CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞和肿瘤免疫

近期研究发现一个有独特免疫调节功能的T细胞亚群：CD4^ CD25^ 调节性T细胞，不仅能抑制自身免疫性疾病发生，还可能参与肿瘤免疫的调节。这群细胞具有免疫无能和免疫抑制特性，通过与细胞直接接触发挥作用，而不依赖于其分泌的细胞因子。肿瘤环境中CD4^ CD25^ 调节性T细胞比例增加，导致肿瘤免疫失调，去除这群细胞可有效诱导肿瘤免疫，为肿瘤治疗提供了一种新的方法。     

The ex vivo Microenviroments in MLTC of Poorly Immunogenic Tumor Cells Facilitate Polarization of CD4^＋ CD25^＋ Regulatory T Cells

CD4^＋CD25^＋ regulatory T （TR） cells play an important role in maintaining a balanced peripheral immune system. Recent studies have shown that TR cells may also play a key role in suppressing anti-tumor immune response. In order to investigate the tumor immune microenvironment and its influence on TR polarization, poorly immunogenic tumor cell line Ds （C57BL/6, H-2^b）, immunogenic tumor cell lines FBL3 （C57BL/6, H-2^b） and H22 BALB/c, H-2^d） were used to establish the syngeneic/allogeneic, poorly immunogenic/immunogenic mixed lymphocytes-tumor cell culture （MLTC）. Our results revealed that the proportion of CD4^＋CD25^＋ T cells in MLTC of syngeneic primed splenocytes stimulated with D5 tumor cells was higher than that with H22 cells （0.43% vs 0.044%, and the similar results appeared in allogeneic splenocytes stimulated with D5 tumor cells （0.39% vs 0.04%）. The splenocytes stimulated with supernatant from syngeneic MLTC of D5 tumor cells demonstrated higher proportion of CD4^＋CD25^＋ cells than that from allogeneic MLTC of D5 tumor cells, and the splenocytes stimulated with supernatant from syngeneic or allogeneic MLTC of H22 tumor cells generated lower proportion of CD4^＋CD25^＋ T cells than that of D5 tumor cells. The TGF-β1 and Th2-oriented cytokines （IL-4 and IL-10） were dominated in supernatants of syngeneic MLTC of poorly immunogenic tumor cells. Our results provided useful information for studying the mechanisms underlying tumor immune surveillance as well as for the tumor immunotherapy.     

CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞与移植免疫耐受

调节性T细胞是机体维持自身耐受的重要组成部分.CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞以持续高表达CD25为特征,可通过细胞间直接接触或分泌TGF-β、IL-10来发挥抑制功能.它广泛参与自身免疫耐受、肿瘤免疫、移植免疫.现就其发育、特性、发挥功能的机制以及在移植免疫耐受中的作用和应用前景作一综述.     

CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞研究进展

CD4^ CD25^ 调节性T细胞是调节性T细胞的亚群之一，主要来源于胸腺，具有多种独特的特征，包括可识别自身抗原肽、分泌抑制性细胞因子等。其功能是通过抑制自身反应性T细胞的免疫反应、抑制传统T细胞的活化以及促进一些抑制性细胞因子的分泌等，在维持机体内环境的稳定、肿瘤免疫监测、诱导移植耐受以及自身免疫性疾病的发生中发挥重要作用。     

OD4^＋ CD25^＋调节性T细胞参与肿瘤免疫逃逸的研究进展

CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞（regulatory T cells,Treg）是机体行使负性免疫调节的重要载体,在生理病理的诸多方面都有重要意义.本文旨就其与肿瘤的关联、介导逃逸的机制、细胞来源以及可能的临床运用作一综述.     

