residual mass after antifungal treatment may justify a lung resection (lobectomy or wedge) before a new aggressive therapy. Mucormycosis affects patients following immunocompromising states--haematologic malignancy, diabetes mellitus, transplantation, burns and malnutrition. The treatment of pulmonary mucormycosis combines surgical and medical approach.     

A novel angiographic classification of pseudoaneurysms of the pulmonary chronic inflammatory cavity based on selective angiograms and therapeutic implications

BackgroundHemoptysis is a common clinical symptom. In the chronic tuberculosis cavity and chronic necrotizing pneumonia cavity, pseudoaneurysms (Pas) easily form and are prone to massive hemoptysis and repeated hemoptysis and can even endanger patient''s life. However, it remains to be further analyzed whether Pas of the pulmonary chronic inflammatory cavity selectively affect the peripheral pulmonary branches. This study is based on selective angiography to classify peripheral pulmonary arterial Pas (PAPs) of the pulmonary chronic inflammatory cavity and to determine treatment options for PAPs, thereby guiding individualized clinical treatment.MethodsAngiographic data of 392 noncancer patients undergoing hemoptysis were retrospectively analyzed. All of the patients underwent pulmonary and selective pulmonary angiography and bronchial and nonbronchial systemic collateral arterial angiography. A total of 9 patients had Pas of the pulmonary chronic inflammatory cavity, and a pseudoaneurysm systemic artery collateral (Pasac), inflow and outflow sections of the parent vessels, and direction of blood flow in the parent vessels were clearly observed with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and/or C-arm cone-beam flat-panel detector computed tomography angiography (CBCTA). Patients with underlying disease had pulmonary tuberculosis (n=8) or lung abscess (n=1). The angiographic types of Pas were analyzed.ResultsEight patients with chronic pulmonary tuberculosis and 1 patient with a necrotizing pneumonia cavity in the convalescent period were included in the study. Pas of the pulmonary chronic inflammatory cavity presented the following types: (I) pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm (PAPa) (n=2 cases); (II) body arterial Pa (n=3 cases); and (III) systemic-pulmonary anastomosis Pa. Each type could be divided into two subtypes (n=4 cases). In nine cases, embolization and hemostasis were technically and clinically successful.ConclusionsPas of the pulmonary chronic inflammatory cavity are diverse (especially in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis). Angiographic typing plays a guiding role in the selection of an embolization strategy.     

肺结核合并肺曲菌球病的外科治疗

目的总结肺结核合并肺曲菌球病的诊断和外科治疗经验。方法对经手术治疗的24例肺结核合并肺曲菌球病患者的临床资料进行分析。结果 24例患者术前确诊率为37.5%(9/24)。行肺叶切除术20例,全肺切除术4例,19例同时行肥厚胸膜切除术。全组无手术死亡。术后并发症8例(33.3%),分别为胸腔出血1例,支气管胸膜瘘3例,包裹性液气胸2例,肺不张2例。术后随访22例,患者无肺曲菌球病复发。结论肺结核合并肺曲菌球病术前确诊率低;手术切除病变肺叶及肥厚胸膜是治疗肺结核合并肺曲菌球病的有效方法。