On the use of keyboards as response panels for measurement of successive time intervals]

A PC's clock, which has a precision in error of +/- 1 microsecond, was developed. However, the level of precision in a psychological experiment depends on the keyboard characteristic, if we use it. The author measured reaction time (RT) and interresponse time (IRT) using the PC's clock and, in parallel, measured true time with an external universal counter. Next, the time difference between the PC's time count and the true time value was analyzed. When using a keyboard as a reaction panel, both a constant time delay and an error variance were found in measuring the RT. The frequency distribution of this difference in time value had a uniform distribution with the width of 6 ms. In the IRT time measurement, no time delay was found, and the frequency distribution of the difference in time value was triangular. The range of the triangle distribution was twice as large as that of the uniform distribution. We can estimate the standard deviations of both distributions through the relation of "sigma/R = k" if we get a range of uniform distribution.     

急性阑尾炎保守与手术治疗的效果比较

目的 分析急性阑尾炎保守治疗与手术治疗应用效果。方法 选取2018年1月~2019年1月在我院治疗的90例急性阑尾炎患者临床资料,随机分为对照组和观察组,各45例。对照组采用保守治疗,观察组采用手术治疗。比较两组临床治疗总有效率、腹痛持续时间、下床活动时间、抗生素使用时间、胃肠功能恢复时间恢复时间以及并发症发生情况。结果 观察组治疗总有效率为95.56%,高于对照组的82.22%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组腹痛持续时间、下床活动时间、抗生素使用时间、胃肠功能恢复时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组并发症发生率为6.67%,低于对照组的17.78%,复发率为4.44%,低于对照组的22.22%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 急性阑尾炎患者采用手术治疗效果显著,可在短时间内改善病情,减轻患者的腹痛等临床症状,减少抗生素使用时间,且临床并发症发生率低。     

Pulse Transit Time as an Indicator of Arterial Blood Pressure

The relationship between pulse-arrival times and diastolic blood pressure was measured in 10 anesthetized dogs. The pulse-arrival time was measured using the R-wave of the electrocardiogram (ECG) as a time reference. Pulse-transit time was also measured between the carotid and femoral pulses. Blood pressure was raised with epinephrine injected intravenously and lowered with vagal stimulation. In all cases, pulse arrival and transit times decreased with an increase in diastolic pressure for diastolic pressures ranging from 15 to 250 mmHg. The correlation between pulse-arrival time and pressure was poorest when the ECG was used as a timing reference. The best correlation was found with true pulse-transit time and diastolic pressure. When pulse-transit time was used to compute pulse-wave velocity, it was found to increase nearly linearly with blood pressure. From 90–100 mmHg, the pulse-wave velocity increased typically by slightly less than six percent.     

Nutrients that modify the speed of internal clock and memory storage processes

Two experiments assessed the effects of nutrients on timing behavior by rats. The nutrients were laced with saccharin and given to rats as a snack before training on a 20-s peak-interval procedure. The primary component of the snacks for four groups of 10 rats was lecithin (phosphatidylcholine), protein (casein), carbohydrate (sucrose), or a nonnutrient (saccharin). The primary measure of behavior was the time of the rat's highest response rate during a trial (peak time), which represented the interval during which the rat maximally expected food. With a lecithin snack, peak time was gradually shifted over sessions to a shorter time, remained shifted to the left of the normal function with additional testing, and then remained at the shorter time on two sessions after the snack was discontinued; with the protein snack, peak time was abruptly shifted to a shorter time, returned to normal with additional testing, and then rebounded to a longer time when the snack was discontinued; with a carbohydrate, snack peak time was abruptly shifted to a longer time, returned to normal with additional testing, and then rebounded to a shorter time when the snack was discontinued. The behavioral patterns produced by the nutrients were interpreted in terms of precursor effects on central neurotransmitter synthesis and release, psychological stages of an information-processing model, and mathematical parameters of a scalar timing theory.     

