Family participation in premature care in neonatal ICU

This study aimed at analyzing the family participation in the premature assistance in a university hospital neonatal ICU. Data were collected from the participant observation. Results showed that despite of the mother's presence in the daily life of their premature children placed in a hospital, family isn't inserted in the work process and mothers are the only ones who take part of the cares. This participation basically happens in the execution of maternity care, especially at the medium risk unity, the mother and premature family are less welcomed and there isn't any partnership between the care team and the family, there aren't team interventions in order to turn premature family in autonomous subject to promote health and life quality to baby's life.     

Maternal-infant bonding and the mother's participation during venipuncture: a psychoanalytic perspective

Professionals discuss accompanying mothers' participation during painful procedures as a possibility of care to mother and child, but there is no consensus on this subject. To contribute to this topic, this study addresses the child's needs during venipuncture in a hospital environment and the mother's participation in this procedure, based on authors from psychoanalysis and mother-child bonding.     

Families at the bedside: an ethnographic study of vigilance.

BACKGROUND: Vigilance, the close protective involvement of family members with hospitalized relatives, is a relatively recent phenomenon in the hospital setting. Before the 1960s, hospital visiting policies restricted the presence of family members at the bedside. Policies changed during the 1960s and 1970s when health care professionals recognized that parents' staying with their hospitalized children was beneficial for both the parents and the children. Vigilance later became a phenomenon that included family members staying with adult patients. METHODS: Two ethnographic studies were conducted to examine the meanings, patterns, and day-to-day experience of vigilance. Sixteen family members, described by the nursing staff as staying with the patient, participated in informal semistructured interviews. Participant observation was also used in data collection. RESULTS: Data analysis yielded 5 categories of meaning that describe the experience of vigilance: commitment to care, emotional upheaval, dynamic nexus, transition, and resilience. CONCLUSIONS: Managed care, shortened hospital stays, and cost containment make early involvement of the family in the patient's care imperative. An understanding of the family's needs and experiences is prerequisite to that involvement. The categories of meaning discovered in this research can help health care providers understand family members' experience of vigilance. The implications for the family physician include sensitization and awareness of family members' experiences and the developing of specific actions and interactions fostering a commitment to family-centered care that extends to the hospital setting.     

Encouraging mother-child attachment in premature situations: nursing interventions at the Ribeirao Preto clinical hospital

This study aims at describing nursing actions performed in the high-risk neonatal units at a university hospital of the University of S?o Paulo at Ribeir?o Preto so as to favor mother-child attachment in prematurity situations. The nurse accompanies parents in their first visit, giving them support as well as information concerning the equipment surrounding the newborn and encouraging skin-to-skin contact, touching and talking. Parents' access to and staying with high-risk newborns is permanently allowed. A visiting program by grandparents and siblings of pre-term newborns was implemented, even when under intensive care, which encourages family contact. Parents participate in a support group with other parents who experienced the situation of having their pre-term children in serious conditions and hospitalized. We consider that our experience has favored the establishment of mother-child and family attachment, observing greater interaction between the family and the newborn, particular involving the mother. Greater interest in learning about care as well as satisfaction concerning the assistance received have also been expressed by families.     

The participation of the dental surgeon in the multidisciplinary health team for child care in the hospital context

This is research of a qualitative nature that sought to analyze the perceptions of both the health team and users of the Pediatric Unit of the University Hospital of Santa Catarina Federal University with respect to the participation of dental surgeons in the healthcare of hospitalized children. Data were collected through interviews based on a form with semi-structured questions and analyzed by the content analysis technique and the analysis-reflection-synthesis process. Eight professionals from the health team, as well as seven caregivers and five hospitalized children took part in the interviews. The dental care provided to these children was given by students of the Undergraduate and Graduate Program in Dentistry, via an extension project of a preventive educational nature. Results revealed broad acceptance and perception of the importance of the participation of dentists in the context of the Unit as team members implementing the concept of comprehensive healthcare, and as support professionals for the health team in the care, streamlining and optimization of interdisciplinary work. Participants perceive the effective participation of dentists in the healthcare of hospitalized children as being very important and even essential.     

