Minimally invasive treatment of synchronous colorectal tumours

In patients with colorectal cancers synchronous neoplastic lesions are an increasingly frequent finding at preoperative staging; 3% of the cases are other cancers while 33-35% of the synchronous lesions are villous adenomas. The treatment of most colorectal adenomas can be performed by endoscopic poplypectomy. In 5% of cases there are synchronous colorectal lesions also requiring surgical treatment. From January 1995 to June 2007 we treated 5 patients with rectal lesions by transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) together with a laparoscopic colectomy for the presence of synchronous lesions at the "Clinica Chirurgica Generale e d'Urgenza" of the University of Perugia,. Surgical timing involved performing a sequential exeresis characterised by a cancer resection, followed by resection of the voluminous adenoma: TEM for rectal cancer followed by a laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with an extracorporeal anastomosis for a voluminous villous adenoma (1 patient) and laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with an extracorporeal anastomosis for cancer followed by TEM for a voluminous villous adenoma (2 patients). One patient with left colon cancer associated with a voluminous villous rectal adenoma first underwent TEM for the rectal adenoma and then a left laparoscopic hemicolectomy with an extracorporeal anastomosis in order to ease the transit of the circular mechanical stapler. Another patient with rectal and right colon adenomas first underwent TEM for a voluminous rectal sessile adenoma and later a right hemicolectomy. The use of this minimally invasive approach allowed rectum preservation and less invasive surgery.     

Laparoscopic‐monitored colonoscopic polypectomy: a multimodality method to avoid segmental colon resection

Aim In some patients with adenoma, snare polypectomy may be technically impossible owing to angulation of the colon or after previous surgery. This may result in a segmental colonic resection, if malignant invasion is thought to be likely. Laparoscopic mobilization of the colon to enable a simultaneous colonoscopy can avoid this difficulty. Method A feasibility study was performed in 11 patients for whom endoscopic removal was technically impossible due to fibrosis after previous surgery or to anatomical difficulty. In 10, adenoma (histologically benign) had been diagnosed during diagnostic colonoscopy and in the remaining patient the indication was rectal bleeding. Results It was possible to perform a full colonoscopy after laparoscopic mobilization in all cases. In nine of the 10 patients with adenoma 11 tubulovillous adenomas were removed endoscopically, and in one the tumour was too large for endoscopic resection even after full mobilization. A laparoscopic segmental resection was performed in this case. In the patient with rectal bleeding, colonoscopy revealed an angiodysplasia of the caecum, also treated by resection. Apart from the two patients having resection, all patients were discharged within 24 h of the procedure. During endoscopic follow up (4–27 months) there were no recurrences. Conclusions Combined laparoscopy and endoscopy enabled removal of adenomas otherwise inaccessible for endoscopic techniques. Thus, segmental colon resections can be avoided in most of these patients.     

Endoscopic mucosal resection for advanced non-polypoid colorectal adenoma and early stage carcinoma

Purpose: Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) techniques were evaluated in the treatment of flat and sessile colorectal neoplasm. Patients and methods: Fifty-seven patients (32 female, 25 male) with non-polypoid colorectal lesions (n = 71, size ? 10 mm) were included in the study. Tumor location, shape, size, and depth (in malignant lesions) were determined by endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound. EMR was performed using snare resection, endoscopic aspiration mucosectomy, or EMR using a cap-fitted endoscope. Results: Lesion size ranged from 10 to 50 mm. Complete resection was achieved in 59 of 61 benign and 6 of 8 malignant tumors. Thirty-five tumors were excised in one segment and 34 tumors in piecemeal technique. Pathological examination of neoplasm treated by EMR showed adenoma in 61 and early-stage carcinoma in 8 cases. Because of the non-lifting sign, 2 of 71 tumors were not treated endoscopically and referred to surgical resection revealing a T2 adenocarcinoma in both cases. Resection was incomplete in 2 of 61 adenomas with histological positive resection margin. Complications occurred in 2 patients, with 1 bleeding treated endoscopically and 1 perforation treated by surgery. Local recurrence was observed in 2 of 59 completely resected adenomas and in none of 6 early-stage carcinomas during a mean follow-up of 18 months (range 6 to 30 months). Conclusion: Advanced non-polypoid colorectal adenomas and early-stage carcinomas can be safely and effectively resected by endoscopic mucosal resection.     