Foxp3和CD4^＋ CD25^＋ 调节性T细胞研究进展

调节性T细胞是机体维持自身耐受的重要组成部分，其对免疫反应具有抑制效应，在体外增殖能力低，在免疫病理、移植物耐受、阻止自身免疫反应和维持机体免疫平衡方面都有一定作用。最近发现Foxp3在调控调节性T细胞的一重要亚群CD4^ CD25^ 细胞的发育上起很重要的作用。本文就CD4^ CD25^ 细胞特性、Foxp3在其发育和功能发挥中的作用以及其活性调节方面作一综述。     

CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞：一类新被认识的免疫调节细胞

CD4^ CD25^ T细胞是最近才被认识的一类免疫调节细胞，在胸腺产生，主要发挥抑制性免疫调节功能，表达IL-10mRNA，细胞表面表达IL-2受体α链(CD25)，本身不产生IL-2，但在体内、外增殖需要外源性IL-2，在体外为无能细胞(anergy cell)，CD4^ CD25^ T细胞发挥免疫抑制作用是通过细胞-细胞接触依赖方式而非细胞因子依赖方式，CD4^ CD25^ T细胞在调控自身免疫性疾病的发生、炎症反应和T细胞稳态中发挥重要作用。本文拟对CD4^ CD25^ T细胞的生物学特性及其应用研究的最新进展作一综述。     

CD4^＋ CD25^＋调节性T细胞与自身免疫耐受

摘要CD^ CD25^ T细胞是一具有免疫调节(或免疫抑制)作用的细胞群。是健康个体T细胞库的组成成分，约占CD4^ T细胞5％～15％。它可以通过细胞接触依赖机制和抑制性细胞因子依赖机制亨动抑制自身免疫T细胞的活化，维持自身免疫耐受，防止自身免疫病的发生。对这一细胞群生物学作用的揭示，对自身免疫病、移植排斥、肿瘤、感染等方面的研究都具有重要意义。本文综述了     

Naturally Occurring Self-Reactive CD4^＋CD25^＋ Regulatory T Cells： Universal Immune Code

Naturally occurring thymus-arisen CD4^＋CD25^＋ regulatory T （Treg） cells are considered to play a central role in self-tolerance. Precise signals that promote the development of Treg cells remain elusive, but considerable evidence suggests that costimulatory molecules, cytokines, the nature of the TCR and the niche or the context in which the T cell encounters antigen in the thymus play important roles. Analysis of TCR from Treg cells has demonstrated that a large proportion of this population has a higher avidity to self-antigen in comparison with TCR from CD4^＋CD25^＋ cells and that peripheral antigen is required for their development, maintenance, or expansion. Treg cells have been shown to undergo expansion in the periphery, likely regulated by the presence of self-antigen. Many studies have shown that the involvement of Treg cells in the tolerance induction is antigen-specific, even with MHC-mismatched, in transplantation/graft versus host disease （GVHD）, autoimmunity, cancer, and pregnancy. Theses studies concluded a vital role for self-reactive Treg cells in maintenance of the body integrity. Based on those studies, we hypothesize that self-reactive Treg cells are shared among all healthy individuals and recognize same self-antigens and their TCR encodes for few dominant antigens of each organ which defines the healthy self. These dominant self antigens can be regarded as ＂universal immune code＂. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology.     

不同结核病患者CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋调节性T细胞表达的变化

目的分析不同结核病患者体内CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋调节性T细胞（Tr）表达的变化,探讨其在结核病免疫中的作用。方法对33例结核病患者以及同期30例健康体检者运用流式细胞术检测其外周血CD4^＋CD25“。“和CIM^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋Tr表达情况。结果结核组CD4^＋CD25^high和CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋Tr检测结果分别为（8．84±2．55）％、（6．30±1．38）％,高于对照组（7．09±1．09）％、（5．22±0．64）％,差别有统计学意义（t=3．57,4．01,P〈0．01）;痰涂阳患者CD4^＋CD25^high和CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋Tr检测结果分别为（10．52±3．27）％、（7．18±1．77）％,高于痰涂阴患者（8．21±1．94）％、（5．97±1．06）％,两组问差别均具有统计学意义（t=2．51,2．42,P〈0．05）;初治患者和复治患者间CD4^＋CD25^high和CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋检测结果无统计学意义（t=0．03,0．02,P〉0．05）。结论结核病患者体内CD4^＋CD25^high和CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋Tr检测结果高于健康人群,提示患者体内存在免疫系统抑制状态。     