一种关于RPM放疗呼吸门控系统束流时间延迟性能的参考质控方法

目的：提出一种关于RPM放疗呼吸门控系统束流时间延迟性能的参考质控方法,给出参考条件下VB与EDGE加速器的时间延迟测量结果。方法：首先设计梯形质控呼吸曲线并加载运动模体,利用定位CT扫描由运动模体驱动的W-L模体,然后设计用于束流出束和截止延迟测量的两类质控计划,最后在加速器上执行质控计划,使用EPID采集模体的静态参考图像与运动测量图像,通过分析致密金属球在运动图像和参考图像中的位置差,反推束流的时间延迟,分别在VB与EDGE两台加速器上做方法验证。结果：VB与EDGE加速器的束流出束时间延迟均小于100 ms,截止时间延迟基本一致,VB加速器约为14 ms,EDGE约为22 ms。10FFF各剂量率的出束时间延迟基本一致,而6FFF、6 MV和10 MV则随剂量率的变化略有增加。4个能量各剂量率的束流截止时间延迟均较小且相对一致,部分能量有随剂量率变大而延迟缩小的趋势。结论：本研究提出的RPM束流时间延迟参考质控方法和条件具有较高的测量可信度和较强的临床实操性,测量结果表明RPM呼吸门控系统响应灵敏,研究结果为呼吸门控系统的时间延迟质控提供了重要的方法学指导与数据参考。     

腹腔镜联合输尿管镜治疗胆总管结石的临床疗效

目的 探讨腹腔镜联合输尿管镜治疗胆总管结石的临床疗效。方法 选取2016年1月~2018年7月我院治疗的胆总管结石患者68例,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和研究组,各34例。对照组行传统开腹手术治疗,研究组行腹腔镜联合输尿管镜治疗。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后患者肠功能恢复时间、住院时间以及T管拔除时间、结石一次性清除率和术后并发症发生情况。结果 两组手术时间比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;研究组术中出血量,术后患者肠道功能恢复时间、住院时间以及T管拔除时间均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。研究组结石一次性清除率为91.18%,低于对照组的94.12%,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。研究组术后并发症发生率为5.88%,低于对照组的23.53%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 腹腔镜联合输尿管镜治疗胆总管结石,具有创伤小、术中出血量少,术后恢复快及并发症少等优点,同时具有较高的临床应用价值。     

人内耳半规管嵴顶时间常数的定量分析

目的 通过数值仿真和实验定量探究人内耳前庭半规管中的嵴顶时间常数,明确半规管编码角运动的时间过程。方法 建立人双耳半规管数值模型,通过流固耦合数值模拟嵴顶的生物力学响应,进而计算嵴顶的力学松弛时间常数。同时,对志愿者进行前庭眼反射实验,根据志愿者的眼震慢相角速度计算嵴顶的时间常数。结果 通过人内耳半规管数值模型计算得出的嵴顶力学松弛时间常数为3.75 s。通过实验测量得出平均嵴顶时间常数约为4.86 s。数值模型和实验中的结果近似保持一致。结论 人内耳前庭半规管中的嵴顶时间常数大约为4.86 s,反映了嵴顶力学松弛和半规管传入神经适应性的联合作用效果,体现了半规管编码角运动的时间过程。     

乌司他丁与生长抑素治疗重症急性胰腺炎临床疗效观察

目的 比较乌司他丁和生长抑素治疗重症急性胰腺炎的临床疗效。方法 选择我院2017年7月~2018年7月收治的68例重症急性胰腺炎患者,随机分为对照组32例和观察组36例,两组患者均接受常规治疗,对照组在此基础上应用生长抑素治疗,观察组使用乌司他丁治疗。记录两组患者上腹部压痛缓解时间、腹痛恢复时间、血淀粉酶恢复时间,IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、TNF-α改善水平,比较两组治疗有效率。结果 观察组患者的上腹部压痛缓解时间、腹痛恢复时间、血淀粉酶恢复时间均少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组患者的IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、TNF-α改善效果均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组治疗有效率为94.44%,高于对照组的75.00%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 应用乌司他丁为重症急性胰腺炎患者治疗可有效改善各项炎症介质,缩短各项指标和症状的改善时间,临床应用可行性高。     