Villous adenomas of the duodenum and an unusual variant

We report two cases of villous adenoma of the duodenum, one arising from the main papilla and the other from the accessory papilla. Both were managed by local resection. In one case endoscopic biopsies and intraoperative frozen sections were negative for carcinoma but histology of the locally resected specimen revealed a focus of invasive adenocarcinoma. Villous adenomas of the duodenum have a high risk of malignant change and foci of carcinoma can be missed on endoscopic biopsy. The literature is reviewed and the clinical, diagnostic, pathological and therapeutic aspects of villous adenomas of the duodenum are discussed.     

Surgical tactics in the treatment of villous adenoma of the stomach and intestine]

The results of endoscopic and surgical treatment of 183 patients with villous and tubular-villous adenoma of different location are presented. Adenoma of the stomach and duodenum are subject to malignization more often than colonic adenomas. Endoscopic polypectomy is a method of choice in treatment of benign adenoma with a diameter no more than 4 cm. Resection of the involved areas of the stomach and intestine is indicated in detection of a malignant mass and a large benign tumor causing considerable loss of fluid from the organism.     

Treatment Options for Villous Adenoma of the Ampulla of Vater

Introduction: Duodenal villous adenoma arising from the ampulla of Vater has a high risk of malignant development. Excluding associated malignant disease prior to resection of an adenoma of the ampulla is not always possible. Therefore, the surgical procedure of choice to treat this rare tumour is still controversial.Objective: To evaluate retrospectively results of treatment of villous adenoma arising from ampulla of Vater with dysplasia or associated carcinoma limited to the ampulla.Patients and Methods: From 1985 to 1996, eight patients have been diagnosed with ampullary villous adenoma suitable for resection. We have reviewed treatment, morbidity, mortality, follow-up and final outcome.Results: Pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) was performed in 4 patients. Transduodenal ampullectomy and endoscopic resection was performed in 2 patients each. There was no perioperative mortality. None of the patients had biliary, pancreatic or intestinal leakage but two patients who underwent PD had minor postoperative complications. The mean follow-up was 44 (range: 6–132) months. Villous adenoma was associated with adenocarcinoma in 50% of the cases (4/8 patients). During the followup both patients who underwent transduodenal ampullectomy developed recurrent disease. All patients initially treated by PD are alive without evidence of recurrent disease.Conclusions: Treatment of villous adenoma of the ampulla must be individualized within certain limits. In our series, PD achieve good results and it appears to be the procedure of choice in order to treat villous adenomas with proved presence of carcinoma, carcinoma in situ or severe dysplasia. Endoscopic or local resection may be appropriate for small benign tumours in high risk patients.     

Nd-YAG laser photoablation of sessile villous and tubular adenomas of the colorectum.

Neodymium (Nd)-YAG laser photoablation treatment was used to treat 46 patients with broad-based villous and tubular adenomas of the colon or rectum. These adenomas were distributed throughout the large bowel, with the majority (72%) located above the peritoneal reflection. Patients received an average of 2.1 treatments per adenoma, with 22 patients (48%) requiring only one treatment. Overall treatment success was achieved in 89% of cases (mean follow-up of 12 months), with four patients undergoing continued therapy. Of the patients who received a full course of treatment, only two (4%) were not taken to complete photoablation. Complications were minimal, and 92% of all laser treatments were done on an outpatient basis. Four patients had documented polyp recurrence that was controlled with additional laser treatment. Two patients with malignant polyps who were not surgical candidates were also treated with the laser, with no tumor recurrence seen at 11 and 14 months. Nd-YAG laser photoablation of large colonic polyps offers a safe, efficient, and cost-effective alternative to standard surgical resection.     