Precocious skin-to-skin contact between mother and child: meanings to mothers and contributions for nursing

That was a convergent-care study, carried out in a maternity ward in the Southern Region of Brazil from April to May 2009, with the purpose to comprehend the meanings of premature mother-child skin-to-skin contact and relevant nursing contributions. Data were collected through participant observation and interviews involving nine mothers. Four categories were identified: a) predelivery orientation surrounding premature mother-child skin-to-skin contact; b) establishing premature mother-child skin-to-skin contact; c) meanings of premature mother-child skin-to-skin contact for the mother; and d) nursing contributions in establishing premature mother-child skin-to-skin contact. It was concluded that the meanings of premature mother-child skin-to-skin contact attributed by these mothers is positive, and that nursing's contribution in establishing such contact is significant.     

多部门参与开展新生儿保健项目的方法和效果

目的 探讨在住院期间,多部门参与开展新生儿保健项目的工作方法.方法 由保健部、儿保科、产科、眼科、口腔科、检验科、孕婴中心等共同完成住院期间新生儿各项保健项目.结果 通过多部门参与住院期间新生儿保健工作,提高了各保健项目检查覆盖率,即听力筛查率由原来的40%提高到98%,口腔疾病筛查率由原来的56%提高到98%,丙苯酮尿症、甲状腺功能低下症筛查率由原来的40%提高到99%,新生儿神经行为测定率由原来的50%提高到95%,婴儿游泳抚触覆盖率由原来的40%提高到99%,家长的满意度也有不同程度的提高.结论 多部门参与开展住院期间的新生儿保健工作是一条实用有效的途径.     

1997～2006年住院儿童死亡病例分析

目的:探讨不同年龄阶段住院儿童的死亡特点,为儿科医疗和儿童保健工作提供依据。方法:对1997~2006年住院儿童死亡病例的相关资料进行回顾性分析。结果:各年度住院儿童病死率呈下降趋势,后5年显著低于前5年(P<0·05);新生儿和婴儿、学龄儿童和青春期是住院儿童死亡的高危人群(P<0·05);各期住院儿童的主要死因疾病分别是:新生儿为肺透明膜病和早产儿,婴儿为肺炎和先天畸形,幼儿为损伤、中毒和肺炎,学龄前儿童没有代表性疾病,学龄儿童和青春期为损伤、中毒和恶性肿瘤。结论:各期住院儿童的死因疾病各不相同,但有一定的变化规律;除新生儿肺透明膜病和婴儿先天畸形外,各期儿童前后5年的死因疾病变化不大(P>0·05)。     

The involvement of parents in the healthcare provided to hospitalzed children

Objective

to analyze the answers of parents and health care professionals concerning the involvement of parents in the care provided to hospitalized children.

Method

exploratory study based on the conceptual framework of pediatric healthcare with qualitative data analysis.

Results

three dimensions of involvement were highlighted: daily care provided to children, opinions concerning the involvement of parents, and continuity of care with aspects related to the presence and participation of parents, benefits to the child and family, information needs, responsibility, right to healthcare, hospital infrastructure, care delivery, communication between the parents and health services, shared learning, and follow-up after discharge.

Conclusion

the involvement of parents in the care provided to their children has many meanings for parents, nurses and doctors. Specific strategies need to be developed with and for parents in order to mobilize parental competencies and contribute to increasing their autonomy and decision-making concerning the care provided to children.     

Caring for newborns in the presence of their parents: the experience of nurses in the neonatal intensive care unit

The nurse has a key role in involving parents in the care of newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit. The aim of this study was to comprehend how the nurses experience the care provided to newborns in the presence of the parents. This is a qualitative study using social phenomenology, with the participation of seven nurses, interviewed between January and February 2009. The nurses perceived the needs of parents; had positive expectations regarding the care provided and acknowledge themselves to be the link between them, helping them to live with the hospitalized child. However, in emergencies, the nurses had difficulties in caring for the neonate in the presence of the parents. The nurses positively evaluated the presence of parents in the neonatal intensive care unit, involving them permanently in the care of the newborn. The study evokes the emergence of a care context (nurse/neonate/parents) that precedes the proximity between the subjects and the demands presented by them.     