葡萄糖酸锌联合醒脾养儿颗粒治疗 小儿肠炎的临床疗效

目的 观察使用葡萄糖酸锌联合醒脾养儿颗粒治疗小儿肠炎的临床效果。方法 选取我院2016年1月~2017年12月肠炎患儿56例,随机分为对照组和观察组,各28例。对照组使用葡萄糖酸锌+阿莫西林治疗,观察组使用葡萄糖酸锌+醒脾养儿颗粒治疗。比较两组患儿退热时间、止泻时间、住院时间和总有效率。结果 观察组退热时间、止泻时间和住院时间均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组总有效率为92.86%,高于对照组的67.86%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 对小儿肠炎使用葡萄糖酸锌和醒脾养儿颗粒治疗整体疗效较好,可减少患儿退热时间、止泻时间和住院时间。     

腹腔镜联合胃镜行胃间质瘤切除术对胃间质瘤患者 术后康复及并发症的影响分析

目的 研究腹腔镜联合胃镜行胃间质瘤切除术对胃间质瘤患者术后康复及并发症的影响。方法 选取我院胃间质瘤患者52例,按手术方式不同分组,各26例。对照组给予开腹胃间质瘤切除术治疗,观察组给予腹腔镜联合胃镜行胃间质瘤切除术治疗,比较两组患者手术时长、失血量,术后排气时间、引流管拔除时间、住院天数及并发症发生情况。结果 观察组手术时长、失血量、排气时间、拔除引流管时间低于对照组,住院天数少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组并发症发生率为3.85%,低于对照组的30.77%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 腹腔镜联合胃镜行胃间质瘤切除术应用于胃间质瘤患者可减少术中失血量,缩短手术用时、排气时间、引流管拔除时间,减少住院天数,且并发症较少,值得应用推广。     

The Refractory Time in the Visual Cortex of Albino Guinea-Pigs1

The absolutely refractory time of the summed cortical response, tested with paired supramaximal stimuli to the contralateral optic nerve of chloralose-anesthetized guinea-pigs, was 86±3 msec. The absolutely unresponsive time tested with paired white flashes to the contralateral eye was 96±6 msec. The difference was thought to be due to the fact that the flashes were not quite supramaximal; in one experiment the absolutely irresponsive time was reached by increasing the intensity of the light and then the recovery time was the same whether the paired stimuli were shocks to the optic nerve or flashes. The colored flashes used –Λmax 450 mμ, 510 mμ and 590 mμ-evoked responses of equal size and latency and with the same unresponsive time, 125 msec±3 msec. A late response to flashes was variable; when it was large, it could engulf the primary response to the testing flash and make the determination of the unresponsive time impossible.     

Preparation of Biodegradable Gelatin Nanospheres with a Narrow Size Distribution for Carrier of Cellular Internalization of Plasmid DNA

The objective of this study is to design biodegradable nanospheres of cationized gelatin as a carrier of cellular internalization of plasmid DNA. Ethylenediamine was chemically introduced into the carboxyl groups of gelatin to obtain cationized gelatin. The gelatin solution was filtered through a glass membrane under high pressure and dropped into 2-butanol, acetone or a mixture of the two to form nanospheres of cationized gelatin. The microspheres of cationized gelatin were prepared by the conventional water-in-oil emulsion method. The resulting nano- and microspheres of cationized gelatin were dehydrothermally treated at 160°C for different time periods to allow them to cross-link chemically. The size of nanospheres, prepared by the filtration method and changed by the type of solvents, was 1.86, 0.83 or 0.24 μm. The in vitro degradation of spheres became faster as the time period of dehydrothermal treatment was shorter. The degradation time of spheres in HCl solution linearly increased with an increase in the cross-linking time, irrespective of the sphere size. However, in the collagenase solution, when compared at the similar cross-linking density, the smaller spheres were degraded more slowly than the larger ones. The plasmid DNA incorporated in the nanospheres was released from the nanospheres with their degradation. The nanospheres incorporating plasmid DNA were internalized into cells, and intracellularly degraded with time to release plasmid DNA. The time period of plasmid DNA release was prolonged by increasing the nanosphere degradation time.     

Analysis of serum human chorionic gonadotrophin levels in normal singleton, multiple and abnormal pregnancies.