腹腔镜联合辅助化疗及内镜治疗进展期结直肠癌合并腺瘤的应用研究

目的：探讨腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术加辅助化疗加二期内镜下治疗结直肠癌合并根治术切除范围外结直肠腺瘤的临床应用价值。方法：2005年1月-2010年6月对54例进展期结直肠癌合并根治术切除范围外结直肠腺瘤（〉1．0cm）的患者（研究组）行腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术加辅助化疗（FOLFOX4方案）加二期内镜下腺瘤切除的综合治疗,对同期396例单发进展期结直肠癌患者（对照组）行腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术加辅助化疗（FOLFOX4方案）。通过并发症发生率、长期随访等评价治疗效果。结果：2组患者在年龄、性别、手术方式、手术时间、术中出血量、并发症发生率、平均住院时间、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移、TNM分期及1、3和5年存活率差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。研究组辅助化疗后对合并腺瘤进行内镜下切除治疗,4例出血经保守治疗后成功止血,未发生穿孔、狭窄等严重并发症;3例患者术后病理组织学检查为腺瘤癌变,其中2例癌变局限于腺瘤中,1例癌细胞侵犯达黏膜下层,该例患者再次行腹腔镜下切除,术后随访无复发。结论：腹腔镜联合辅助化疗及内镜为合并结直肠癌根治术切除范围外腺瘤的患者提供了一种安全有效的微创治疗方法,值得临床推厂和应用。     

Ras oncogene p21 levels parallel malignant potential of different human colonic benign conditions

Ras oncogenes are a specific family of genes believed to play a role in malignant transformation and tumor growth in humans. To gain a better understanding of the role these oncogenes may play in malignant transformation, we evaluated the levels of a ras gene protein product (p21) in formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of normal human colonic mucosa, hyperplastic polyps, tubular adenomas, villous adenomas, and epithelium from a patient with ulcerative colitis. The p21 protein content was measured using the RAP-5 monoclonal antibody in a semiquantitative immunohistochemical assay. The titer value was expressed as the highest dilution of antibody giving definite staining using the avidin-biotin peroxidase method. Differences in p21 titer values among all classes of polyps were significant (hyperplastic polyps values were less than tubular adenomas values, which were less than villous adenoma values). The p21 titers obtained from ulcerative colitis specimens were similar to those obtained from villous adenomas. We conclude that the levels of ras oncogene protein product increase with the malignant potential of benign human colonic conditions. These findings suggest that the ras oncogene protein product may play an important role in the malignant transformation of benign lesions of the human colon. If these findings are confirmed, as technology progresses to allow molecular probes to measure gene products in biopsy specimens, high-risk patients could be monitored and treated before actual malignant transformation occurs.     

Treatment of villous adenoma of distal parts of the colon

Results of treatment of 78 patients (mean age 64 years) operated for benign neoplasms of a colon distal part are presented. In histologic examination tubular adenoma was found in 34 cases, tubular-villose adenoma--in 27, villose adenoma with different degree of epithelium dysplasia--in 16. In 10 patients villous tumors were located in low-ampular part of the rectum at the distance less than 7 cm from dermal-mucose line of the anal canal, in 27 patients--at 8 to 12 cm, in 42--at 12 to 20 cm. Area of neoplasm base in 53 patients ranged from 1.0 to 2.0 cm2, in 15--from 2.1 to 6 cm2, in 11-43 cm2, it was 14 cm2 on the average. For patients of the first group wire endoscopic polipectomy was adequate procedure. In 25% patients with neoplasm area more 2 cm2 recurrence of the disease was revealed from 3 months to 1 year after staged endoscopic polipectomy. Possibility of incomplete removal of creeping neoplasm at staged endoscopic electroexcision dictates the necessity of control colonoscopy 1 month after the procedure. If villous tumor recurs during 1 year in spite of repeated endoscopic procedures, it is reasonable to resect the colon because of danger of malignant transformation of the tumor. In 12 patients with villous adenomas location at 7-20 cm from the anal ring transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) by G. Buess et al (1984) was performed. In follow-up for 25.8 months on the average recurrences of the disease were not revealed. TEM is thought as alternative to anterior resection of the rectum in benign tumors.     

