产超广谱β内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌耐药特征及基因分型

目的了解山东中医药大学附属医院分离的大肠埃希菌中产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株的耐药特征及CTX-M型、TEM型、SHV型基因流行状况。方法采用双纸片法检测ESBLs,聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测CTX-M酶、TEM酶、SHV酶基因型DNA序列分析确认TEM及SHV基因亚型,K-B法进行药敏试验。结果 83株大肠埃希菌中45株ESBLs表型确证试验阳性,检出率为54.2%,PCR扩增结果显示83株大肠埃希菌中CTX-M型基因扩增阳性44株(53.0%),TEM型阳性32株(38.6%),SHV型阳性1株(1.2%),TEM型和SHV型测序结果分别为TEM-1亚型和SHV-1亚型。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,除对亚胺培南、美罗培南未见耐药外,对阿米卡星、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦和头孢西丁耐药性较低,耐药率分别为13.3%、17.8%和31.1%,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,除了对头孢菌素、单环β内酰胺类抗生素具有很高耐药性外,对甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲噁唑、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和庆大霉素具有较高耐药性,耐药率均高于60%。结论该院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌基因型以CTX-M型为主。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌呈现多重耐药趋势。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌表型及基因型研究

目的 了解我院临床分离的大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）表型和基因型分布情况.方法 对88株大肠埃希菌进行耐药分析,并用筛选试验和确证试验确认产ESBLs菌株,对耐药基因进行聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增分析,选部分产物测序.结果 88株大肠埃希菌中共检出31株产ESBLs（35.2%）菌株.产ESBLs菌株对头孢他啶的敏感率为58.1%,对头孢噻肟和头孢曲松的敏感率均为3.2%.PCR结果显示,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌基因主要是CTX-M型（90.3%）,其中以CTX-M-14、CTX-M-3型为主;TEM基因均为TEM-1型,SHV基因均为SHV-1型.结论 我院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌检出率为35.2%,其耐药性明显高于非产ESBLs菌株;其基因均为CTX-M型,其中以CTX-M-14和CTX-M-3型为主;TEM-1型广谱酶广泛存在于产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌中,则SHV-1型少见.     

深圳地区产ESBLs大肠埃希菌CTX—M基因分型研究

目的 利用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术和基因序列测定技术,了解深圳地区产CTX-M大肠埃希菌基因型分布情况,并分析产CTX-M酶大肠埃希菌的耐药性.方法 应用3组PCR引物分别扩增产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌株质粒DNA的CTX-M基因,并对所有阳性的PCR产物进行DNA测序.应用琼脂稀释法检测所有产CTX-M大肠埃希菌株的最低抑菌浓度(MIC).结果 121株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌共检出CTX-M基因阳性株87株,总阳性率为71.9%,测序结果显示6株为CTX-M-3型,10株为CTX-M-15型,58株为CTX-M-14型,9株为CTX-M-9型,4株为CTX-M-13型.检出的87株CTX-M型大肠埃希菌株对头孢噻肟的耐药最为突出,对头孢他啶、氨曲南和头孢吡肟的耐药率较低.结论 产CTX-M大肠埃希菌基因型主要为CTX-M-14基因型.产CTX-M酶大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南活性最高,其次为哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢西丁、阿米卡星和阿莫西林/克拉维酸等.临床上可依据药敏报告加以选用.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌表型及基因型研究

目的了解我院临床分离的大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)表型和基因型分布情况。方法对88株大肠埃希菌进行耐药分析,并用筛选试验和确证试验确认产ESBLs菌株,对耐药基因进行聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增分析,选部分产物测序。结果88株大肠埃希菌中共检出31株产ESBLs(35.2%)菌株。产ESBLs菌株对头孢他啶的敏感率为58.1%,对头孢噻肟和头孢曲松的敏感率均为3.2%。PCR结果显示,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌基因主要是CTX-M型(90.3%),其中以CTX-M-14、CTX-M-3型为主;TEM基因均为TEM-1型,SHV基因均为SHV-1型。结论我院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌检出率为35.2%,其耐药性明显高于非产ESBLs菌株;其基因均为CTX-M型,其中以CTX-M-14和CTX-M-3型为主;TEM-1型广谱酶广泛存在于产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌中,则SHV-1型少见。     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性和基因型分布

目的了解广州地区腹腔感染产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性及ESBLs基因型分布。方法采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)对大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌进行抗菌药物的敏感性试验,通过PCR法分析其所产生基因型。结果产ESBLs菌株对亚胺培南全部敏感,对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、头孢他啶和哌拉西林-三唑巴坦的敏感率为42.1%～76.3%,而对其他抗菌药物敏感率较低,对头孢噻肟的敏感率仅为0%～2.6%;基因型分析显示有35株产TEM型酶,14株产SHV型酶,29株产CTX-M型酶。结论腹腔感染产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药严重,CTX-M型ESBLs多见。     

大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶检测及其耐药基因分析

目的了解大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的发生率,分析及研究其耐药性和耐药基因分型。方法用药敏纸片法对142株大肠埃希菌和79株肺炎克雷伯菌进行抗生素药物敏感试验,并对这2种菌株做ESBLs初筛和确证试验。对其中60株ESBLs阳性菌(大肠埃希菌29株,肺炎克雷伯菌31株)用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测TEM、SHV、CTX-M3种基因并进行测序分型。结果142株大肠埃希菌和79株肺炎克雷伯菌中确证试验阳性率分别为56.3%和41.8%。产ESBLs菌对头孢类抗生素高度耐药,对庆大霉素、环内沙星的耐药率为71.3%~88.5%,对亚胺培南高度敏感(100.0%),对头孢西丁、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦等的敏感性在63.8%~92.0%。60株ESBLs阳性菌中,TEM、SHV、CTX-M3种基因检出率分别为58.3%、33.3%、66.7%。其中29株大肠埃希菌中,TEM基因检出率为75.8%,SHV基因检出率为0,CTX-M基因检出率为86.2%。31株肺炎克雷伯菌中,TEM基因检出率为41.9%,SHV基因检出率为64.5%,CTX-M基因检出率为48.4%。有35株(58.3%)菌株同时检测到2种以上基因型。序列分析证实TEM扩增产物均属于TEM-1基因,CTX-M扩增产物均属于CTX-M-3基因,而SHV扩增产物则分别属于SHV-1、SHV-5、SHV-11、SHV-12、SHV-28。结论大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs的检出率较高,CTX-M-3、SHV-11和SHV-12是我院产ESBLs菌株的主要基因型。     

