经阴道超声与宫腔镜检查诊断绝经后服用他莫昔芬妇女子宫内膜病变的比较

目的 该研究比较了经阴道超声（transvaginal ultrasonography,TVS）与宫腔镜检查（hysteroscopy,HS）在诊断绝经后服用他莫昔芬（tamoxifen,TAM）对子宫内膜病变的价值,以探讨与其相关的监测方法.方法 随诊了46例绝经后因乳腺癌服用TAM（20mg/d）超过6个月的妇女.所有患者均施行了TVS、HS以及内膜组织病理学检查.TVS以子宫内膜厚度≥5mm为阳性判断标准.结果 TVS检查结果阳性21例（45.7%）中,经HS及病理诊断证实内膜息肉14例,单纯增殖型内膜2例,萎缩型内膜5例;TVS检查结果阴性25例（54.3%）中,内膜息肉8例,单纯增殖型内膜3例,萎缩型内膜14例.TVS检查的特异性为70.8%,敏感性为63.6%,阳性预测值为66.7%,阴性预测值为68.0%.而HS分别为100%、96.0%、95.7%和95.7%.息肉病人的TVS结果与非息肉病人比较差异有显著性（P=0.019）.结论 由于TAM对绝经后的子宫内膜具有雌激素样作用,能够引起内膜基质水肿,产生类似增生内膜的超声影像,导致TVS的检查结果与HS下所见以及内膜病检不相符.服用TAM的绝经后乳腺癌患者,单纯以TVS作为其内膜病变的筛选方法具有一定诊断价值,但存在较高的假阳性率且特异性较差.在确诊子宫内膜息肉方面HS具有特殊优势.     

测量子宫内膜厚度对HRT中不规则出血的监测作用

目的 :评价采用阴道B超测量子宫内膜厚度能否作为绝经后妇女使用雌激素连续联合疗法及周期序贯疗法中出现不规则出血的监测方法。方法 :对 186例使用激素替代治疗 (HRT)至少 1年以上绝经后妇女 (其中13 4例使用周期序贯疗法 ,5 2例使用连续联合疗法 ) ,采用阴道B超测量其子宫内膜厚度 ,用药中出现不规则出血者或内膜厚度超过 5mm者进行宫腔镜检查。结果 :不规则出血者与其他患者的内膜厚度之间无显著性差异 ,2 3例子宫内膜厚度 <5mm的不规则出血患者 ,其内膜病检全部是萎缩性子宫内膜 ,如以内膜厚度 5mm为界限 ,阴道B超对不规则出血诊断的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为 10 0 %、77 4%、3 0 %、10 0 %。结论 :在使用HRT中出现不规则出血时 ,阴道B超测量内膜厚度是一种较安全的监测方法 ,可作为内膜活检前的筛选 ,当内膜厚度 <5mm时 ,可不必行宫腔镜检查或活检 ,如子宫内膜厚度超过 5mm ,应行宫腔镜检查及内膜活检     

子宫内膜增厚阴道超声表现与病理诊断的对比分析

目的分析阴道超声检查诊断子宫内膜增厚的准确率、灵敏度、特异度。方法回顾性分析我院2015年1月~2017年9月在我院行阴道超声检查的104例子宫内膜增厚患者临床资料。根据患者子宫内膜厚度分为3组,A组(子宫内膜厚度15mm)57例,B组(15mm≤子宫内膜厚度20mm)34例,C组(子宫内膜厚度≥20mm)13例。以病理检查结果为金标准,分析三组超声检查准确率、灵敏度、特异度。结果本组超声检查结果检出阳性94例,阴性10例,其中假阳性5例,假阴性2例,超声诊断准确率为93.27%,敏感度为97.70%,特异度为70.59%。结论子宫内膜增厚阴道超声检查对于子宫内膜病变有良好的初筛效果,但子宫内膜厚度不同,检查结果会有存在一定差异,需结合诊刮术和宫腔镜等方法提高诊断准确性和灵敏性。     