Tubulo-villous rectal tumours. Results of surgical resection in relation to histotype (30 years' experience)

Adenomas of the rectum are frequently found during endoscopic examination. We report on our 30 years of experience with the treatment of tubulo-villous adenomas based on histotype. Between 1971 and 2001, 104 villous tumours of the rectum were treated surgically. The patients' average age was 65 years. These were sessile tumours in 69% of cases, pedunculated in 17.5% and flowing tumours in 13.5%. The mean tumour size was 3 cm. They were associated with colon cancer in 15% of cases and with polyadenoma in 10%. They were located in the rectum within 0 to 6 cm of the anal margin in half the cases. These tumours were treated by local excision in 74 cases and by wide excision in 30 cases. The malignant potential of the tumours was 30%, including 10% invasive malignancy. There were no surgical fatalities, but a 6% medical fatality rate was registered. There was a 20% complication rate related to the surgical technique. Twenty patients were lost to follow-up. Out of 84 villous tumours, monitored over a mean survival period of 6.5 years, there were 24 recurrences: 18 underwent endoscopic excision and in 6 cases a wide resection. The various tumour resection techniques and the operative indications of variable difficulty are presented. It would seem, at present, that total resection of the rectum with a colo-anal anastomosis is the best treatment for large flowing villous tumours occupying almost the entire rectum. Thorough preoperative examination and the mastering of various surgical procedures should allow the most suitable choice of treatment for each individual case.     

肾源性腺瘤临床病理学分析

目的 探讨肾源性腺瘤临床病理学特点.方法经病理确诊的肾源性腺瘤患者11例.男5例,女6例.平均年龄56(37～78)岁.对肿瘤进行临床病理学观察并复习文献.结果 11例肿瘤发生于输尿管2例,膀胱9例.9例膀胱肾源性腺瘤中行膀胱部分切除术1例,行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术8例.发生于输尿管2例分别行右输尿管镜检术及左输尿管切开取石术.患者术后病理确诊为肾源性腺瘤8例,非典型性肾源性腺瘤2例,肾源性腺瘤恶变1例.镜下肾源性腺瘤表现为典型的肾小管样形态;非典型性肾源性腺瘤细胞核大、深染、核仁明显及核分裂象;肾源性腺瘤恶变者局部瘤细胞保持典型肾源性腺瘤的基本组织结构,周围同种形态的细胞失去细胞间黏附力,呈弥漫实性生长并侵犯浅肌层.非典型性及恶变者3例分别定期行羟喜树碱、吡柔比星及表柔比星膀胱内灌注治疗.11例患者平均随访46(24～104)个月.复发1例,死于其他疾病1例,未复发9例.结论肾源性腺瘤临床少见,临床症状及膀胱镜检查均无特异性;病理形态学与肌浸润行为证据上提示肾源性腺瘤可以恶变;治疗以局部切除为主,非典型性和恶变者进一步行膀胱内定期灌注治疗;肾源性腺瘤术后需长期密切随访.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of nephrogenic adenoma. Methods Eleven patients were diagnosed as nephrogenic adenoma including 5 men and 6 women, aged 37-78 years (56 on average). The pathological findings in all cases of nephrogenic adenoma were presented with a review of the literature. Results Eleven cases of nephrogenic adenomas were evaluated, 2 cases were in ureter and 9 cases were in the bladder. Eight of the 9 bladder cases underwent TUR-BT surgery in continuous epidural anesthesia, 1 case underwent partial cystectomy with general anesthesia. A right ureteroscopy and left ureterolithotomy were performed respectively in continuous epidural anesthesia for the 2 cases in ureter. The final diagnosis was based on histopathological findings. For all of cases, 8 cases were diagnosed as nephrogenic adenomas, 2 cases as atypical nephrogenic adenoma and 1 case as nephrogenic adenoma with malignant transformation. The microscopic appearance of nephrogenic adenoma demonstrated that morphology closely resembled aberrant tubules of the kidney. In addition, atypical nephrogenic adenomas appeared as the presence of cytologic atypia, including nuclear enlargement, nuclear hyperchromasia and prominent nucleoli. The morphologic changes of nephrogenic adenomas with malignant transformation were that tumor cells retained the basic structural characteristics of typical nephrogenic adenomas, and the similar morphological cells lost adhesion ability among cells and presented diffuse solid growth in the surrounding area.Intravesical perfusion was further performed for treating the patients with atypical nephrogenic adenomas or nephrogenic adenomas with malignant transformation. The mean patient follow up was 46 months (range, 24- 104 months), and there was only 1 case of recurrence. Conclusions Nephrogenic adenoma is an uncommon benign lesion of the urinary tract. The symptoms and cystoscopic manifestations are not unique. We reported one patient of nephrogenic adenomas with malignant transformation and provided some evidence for malignant alteration in morphology and invasive behavior. All patients underwent local excision of the lesions. Intravesical perfusion was further performed for treating the patients of atypical nephrogenic adenomas or nephrogenic adenomas with malignant transformation. Whether it is nephrogenic adenoma or atypical nephrogenic adenoma, long-term follow-up after treatment is necessary.     

