生血颗粒对免疫介导再生障碍性贫血模型小鼠的作用

目的观察生血颗粒对再生障碍性贫血模型小鼠的作用。方法取自DBA/2小鼠的胸腺单细胞悬液,输入经亚致死量γ-射线照射后的BALB/C小鼠体内,制作再生障碍性贫血模型,观察生血颗粒对再生障碍性贫血模型小鼠红细胞数、血红蛋白含量、骨髓有核细胞数、脾脏指数的影响。结果生血颗粒可增加免疫介导再生障碍性贫血模型小鼠的红细胞数、血红蛋白含量、骨髓有核细胞数和脾脏指数。结论生血颗粒具有生血作用。     

补虚颗粒对乙酰苯肼和环磷酰胺致血虚小鼠的补血作用研究

目的 研究补虚颗粒对乙酰苯肼和环磷酰胺联用致血虚小鼠的影响.方法 用乙酰苯肼和环磷酰胺联合作用于小鼠,建立小鼠血虚症模型,观察补虚颗粒对小鼠外周血常规、胸腺指数和脾脏指数的影响.结果 补虚颗粒给药组小鼠的红细胞、白细胞、血红蛋白和血小板计数均高于模型组,胸腺指数和脾脏指数也有一定程度的提高.结论 补虚颗粒对化学物质致血虚小鼠具有生血、补血作用.     

生血宝合剂对环磷酰胺所致小鼠白细胞减少症的影响

目的观察生血宝合剂对环磷酰胺(CTX)所致小鼠白细胞减少症的影响。方法小鼠连续给药10d,并于第6和7d各腹腔注射CTX(100mg.kg-1)1次造成外周血白细胞减少。比较给药组和模型组小鼠外周血白细胞数量、股骨中骨髓有核细胞数及肝、脾、胸腺造血免疫器官脏器系数。结果与对照组比较,连续2d腹腔注射100mg.kg-1 CTX,小鼠外周血白细胞数、骨髓有核细胞数显著减少,肝脏、脾脏和胸腺系数明显降低。生血宝合剂给药组均使小鼠外周血白细胞数、骨髓有核细胞数显著增多,但对肝脏、脾脏和胸腺系数的升高差异无统计学意义。结论生血宝合剂对CTX所致小鼠白细胞减少症有明显的治疗作用。     

芪术口服液对环磷酰胺所致小鼠骨髓造血功能损伤的保护作用

目的:观察芪术口服液对环磷酰胺所致小鼠骨髓造血功能损伤的保护作用.方法:对小鼠腹腔注射100 mg/kg环磷酰胺后,观察芪术口服液对小鼠外周血象、骨髓有核细胞和胸腺、脾脏指数的影响.结果:芪术口服液能升高受损小鼠白细胞、红细胞、血小板、血红蛋白和骨髓有核细胞数量,并能使小鼠胸腺、脾脏指数升高.结论:芪术口服液对环磷酰胺引起的小鼠骨髓造血功能损伤有一定的保护作用.     

益血生胶囊对小鼠辐射损伤的保护作用

目的:研究益血生胶囊对辐射损伤的治疗作用.方法:以X射线照射小鼠全身引起辐射损伤,观察益血生胶囊对辐射小鼠白细胞、骨髓有核细胞、胸腺、脾脏的影响.结果:益血生胶囊能升高受照鼠白细胞、骨髓有核细胞数,并使受照鼠胸腺、脾脏重量回升.结论:益血生胶囊对X射线所致辐射损伤有较好保护作用.     

参麦皂苷促进环磷酰胺化疗小鼠免疫和造血功能恢复实验研究

目的：研究参麦皂苷对环磷酰胺化疗损伤模型小鼠免疫功能和造血功能恢复的促进作用。方法：注射环磷酰胺复制小鼠免疫低下模型,造模后给予参麦皂苷治疗,观察小鼠外周血细胞计数、网织红细胞数、骨髓有核细胞数,脾结节数,体质量、胸腺系数和脾脏系数的变化。结果：参麦皂苷可明显升高模型小鼠白细胞数、血红蛋白含量和血小板数（P〈0．05）,增加网织红细胞数和脾结节数（P〈0．05）,增加体质量、脾脏和胸腺指数（P〈0．05）。结论：参麦皂苷具有显著改善机体免疫功能和刺激骨髓造血功能的作用。     