Some researchers claim that first trimester beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (beta HCG) levels have a constant doubling time; others suggest doubling time increases as pregnancy progresses. This study was designed to settle the debate by analysing a large series of serial serum beta HCG determinations from 143 pregnant women whose day of ovulation was precisely determined. Regression analysis was used to evaluate linear and quadratic models for the relationship of HCG with time in normal pregnancies. Doubling times were calculated for three time periods: 10-20 days post-ovulation (period 1); 21-30 days post-ovulation (period 2); greater than 30 days post-ovulation (period 3). Analysis of variance was used to compare the mean doubling time by time period and type of pregnancy (single, multiple, spontaneous abortion and ectopic). The analysis showed that a quadratic model best described the pattern of HCG rise in early normal pregnancy. Furthermore, for normal pregnancies, the mean doubling time increased significantly with advancing gestational age between time periods 1 and 2 and between periods 2 and 3. The mean doubling time was the same for single and multiple pregnancies. The doubling time was prolonged with ectopic pregnancy in period 1; and for aborters reaching ultrasound at 8 weeks, the doubling time was normal in period 1 but prolonged in period 2. Careful observation of the doubling time may aid clinicians in the detection of abnormal pregnancies.     

Post-tetanic effects in motor units of fast and slow twitch muscle of the cat

1. Motor unit twitches were examined in cat flexor digitorum longus (fast twitch) and soleus (slow twitch) muscles. The time course of the effects of a standard tetanus on the peak twitch tension was plotted and the maximal potentiation or depression (the post-tetanic ratio) was measured.2. The post-tetanic ratio decreased continuously as the twitch time to peak of motor units increased; motor units from flexor digitorum longus and soleus could be described as a single population. The closest approximation to a linear relationship was found by plotting post-tetanic ratio against the reciprocal of time to peak.3. The post-tetanic ratio was also related to the ratio of tetanic to twitch tension. The time of maximum potentiation or depression occurred between 1 and 11 sec, but this variable was unrelated to the time to peak or any other characteristic of the motor unit.     

Post-tetanic potentiation at the neuromuscular junction of the frog

1. Post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) was studied at the neuromuscular junction of the frog. The magnitude and time course of PTP was dependent on the number of stimuli in the tetanus, rather than on the frequency or duration of the tetanus. At low temperature the maximum amplitude of PTP was unchanged, but the time course was prolonged.2. The magnitude and time course of PTP was accounted for quantitatively by estimated changes in the fraction of transmitter released per stimulus.3. As external [Ca] was reduced, the time for decay of PTP was decreased. The maximum amplitude of PTP, measured with respect to control amplitude at the same [Ca], was unchanged, but occurred at earlier times. The time course of PTP was dependent only on the [Ca] present during the tetanus.4. It is concluded that PTP is associated with an intracellular accumulation of Ca during the tetanus.     

Shuttling behavior and intracranial self-stimulation reward: behavioral changes as a function of intensity and independence of on/off times

The correlation between "on" time and "off" time in intracranial self-stimulation shuttling behavior under continuous reinforcement was examined. The results showed that if a tendency for positive trend in the data was accounted for, no consistent correlation could be found between within-trial on time and the succeeding or preceding off time either as a function of intensity or number of trials. However, mean on and off times showed a significant positive correlation at low to moderate intensities. Total charge, total time, and proportion of time on remain relatively constant over a series of trials despite significant changes in on time, off time, and crossing rate. The results indicate the importance of selecting suitable measures in the study of shuttling behavior.     