Fathers' participation in childbirth at a public hospital: institutional difficulties and motivations of couples

Participation by fathers in the process of childbirth, an aspect of the humanization of obstetric care, helps foster the fathers' involvement in raising their children. This participation provides psychosocial support for pregnant women during labor and delivery, sharing of the experience by the couple, and father-child bonding. The focus of this ethnographic research was the impact of this process on fathers participating in childbirth at a State hospital in Rio de Janeiro, with two stages: participant observation of labor and delivery and eleven interviews with fathers who had been present at delivery. Fathers' participation was influenced by: the motivation of mothers and fathers; social representations of delivery and fatherhood; and exclusion of fathers from reproductive health and pediatrics services. The father's participation was not valued by the attending staff as either a source of emotional support for the mother or as part of fatherhood. The following are necessary: inclusion of fathers in prenatal care, delivery, and pediatrics services; the training of staff to work with the families; social discussion of fatherhood and health services policies to ensure the presence of fathers during labor and childbirth.     

Hospitalized child: care sharing between mother and nursing

This research aimed to verify at what moment, in what kinds of care and in what way mothers are included in care to the hospitalized child and to verify how care is negotiated between nursing team and mothers. The field research was carried out through participant observation of everyday care at a pediatric hospital unit, as well as interviews with mothers and the nursing team. The inclusion of the mother in care has taken place in a subtle way. The mother has taken on procedures that had been part of nursing competence before, concentrating information on the therapeutic process. The lack of a collective therapeutic project from the perspective of family-centered care is one of the obstacles to the involvement of mothers in care. Results demonstrate that the relation between mothers and the nursing team reveal to be complex and influenced by the exercise of power, which results in the need to construct shared care.     

Carrying: parental experience of the hospital transfer of their baby

Some hospital practices that are routine for hospital staff may carry unintended significance for patients and their families. The transfer of neonatal infants between hospitals and hospital environments is one such practice that may be covered by perfectly acceptable rules and regulations but that, at times, gives rise to unsuspected anxieties, pain, and worries in the parent. In this phenomenological study, I explored meaning aspects of the phenomenon transfer to reveal a lived experience of carrying--a carrying across from here to there; a carrying between changing places; a carrying contact of parent-child in-touchness that is enabled or compromised in this experience; a carrying with care; and a carrying as a search for place as home. The concluding recommendations speak to the need for understanding the experiences of hospitalized babies' parents, and speak to the tactful sensitivities required of the health care team during the transfer of child and family.     

某儿童专科医院住院患儿医院感染特点及危险因素

目的了解某儿童专科医院住院患儿医院感染特点及其危险因素,为医院感染的防控提供依据。方法对2013年1月1日-12月31日该儿童专科医院所有住院患儿的临床资料进行回顾性调查分析。 结果共调查住院患儿22 458例,其中男性患儿14 494例（64.54%）,女性患儿7 964例（35.46%）;发生医院感染294例,医院感染率为1.31%(男性患儿1.16%,女性患儿1.58%);医院感染率较高,居前3位的基础疾病是白血病(5.78%)、其他恶性肿瘤(4.01%)和泌尿系统疾病(3.40%);感染部位以上呼吸道(33.22%)、胃肠道(24.67%)和下呼吸道 (23.03%)为主。医院感染单因素分析结果显示:年龄≤3岁、住院时间＞7 d、入住重症监护病房（ICU）/新生儿重症监护室（NICU）、抢救,以及使用抗菌药物是男女患儿医院感染的危险因素（均P＜0.01）。多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示：住院时间＞7 d、春冬季节患病、有过抢救,以及使用过抗菌药物是男患儿医院感染的独立危险因素;年龄≤3岁、住院时间＞7 d、接受过手术/侵入性操作,以及使用过抗菌药物是女患儿医院感染的独立危险因素。结论某儿童专科医院全年医院感染率较低,且存在性别差异,今后可根据患儿不同临床特征建立分级医院感染控制体系。     