Phenotypic characterization of regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells in rats

CD25 has become widely used as a marker for a subset of regulatory CD4(+) T cells present in the thymus and periphery of mice, rats and humans. However, CD25 is also expressed on conventionally activated T cells that are not regulatory and not all peripheral regulatory T cells express CD25. The identification of a stable and unique marker for regulatory T cells would therefore be valuable. This study provides a detailed account of the phenotype of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in rats. In the thymus, CD4(+)CD8(-)CD25(+) cells were found to have a more mature phenotype than the corresponding CD4(+)CD8(-)CD25(-) cells with respect to expression of Thy1 (CD90), CD53 and CD44, suggesting that CD25 expression, and perhaps commitment to regulatory function, might be a late event in thymocyte development. CD4(+)CD25(+) cells in both the thymus and periphery were found to have enriched and heterogeneous expression of activation markers such as OX40 (CD134) and OX48 (an antibody determined in this study to be specific for CD86). CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells were also found to have enriched expression of CD80, at both the mRNA and protein level. However, functional studies in vitro and in vivo showed that neither OX40 or CD86 were useful markers for the further subdivision of regulatory T cells. Our studies indicate that, at present, CD25 remains the most useful marker to enrich for regulatory CD4(+) T cells in rats and no further subdivision of the regulatory component of CD4(+)CD25(-)CD45RC(low) T cells has yet been achieved.     

CD4+ CD25+ [corrected] regulatory T cells render naive CD4+ CD25- T cells anergic and suppressive

CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) naturally occurring regulatory T cells (nTreg) are potent inhibitors of almost all immune responses. However, it is unclear how this minor population of cells is capable of exerting its powerful suppressor effects. To determine whether nTreg mediate part of their suppressor function by rendering naive T cells anergic or by converting them to the suppressor phenotype, we cocultured mouse nTreg with naive CD4(+) CD25(-) T cells from T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice on a RAG deficient (RAG(-/-)) background in the presence of anti-CD3 and interleukin-4 (IL-4) to promote cell viability. Two distinct responder cell populations could be recovered from the cocultures. One population remained undivided in the coculture and was non-responsive to restimulation with anti-CD3 or exogenous IL-2, and could not up-regulate IL-2 mRNA or CD25 expression upon TCR restimulation. Those responder cells that had divided in the coculture were anergic to restimulation with anti-CD3 but responded to restimulation with IL-2. The undivided population was capable of suppressing the response of fresh CD4(+) CD25(-) T cells and CD8(+) T cells, while the divided population was only marginally suppressive. Although cell contact between the induced regulatory T cell (iTreg) and the responders was required for suppression to be observed, anti-transforming growth factor-beta partially abrogated their suppressive function. The iTreg did not express Foxp3. Therefore nTreg are not only able to suppress immune responses by inhibiting cytokine production by CD4(+) CD25(-) responder cells, but also appear to modulate the responder cells to render them both anergic and suppressive.     

The number of human peripheral blood CD4+ CD25high regulatory T cells increases with age