3D打印结合定制钢板内固定技术在治疗复杂胫骨干骨折中的应用

目的研究3D打印结合定制钢板技术治疗复杂的胫骨干骨折的临床疗效。方法运用回顾性研究对2014年1月至2014年6月收集的23例进行治疗的新鲜闭合性胫骨C型骨折病例进行分析,其中11例采用3D打印结合定制钢板内固定技术治疗的3D组以及12例采用传统胫骨钢板固定治疗的传统组。3D组的年龄为(42.6±12.3)岁,受伤至手术时间为(4.9±1.0)d;传统组的年龄为(41.2±11.0)岁,受伤至手术时间为(4.4±1.0)d。3D组在术前打印出患者损伤胫骨的真实3D模型,并根据患者个体情况制作个性化定制钢板用于术中使用;传统组则采用普通术前准备,术中使用传统胫骨钢板固定。比较两组的术中出血量、手术时间、术中透视次数、骨折愈合时间、Matta骨折复位标准、Johner-wruhs评分。结果3D组的随访时间为(19.9±4.3)个月,传统组的随访时间为(18.4±4.0)个月。3D组的手术时间为(117.27±25.82)min、术中出血量为(118.18±40.45)mL、透视次数为(4.09±1.14)次、骨折愈合时间为(13.18±1.72)周。传统组的手术时间为(142.50±30.34)min、术中出血量为(170.83±68.95)mL、透视次数为(6.17±2.08)次、骨折愈合时间为(15.41±3.08)周。两组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论3D打印结合定制钢板内固定技术治疗胫骨骨折可减少术中出血与透视次数,减少手术时间,减少手术创伤与手术风险,方便医患交流,改善患者预后。     

不同手术时机开展腹腔镜下粘连性肠梗阻术的临床效果对比

目的 探讨不同手术时机开展腹腔镜下粘连性肠梗阻术的临床效果。方法 选取我院2016年1月~2018年1月收治的粘连性肠梗阻患者120例,按就诊时间分为研究组和对照组,每组60例,均进行腹腔镜下粘连性肠梗阻术治疗。研究组于就诊48 h内手术,对照组于就诊48 h后手术,观察两组临床疗效、并发症情况（腹腔感染、切口感染、肠坏死、出血）、临床指标（住院时间、排气时间、胃肠道功能恢复时间）、生活质量（生理功能、情感、活力、总体健康）。结果 研究组总有效率高于对照组（91.67% vs 76.67%）,并发症发生率低于对照组（11.67% vs 30.00%）,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。研究组住院时间、排气时间、胃肠道功能恢复时间均优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。研究组生理功能、情感、活力、总体健康评分均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 就诊48 h内实施腹腔镜下粘连性肠梗阻术的临床效果显著,可以明显改善生活质量和预后,提高治疗效果,安全性较高。     

肿瘤生长过程中时间延迟在肿瘤免疫系统中的作用

目的通过理论方法研究肿瘤生长过程中时间延迟在肿瘤免疫系统中的作用。方法建立肿瘤与免疫系统相互作用的数学模型,在肿瘤Logistic生长函数中引入时间延迟,通过解析和数值的方法研究免疫系统与肿瘤细胞相互作用的过程。分析肿瘤状态与时间延迟的关系,并与肿瘤免疫编辑过程的各阶段相对应。结果理论分析和数值模拟表明,当时间延迟量很小时,肿瘤免疫系统处于稳定状态。当时间延迟量变大时,肿瘤免疫系统进入肿瘤免疫编辑过程中的平衡和逃逸阶段,进而描述了肿瘤的状态从休眠发展为恶性的过程。结论在肿瘤免疫系统相互作用过程中,时间延迟起到关键的作用,不同的时间延迟能够导致不同的肿瘤状态。研究结果有助于加深临床上对肿瘤免疫系统相互作用的理解,为分析肿瘤的状态和治疗提供参考。     

新生儿3种静脉穿刺方法的应用效果分析

目的探讨新生儿静脉穿刺的最佳方法。方法 243例静脉留置输液的新生儿随机分成3组,每组81例,分别为腋静脉穿刺组、头皮静脉穿刺组和前臂头静脉穿刺组,比较分析3组的操作时间、穿刺针留置时间、一次性穿刺成功率、合作率及家长满意程度。结果腋静脉穿刺组的留置针留置时间最长（69.48±4.11）h,穿刺时间最短（48.29±11.82）s,一次性穿刺成功率（95.06%）、合作率（62.96%）和满意率（79.01%）均最高,其留置针留置时间、穿刺时间、一次性穿刺成功率、满意率和合作率与其他两组相比,均具有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。结论腋静脉穿刺可以提高护理工作效率,减少患儿的痛苦,能够很好地配合临床治疗,是新生儿较为理想的一种静脉穿刺方法。