Tumor of the ampulla of Vater: experience with local or radical resection in 171 consecutively treated patients.

HYPOTHESIS: This study was designed to evaluate prospectively oncological factors determining survival after resection of tumors of the papilla, comparing local and radical oncological resection. We hypothesized that, in malignant lesions of the ampulla, the T and N stages are major determinants of the patient's long-term outcome. BACKGROUND DATA: The frequency of malignant lesions in adenomas of the papilla is about 26%. Villous adenoma of the ampulla is considered a premalignant lesion. Local excision has been recommended for benign adenoma and pancreatoduodenectomy for malignant lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 1, 1982, through June 30, 1997, 171 patients with tumors of the ampulla of Vater were surgically treated. Demographics, intraoperative factors, tumor pathological findings, and postoperative short- and long-term follow-up data were documented prospectively. Of the patients, 45 had adenoma of the papilla and 126 had malignant lesions of the ampulla. RESULTS: Local resection was performed in 40 of the 45 patients with adenoma. In 98 of the 126 patients with malignant lesions, a radical Kausch-Whipple resection or pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy was used. Of the patients with benign adenoma, 40 had local resection and 5 had pylorus-preserving pancreatic head resection, with a hospital mortality of 0%. Thirty of 35 patients had villous adenoma, 9 (30%) of the 30 with severe dysplasia. Of the 126 patients with malignant lesions, 98 had partial pancreatoduodenectomy and 10 had ampullectomy, with an overall hospital mortality of 3.1% for patients who underwent resection. Seventy-eight of the 98 patients had an R0 resection. The 5-year survival probability for all patients who underwent resection was 84% for cancer stage I, 70% for stage II, and 27% for stage III. In 8 patients with villous adenoma and carcinoma in situ and in 10 patients with cancer in the adenoma, ampullectomy with local lymph node dissection was performed. In 4 of the patients who had villous adenoma and a carcinoma in stage pT1 N0, an R0 resection was performed, resulting in cure of cancer. On the basis of a multivariate regression analysis, the prognosis after oncological resection of cancer of the ampulla is determined by the absence of lymph node metastasis (P<.05), the absence of infiltration into the pancreatic head tissue (P<.05), and the application of an R0 resection. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with villous adenoma of the ampulla, ampullectomy was an adequate surgical treatment. In patients with a low-risk cancer in stages pTis and pT1 N0 M0, G1 or G2, a local resection with ampullectomy including local lymph node dissection is justified. An oncological resection of cancer of the ampulla by means of a pylorus-preserving partial pancreatoduodenectomy or the Kausch-Whipple resection is the surgical procedure of choice; the 3- and 5-year survival rates were 72% and 52%, respectively, in patients with R0 resections.     

Liver cell adenomas. A 12-year surgical experience from a specialist hepato-biliary unit.