95株致泌尿道感染大肠埃希菌耐药性及耐药基因表型分析

目的了解广东医科大学附属医院泌尿系感染患者大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶型(ESBLs)基因型特征和临床耐药情况。方法收集2015年1~10月该院住院或门诊患者的泌尿系感染患者尿液标本中分离培养获得的大肠埃希菌菌株,双纸片协同试验确定产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,PCR扩增技术进行基因分型。结果 95株大肠埃希菌以CTX-M-14型46例最多;TEM型32例;SHV型30例;CTX-M-1型26例;OXA-1型7例;OXA-2型4例;OXA-10型3例。ESBLs阴性菌株TEM型仅5例阳性,其余基因型别为阴性。ESBLs阳性株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率(碳青霉烯类除外)明显高于ESBLs阴性株,而CTX-M-14、CTX-M-1、TEM、SHV四种基因型别大肠埃希菌对18种抗菌药物的耐药性之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论广东医科大学附属医院泌尿系感染患者产ESBLs大肠埃希菌以CTXM型为主,对常用抗菌药物耐药率高于ESBLs阴性菌株。不同基因型别产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对抗菌药物耐药率没有明显差异。     

运用多重PCR技术检测CTX-M型耐药基因的研究

目的了解产CTX-M型超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肠杆菌科细菌的阳性率、耐药性以及基因型分布。方法采用K-B琼脂扩散法,检测临床分离的85株大肠埃希菌和41株肺炎克雷伯菌对18种抗生素的耐药性,用双纸片增效试验检测产ES-BLs菌株,用多重PCR技术检测相关耐药基因,用DNA序列分析确认基因亚型。结果检测菌株中,ESBLs阳性56株,阳性率为44.4%。所有检测菌株对亚胺培南敏感。产ESBLs的菌株对头孢唑啉、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮、头孢他啶等的耐药率为100.0%;质粒接合试验证实,CTX-M型ESBLs介导的耐药可以水平转移;ESBLs阳性菌株中有48株扩增到CTX M型耐药基因,其中CTX-M-3型11株,CTX-M-9型7株,CTX-M-14型25株。结论产CTX-M型ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率较高,以CTX-M-14型为多。碳青霉烯类抗生素是目前治疗产ESBLs最有效药物。     

大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶检测及其耐药基因分析

目的了解大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的发生率,分析及研究其耐药性和耐药基因分型。方法用药敏纸片法对142株大肠埃希菌和79株肺炎克雷伯菌进行抗生素药物敏感试验,并对这2种菌株做ESBLs初筛和确证试验。对其中60株ESBLs阳性菌（大肠埃希菌29株,肺炎克雷伯菌31株）用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测TEM、SHV、CTX-M3种基因并进行测序分型。结果142株大肠埃希菌和79株肺炎克雷伯菌中确证试验阳性率分别为56.3%和41.8%。产ESBLs菌对头孢类抗生素高度耐药,对庆大霉素、环内沙星的耐药率为71.3%-88.5%,对亚胺培南高度敏感（100.0%）,对头孢西丁、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦等的敏感性在63.8%-92.0%。60株ESBLs阳性菌中,TEM、SHV、CTX-M3种基因检出率分别为58.3%、33.3%、66.7%。其中29株大肠埃希菌中,TEM基因检出率为75.8%,SHV基因检出率为0,CTX-M基因检出率为86.2%。31株肺炎克雷伯菌中,TEM基因检出率为41.9%,SHV基因检出率为64.5%,CTX-M基因检出率为48.4%。有35株（58.3%）菌株同时检测到2种以上基因型。序列分析证实TEM扩增产物均属于TEM-1基因,CTX-M扩增产物均属于CTX-M-3基因,而SHV扩增产物则分别属于SHV-1、SHV-5、SHV-11、SHV-12、SHV-28。结论大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs的检出率较高,CTX-M-3、SHV-11和SHV-12是我院产ESBLs菌株的主要基因型。     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌儿童分离株的耐药性和基因型检测

目的 研究我院临床分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性及ESBLs基因型与耐药表型的关系.方法 收集我院2007年1-3月临床分离的92株产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,用K-B纸片法作药敏试验,酶抑制剂增强法表型确证,应用PCR、产物测序,确定ESBLs基因型.结果 我院临床分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs菌株的检出率分别为50.6%和57.3%;产ESBLs菌株对亚胺培南100%敏感,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟和环丙沙星的耐药率分别为88.2%、14.7%、5.9%和29.0%,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌则分别为75.6%、35.6%、28.9%和5.2%.92株产ESBLs菌株中,共检出7种β内酰胺酶基因型,TEM型酶的检出率为70.7%,均为TEM-1广谱酶, CTX型、SHV型ESBLs的检出率分别为66.3%和44.6%,其中CTX-M-14阳性率为48.1%;SHV基因型都在肺炎克雷伯菌中检出.结论 我院临床分离产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药情况严重,且其耐药表型也不尽相同.CTX-M型是我院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中流行的基因型.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.