经阴道超声监测服用他莫昔芬的乳腺癌患者子宫内膜病变的价值

正乳腺癌患者中约有50%～60%表现为激素受体阳性[1],抗雌激素药物他莫昔芬(TAM)的应用对控制晚期激素受体阳性乳腺癌的复发及转移疗效显著,但TAM的微弱雌激素样副作用对子宫内膜有一定影响。美国妇产科学会的研究[2]显示,TAM的安全用药时间可能会延长到10年,绝经后服用TAM的妇女应密切监测子宫内膜增生或癌症症状。本组回顾性分析服用TAM乳腺癌患者子宫内膜的超声表现,     

经阴道三维超声子宫内膜容积测量在子宫内膜癌诊断中的价值

目的　比较虚拟器官计算机辅助分析 (virtual organ computer- aided analysis,VOCAL )软件子宫内膜容积测量和二维下子宫内膜厚度测量在诊断子宫内膜癌中的价值。方法　收集绝经后阴道流血病例 4 9例 ,查体正常者 2 0例 ,均为绝经后妇女 ,行经阴道超声检查 ,二维超声下测量内膜厚度 ,三维超声下行内膜容积测量 ,所有研究对象均经刮宫或手术后病理证实。结果　 (1) 2 5例萎缩期子宫内膜 ,14例子宫内膜增生 ,30例子宫内膜癌其内膜厚度和容积的平均值分别为 (3.30± 1.10 )mm、 (1.15± 0 .6 2 ) ml;(13.8± 6 .0 0 ) mm、 (11.5 2± 4 .94 ) ml;(15 .2± 5 .80 ) mm、 (19.5 4± 7.34) ml。内膜容积在 3组之间均有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,而内膜厚度在增生组和癌症组间差异无显著性 ;(2 )分别以内膜容积和内膜厚度为诊断标准建立诊断子宫内膜癌的 ROC曲线 (receiver operating curve受试者作业特性曲线 ) ,其曲线下面积分别为 0 .833、 0 .92 0。根据 ROC分析 ,以内膜厚度≥ 5 .0 0 mm,内膜容积≥ 13.0 0 ml为诊断点 ,诊断子宫内膜癌的敏感性分别为 90 .0 %、 93.3% ,特异性分别为 5 1.3%、82 .1%。结论　以内膜容积为标准诊断子宫内膜癌是较以内膜厚度更为准确的诊断体系     

超声检测绝经后阴道出血子宫内膜病变

目的 :探讨绝经后阴道出血妇女应用超声检测子宫内膜病变的价值。方法 :对 132例绝经后阴道出血妇女行阴道超声检查 ,测量其子宫大小及内膜厚度 ,然后行分段诊刮术 ,标本送病理检查。结果 :5 3例子宫内膜厚度≤ 4mm ,其中 5 2例 (98.1% )内膜属生理性改变 ,1例为内膜癌 (1.9% ) ;79例为内膜厚度≥ 5mm ,其中 6 5例 (82 .35 % )内膜病理性改变 ,2 3例为内膜癌 (2 9.1% )。结论 :子宫内膜厚度≤ 4mm者 ,可免于诊刮。高分辩阴道超声检查可作为绝经后阴道出血妇女的常规检查方法和子宫内膜癌高发群的筛查手段     