Twenty-four patients with liver cell adenomas were referred to Paul Brousse Hospital between 1976 and 1987. This represents the largest reported surgical experience of this pathology from a single centre. Six patients had multiple adenomas, which were associated with glycogen storage disease in four. Two patients had polyadenomatosis, one of whom underwent successful liver transplantation after malignant transformation to hepatocellular carcinoma. Eighteen patients (median age of 33 years, range of 17-45 years) had either a solitary adenoma or two adenomas. Eighty-three per cent were women 87% of whom had received oral contraceptives or other hormone therapy before diagnosis (median duration of 11 years, range of 3-15 years). Fifty per cent of these patients presented with acute hemorrhage into an adenoma. Seventeen patients underwent surgical resection of their adenomas, with the remaining patient currently being treated by arterial embolizations to reduce the tumor size before surgery. There was no operative mortality or serious morbidity, and all patients remain well upon follow-up. Surgical excision of liver adenomas, where this can be done without causing mortality, is recommended. Resection relieves symptoms and removes both the risks of hemorrhaging into the tumour and of malignant transformation to hepatocellular carcinoma.     

Laparoscopic resection of a periampullary villous adenoma

Background: Adenomas of the duodenal papilla are rare lesions. Because of their malignant potential, resection is mandatory. Options for resection include endoscopic resection, transduodenal local excision, and pancreaticoduodenectomy. This report details a case of periampullary villous adenoma diagnosed endoscopically and resected laparoscopically via a transduodenal approach. Case report: A healthy 75-year-old woman with heartburn underwent an upper endoscopy for vague right upper abdominal pain. A periampullary tumor was diagnosed. Endoscopic biopsy results were consistent with a villous adenoma, and endoscopic ultrasound showed distal bile duct involvement. The patient underwent laparoscopic transduodenal local excision of the tumor with biliary reconstruction. Conclusions: Laparoscopic transduodenal resection of periampullary lesions provides advantages similar to those of an endoscopic resection by removal of the tumor using minimally invasive techniques. In addition, laparoscopic surgery maintains the surgical tenents of open transduodenal resection with en bloc tumor resection including the adjacent duodenal wall and ductal structures as necessary. As noted in this case, laparoscopic techniques resect ampullary lesions involving the ductal structures as well. Laparoscopic transduodenal ampullectomy is a valuable treatment option for benign and selected premalignant ampullary lesions.     

Villous tumors of the duodenum.

Records of 32 patients with 34 villous and tubulovillous adenomas of the duodenum, treated at the Cleveland Clinic over the past 21 years, were reviewed. Twenty-two patients (69%) had complete resection of the adenoma; the incidence of malignancy was 47%. Five patients underwent a Whipple procedure; 4 patients had segmental resection of the duodenum; 12 had wide local excision of the adenoma; 1 had both a segmental resection and a local excision for two separate adenomas; and 5 patients had endoscopic excision alone. The remaining five patients underwent exploratory laparotomy alone or with palliative bypass procedures. A 28% recurrence rate was observed, all of these after segmental resection, local excision, or endoscopic excision. The highest recurrence rate was associated with local excision. The 2- and 5-year survival rates for patients with adenomas containing invasive cancer were 22% and 0%, respectively, compared to 87% and 87%, respectively, for benign adenomas (including those with carcinoma in situ). Twenty-two per cent of patients had intestinal polyposis syndromes. Duodenal adenomas were diagnosed a mean of 17 years after colectomy for polyposis, indicating the need for continued surveillance in these patients.     

Local excision of rectal tumors

Local excision is a suitable approach for treating sessile adenomas and early adenocarcinomas of the rectum. The indication for transmural rectal carcinomas (T2 and T3) is a matter of debate and no randomized studies have been reported to date. The early and long-term results of a consecutive series of 160 patients who underwent local excision in our departments are reported. Sixty-three patients (39%) had adenoma and 97 patients (61%) carcinoma. Forty-seven patients with carcinoma (48%) received adjuvant therapy. Postoperative complications occurred in 25 patients (15%). The complication rates were 13% (8/63) for adenomas and 18% (17/97) for carcinomas. Only 1 patient died during the postoperative period as a result of unrelated causes. The overall local recurrence rates were 3% and 24%, respectively. Among the adenocarcinomas recurrence was related to staging, tumour clearance at the resection margins and use of chemo- and radiotherapy. No recurrences were reported among the T2 patients submitted to neoadjuvant treatment. A difference versus radical surgery was observed for T3 patients only. Local excision and transanal endoscopic microsurgery in particular is worthwhile in adenomas and T1 carcinomas of the rectum. Patients with T2 tumors should be treated with preoperative chemo- and radiotherapy. Patients with T3 tumors should be treated with transanal endoscopic microsurgery for palliative purposes only.     