电话回访式健康教育在早产儿出院指导中的应用

目的掌握早产儿出院后健康状况,提供有效的护理信息支持,提高早产儿的家庭护理质量。方法为出院早产儿建立健康档案,在出院后第7及第14天对158名出院早产儿家长进行电话回访健康教育。对2次回访中的护理问题发生率进行统计分析。结果在第7天的回访中,存在喂养问题48.15%,皮肤问题为15.74%,脐部问题为7.41%,排便异常为19.91%;在第14天的回访中,喂养问题仅为28.70%,皮肤问题为6.94%,脐部问题为1.85%,排便异常为6.48%,两次回访护理问题发生率差异显著（P〈0.05）。结论电话回访健康教育可帮助家长及时解决出院后早产儿遇到的各种问题,保证了早产儿的健康成长。     

未足月胎膜早破后早产儿脑损伤的相关危险因素分析

目的:分析未足月胎膜早破后早产儿脑损伤的高危因素。方法:对2008年1月～2010年10月在医院产科出生且生后即转入新生儿科的未足月胎膜早破后早产儿及母亲的临床资料进行回顾性分析,按早产儿生后有无脑损伤分为脑损伤组与无脑损伤组。对患儿胎龄、出生体质量、性别、母亲有无绒毛膜羊膜炎、羊水指数、母亲产前应用激素、破膜时间、分娩方式、胎儿宫内窘迫、窒息复苏10个项目进行分析。结果:137例早产儿符合研究标准,未足月胎膜早破后早产儿脑损伤发生率24.8%。早产儿脑损伤危险因素Logistic回归分析按OR值排序,依次为胎龄、出生体重、窒息复苏及母亲绒毛膜羊膜炎。破膜时间长短与脑损伤无关。结论:未足月胎膜早破后早产儿脑损伤的发生与多因素有关,胎龄越小、体重越低脑损伤发生率越高,母亲绒毛膜羊膜炎及患儿生后有窒息复苏史也为早产儿脑损伤高危因素。     

Attendance at day care centers increases the risk of childhood pneumonia among the urban poor in Fortaleza, Brazil

We carried out a case-control study to investigate risk factors for childhood pneumonia in two groups of 650 children aged under two years in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. The cases were children recruited at the main pediatric hospital with a radiological diagnosis of pneumonia, and controls were children of the same age group recruited from the neighbourhood of the cases. In this paper we focus on variables related to childcare practices. Working mothers, proportion of time the mother had worked since the child was born, and use of day care centers emerged as important risk factors with estimated relative risks of 1.58, 1.76 and 5.22, respectively. Also important were the number of children living in the house and presence of grandparents. However, the presence of siblings under two years and the birth order were not associated with pneumonia. All analysis included adjustment for confounding by income, parents' education, and other risk factors as appropriate. This is the first study from a developing country to identify attendance at day care centers as a risk factor for increased childhood morbidity, in this case pneumonia. This finding is of significant public health importance for countries such as Brazil with growing urban populations and an increasing need by mothers to find work outside the home.     

A survey to evaluate parental consent as public policy for neonatal screening.

Most states currently have laws which result in compulsory neonatal screening practices, despite a widespread consensus that participation in genetic services and programs should be voluntary. In 1976, Maryland adopted a regulation designed to respect parents' rights to refuse neonatal screening by imposing a parental consent requirement. The results of a study designed to evaluate the effects of this regulation are reviewed here. Many health care providers were unaware of the parental consent regulation. However, hospitals were generally in compliance with the technical stipulations of the regulations. There was little evidence that the regulation resulted in additional costs to the health care system, either in terms of hospital staff time or in terms of loss of efficiency in the number of infants screened. Mothers affected by the regulation were largely in favor of being informed about neonatal screening and learned a significant amount of new information from the disclosure process. They were almost evenly divided on whether they favored parental consent.