Ageing is associated with evidence of immune deficiency and dysregulation. Key changes in the immune system with ageing include a progressive reduction in naive T cell output associated with thymic involution and peripheral expansion of oligoclonal memory T cells. These features are associated with evidence of impaired immune responsiveness both in vitro and in vivo, termed immune senescence. CD4+ CD25+ T cells have recently been recognized as mediators of peripheral immune regulation and play a role in the control of autoimmune and pathogen-specific immune responses. The significance of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in the context of immunosenescence is not known. We have investigated the number, phenotype and function of CD4+ CD25+ T cells in healthy volunteers over a wide age range. We demonstrate that the number of CD4+ CD25+ and CD4+ CD25high T cells in healthy volunteers increases with age. In both age groups CD4+ CD25+ T cells showed a phenotype consistent with that described for regulatory T cells. Further analysis of CD4+ CD25high T cells in young and elderly donors showed equivalent expression of intracellular CTLA-4 and surface expression of activation markers. In vitro, functional titration assays of CD4+ CD25high T cells demonstrated equivalent regulatory function in both young and elderly donors, with suppression of proliferation and cytokine production in response to polyclonal T cell stimulation. These observations demonstrate an increase in peripheral blood CD4+ CD25high regulatory T cells associated with ageing. The relevance of these expanded cells in relation to the immune senescence seen in the elderly as yet remains unclear.     

Chemokines,chemokine receptors and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells

The fields of regulatory T (Treg) cells and chemokines/chemokine receptors have progressed rapidly in the last few years. Treg cells, especially CD4⁺CD25⁺ Treg cells, play a critical role in maintaining self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. Chemokines and chemokine receptors are crucial for lymphoid development, homing and immunological regulation. This review will discuss the biological effects of chemokines and chemokine receptors on regulating the migration and development of CD4⁺CD25⁺ Treg cells, and the potential clinical implications of these findings when considering chemokine receptors as therapeutic targets.     

Effect of intestinal microbiota on the induction of regulatory CD25+ CD4+ T cells

When oral tolerance was induced in either specific pathogen-free (SPF) or germ-free (GF) mice, ovalbumin (OVA) feeding before immunization induced oral tolerance successfully in SPF mice. On the other hand, OVA-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgE titres in OVA-fed GF mice were comparable to those in phosphate-buffered saline-fed GF mice, thus demonstrating that oral tolerance could not be induced in GF mice. The frequencies of CD25(+) CD4(+)/CD4(+) cells in the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and the absolute number of CD25(+) CD4(+) cells in the Peyer's patches and MLN of naive GF mice were significantly lower than those in naive SPF mice. In an in vitro assay, the CD25(+) CD4(+) cells from the naive SPF mice suppressed more effectively the proliferation of responder cells in a dose-dependent manner than those from the GF mice. In addition, the CD25(+) CD4(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells from the naive SPF mice produced higher amounts of interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta than those from the GF mice. When anti-TGF-beta neutralizing antibody, but not anti-IL-10 neutralizing antibody, was added to the in vitro proliferation assay, the suppressive effect of the CD25(+) CD4(+) T(reg) cells from the SPF mice was attenuated to the same level as that of the CD25(+) CD4(+) cells from the GF mice. In conclusion, the TGF-beta-producing CD25(+) CD4(+) T(reg) cells from the MLN of SPF mice played a major role in oral tolerance induction. In addition, as the regulatory function of the CD25(+) CD4(+) cells from the naive GF mice was much lower than that of the CD25(+) CD4(+) T(reg) cells from the SPF mice, indigenous microbiota are thus considered to contribute to the induction and maintenance of CD25(+) CD4(+) T(reg) cells.     

天然CD4+CD25+Treg细胞的研究进展

天然CD4+ CD25+ Treg细胞在针对自身抗原和外来抗原的免疫应答中起关键控制作用,其缺乏或功能性的缺陷将导致多重病理性的失调.本文就近年在其产生、作用机制以及与免疫耐受的诱导关系等方面的研究进展进行了综述.     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞和TLRs在幽门螺杆菌 免疫逃逸中的作用

宿主感染幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)后,会产生炎症反应和免疫反应,但宿主不能完全清除H.pylori,原因之一为H.pylori可逃逸宿主免疫形成持续慢性感染。H.pylori免疫逃逸机制尚不明确,目前此机制研究热点为CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞和TLRs在H.pylori免疫逃逸中的作用。