阴道B超及宫腔镜在诊断绝经后阴道出血的价值

目的 :评价阴道B超 (TVS)及宫腔镜在诊断绝经后出血的准确性。方法 :对 1 98例绝经后出血患者进行TVS检查 ,测量其子宫内膜厚度 ,随后进行宫腔镜检查并在宫腔镜下进行内膜活检 ,将TVS和宫腔镜检查结果与病理检查进行分析、比较。结果 :病理检查结果为 :1 7例未能刮出内膜组织或内膜组织过少不足以作出病理诊断 ,萎缩性子宫内膜 1 0 2例、内膜息肉 2 0例、内膜增殖症 1 7例、子宫内膜癌 1 6例、内膜炎 8例、正常内膜 1 8例。TV显示 1 0 8例内膜厚度≤ 5mm ,90例 >5mm ,所有子宫内膜癌的内膜厚度均 >5mm ,宫腔镜诊断1 4 1例内膜正常 ,57例异常。TVS的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为 1 0 0 %、40 %、69.8%、1 0 0 % ,宫腔镜的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为 1 0 0 %、89%、93 %、1 0 0 %。结论 :TVS及宫腔镜对诊断绝经后出血敏感性都很高 ,但宫腔镜的特异性高于TVS ,绝经后出血的患者应常规行TVS检查 ,如子宫内膜厚度超过 5mm ,应行宫腔镜检查     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声诊断围绝经期妇女子宫内膜病变的价值

目的探讨阴道彩色多普勒超声对围绝经期妇女子宫内膜病变的预测价值.方法对164例绝经前不规则阴道出血的患者行阴道彩色多普勒超声检查,重点观察内膜厚度及内膜血流,与当日或次日诊刮的内膜组织病理诊断对照.结果子宫内膜厚度在生理改变,良性病变,癌及癌前病变三组比较,具有极显著性差异(P＜0.01).以内膜厚度12 mm为预测绝经前妇女子宫内膜病变的临界值,其敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为96.2%、65.5%、83.6%、86.4%.生理改变组58例(58/164)内膜区未检测到血流信号,良性病变组2例(2/98),癌前病变组中有癌3例(3/8).结论阴道彩超可把内膜厚度12 mm做为围绝经期子宫内膜病变的临界值,但内膜形态、内部回声、边缘及内膜内血流对预测病变亦有诊断意义.     

阴道超声联合子宫内膜病理检查对绝经后出血的诊断价值

目的 探讨阴道超声联合子宫内膜病理检查对绝经后出血的诊断价值.方法 选择在我院就诊的部分绝经后出血患者76例作为实验组,另选同期进行妇科体检者65例作为对照组,全部受检者均行阴道超声检查,B超检查之后实验组的全部病例以及对照组中子宫内膜厚度≥5 mm者行子宫内膜病理检查,并将超声结果与病检结果进行对照分析.结果 实验组中子宫内膜异常的超声检出率为51.3%,与对照组相比差异有显著性(P＜0.05).当内膜厚度＜5 mm时,内膜异常的病理检出率占10.8%,并以内膜炎为主要病理表现;当内膜厚度≥5 mm时,内膜异常的病理检出率明显增加,并以良性病变为主要病理表现.内膜癌2例,占绝经后出血病例的2.6%,内膜厚度均在17 mm以上.结论 阴道超声联合子宫内膜病理检查可明显提高子宫内膜异常的诊断率,特别对子宫内膜癌的早期诊断有重要作用.     

影响Pipelle子宫内膜取样的充分性因素分析

目的 分析影响Pipelle子宫内膜取样器获得的子宫内膜标本量的因素,探讨Pipelle取样器的适用范围.方法 对400例子宫内膜病理检查的患者,根据阴道超声检查分为两组,各200例.观察组:3mm≤子宫内膜厚度<5mm,对照组:子宫内膜厚度≥5mm.两组均先采用Pipelle取样器获取子宫内膜组织,后行诊断性刮宫术,分别送病理检查.结果 观察组用Pipelle取样器成功率94.6%,对照组91%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组样本组织不足(52.1%)与对照组(8.07%)比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Pipelle取样病理检查结果 ,观察组符合率为75%、敏感性为22.5%,对照组符合率为89%、敏感性为90.9%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 Pipelle子宫内膜取样器在子宫内膜厚度≥5mm患者的内膜病变筛查中成功率高,对于内膜厚度3~5mm的患者存在取样不足的可能,应谨慎使用.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.