内镜黏膜切除术治疗消化道无蒂及亚蒂息肉

目的探讨内镜黏膜切除术（endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR）治疗消化道无蒂及亚蒂息肉的安全性及效果。方法 2010年6月～2012年4月,胃息肉85例（88枚）、大肠息肉62例（113枚）,直径〈1.0 cm 95枚,1.0～2.0 cm 101枚,2.0～3.5 cm 5枚;无蒂72枚,亚蒂129枚。最多一例为5枚。采用黏膜下注射-切除法治疗直径〈2.0 cm的无蒂或亚蒂胃、大肠息肉;透明帽负压吸引切除（EMR-C）治疗直径〉2.0 cm的无蒂胃息肉,圈套困难的直径〈2.0 cm的无蒂及亚蒂胃息肉;分片黏膜切除术（endoscopic picemeal mucosal resection,EPMR）治疗直径〉2.0 cm的亚蒂胃息肉,直径〉2.0 cm的无蒂、亚蒂大肠息肉。结果 1枚胃窦部扁平息肉行EMR-C;5枚直径〉2.5 cm的大肠亚蒂、无蒂息肉行EPMR;其余均行黏膜下注射-切除法。术中、术后无出血、穿孔。术后病理检查增生性息肉69枚,管状腺瘤64枚,炎性息肉47枚,管状绒毛状腺瘤10枚,绒毛状腺瘤5枚,锯齿状腺瘤2枚,腺瘤伴高级别上皮内瘤变2例（2枚）,腺瘤伴局部癌变2例（2枚）。腺瘤伴高级别上皮内瘤变的2例中,1例行肠段切除术,术后病理检查未见病变残留;1例EMR术后6个月未复查。腺瘤伴局部癌变的2例中,1例即行结肠癌根治术,术后病理直肠黏膜局部缺损,未见病变残留,区域淋巴结转移癌;1例拒绝手术,亦未复查。16例胃息肉及10例肠息肉术后1年内镜复查,2例肠息肉术后2年肠镜复查,均未见息肉复发。结论采用EMR治疗无蒂和亚蒂息肉安全、有效。     

单纯神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体瘤切除术

目的 分析单纯神经内镜经鼻蝶入路手术在垂体瘤外科治疗中的应用.方法 回顾2006年12月至2009年12月开展的375例神经内镜垂体瘤手术,其中男性177例,女性198例;年龄12～87岁,平均38.3岁.375例垂体瘤中,无功能性垂体瘤201例,分泌性垂体瘤174例(泌乳素瘤88例,生长激素瘤63例,促皮质激素瘤23例).其中巨大垂体瘤27例(7.2%),侵入海绵窦41例(10.9%).术中结合内镜应用了高场强术中磁共振和神经导航.术后和长期随访中进行视力、内分泌及影像学检查.结果 随访成功295例,其中全切除234例(79.3%),次全切除56例(19.0%),部分切除5例(1.7%).视力改善68例(93.0%,68/73).内分泌改善:泌乳素77.3%(68/88),生长激素84.1%(55/63),促皮质激素78.2%(18/23).手术并发症:无死亡,术后昏迷1例(0.3%),视力一过性下降2例(0.5%),动眼神经或外展神经一过性麻痹7例(2.1%),术后脑脊液鼻漏2例(0.5%),脑膜炎3例(0.8%).结论 内镜为经鼻蝶垂体瘤手术提供了一个全新的手段,手术效果好,安全性高.     

Villous adenomas in the duodenum

Five patients with villous adenomas in the duodenum are described. In one patient malignant degeneration had occurred at the time of diagnosis. This patient was treated with a pancreaticoduodenal resection and is doing well 2 years postoperatively. The other four patients all had a duodenotomy and a local excision of the tumour. One patient had a recurrence with malignant degeneration within 1 year. The other three patients are doing well without signs of recurrence 1-4 years postoperatively. It is concluded that duodenal villous adenomas are potentially malignant. The strategy of surgical treatment is discussed.