阿胶铁口服液对小鼠白细胞减少症的影响

目的 研究阿胶铁口服液(DGI)对环磷酰胺致小鼠白细胞减少症的影响.方法 给予小鼠ip环磷酰胺,制作白细胞减少症模型,用DGI治疗,检测模型小鼠外周血象(PH)、胸腺指数(TGI)、脾脏指数(SI)、肝脏指数(LI)、骨髓有核细胞数(BMKC)和细胞周期(CLC),并观察骨髓组织的病理切片.结果 DGI可明显升高模型小鼠的白细胞数(WBC)、血红蛋白数(HB)、红细胞数(RBC)、TGI、SI,并可促进骨髓有核细胞CLC的恢复,与模型组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论 DGI对环磷酰胺所致的WBC减少具有明显促进升白作用.     

复方甘草酸苷注射液对小鼠放、化疗模型减毒作用实验研究

目的 考察复方甘草酸苷注射液(美能注射液)对于放、化疗动物模型骨髓抑制和免疫损伤的减毒作用,探寻本品临床应用的新价值。方法 选择正常及S180荷瘤小鼠,采用放疗(⁶⁰Co照射,5.0 Gy)和化疗(环磷酰胺,100 mg·kg^-1,腹腔注射)方法建立模型,通过体质量、胸腺指数、脾脏指数、白细胞数和骨髓有核细胞数等指标,评价复方甘草酸苷注射液对放、化疗模型减毒作用。复方甘草酸苷注射液设高、中、低剂量组(以甘草酸苷计分别为40,20,10 mg·kg^-1),1次·d^-1,连续静脉注射给药7 d。第8天处死动物,测定体质量、外周血白细胞数、骨髓有核细胞数、胸腺系数、脾脏系数。结果 ①化疗模型中,环磷酰胺可使得正常小鼠和S180荷瘤小鼠胸腺和脾脏的脏器指数显著下降(P<0.01),白细胞数和骨髓有核细胞数显著减少(P<0.05)。复方甘草酸苷注射液高剂量可明显升高2种化疗动物模型白细胞数和骨髓有核细胞数(P<0.05),中低剂量组也有部分改善作用。复方甘草酸苷注射液对胸腺和脾脏的脏器指数改善作用不明显。②放疗模型中,⁶⁰Co照射可使得正常小鼠和S180荷瘤小鼠胸腺和脾脏的脏器指数显著降低(P<0.01),白细胞和骨髓有核细胞数显著减少(P<0.01)。复方甘草酸苷注射液各剂量组对60Co照射引起的正常小鼠和S180荷瘤小鼠各项指标变化均未见明显改善作用。结论 对于环磷酰胺化疗引起的正常小鼠和S180荷瘤小鼠的骨髓抑制,复方甘草酸苷注射液具有明显的改善作用;对于60Co放疗引起的正常小鼠和S180荷瘤小鼠的骨髓抑制,复方甘草酸苷注射液改善作用不明显,提示本品在化疗骨髓抑制防护方面具有一定的应用价值。     

生化汤补血作用的研究

目的:研究生化汤对小鼠的补血作用。方法:应用实验动物模型,研究生化汤对失血性血虚、化学损伤性血虚小鼠的治疗效果。结果:生化汤组小鼠的红细胞数、血红蛋白含量和骨髓有核细胞数及脾重量均明显高于模型组。结论:生化汤有明显的抗贫血作用,并能促进骨髓及脾脏的造血功能。     

七叶灵颗粒对骨髓抑制小鼠造血系统的影响

摘要目的观察七叶灵颗粒对环磷酰胺所致骨髓抑制小鼠造血系统的影响。方法C57BL/6小鼠40只,随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组、正常七叶灵颗粒组、模型七叶灵颗粒组,每组10只。模型对照组和模型七叶灵颗粒组采用环磷酰胺腹腔注射制备骨髓抑制模型,各组小鼠分别给予七叶灵颗粒或0.9%氯化钠溶液灌胃14 d,观察生存质量,计数各组外周血常规及骨髓有核细胞。结果模型七叶灵颗粒组小鼠生存质量、外周血常规和骨髓有核细胞数均显著高于模型对照组（P＜0.01）,正常七叶灵颗粒组与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论七叶灵颗粒能够改善化学治疗后小鼠生存质量,升高环磷酰胺所致骨髓抑制小鼠的外周血常规和骨髓有核细胞数,具有保护骨髓造血系统功能、抗化学治疗骨髓抑制的作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.