Asthma-like symptoms, atopy, and bronchial responsiveness in furniture workers

OBJECTIVES: To study the role of individual and occupational risk factors for asthma in furniture workers. METHODS: 296 workers were examined (258 men, 38 women) with a questionnaire of respiratory symptoms and diseases, baseline spirometry, bronchial provocative test with methacholine, and skin prick tests. Non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity was defined as when a provocative dose with a fall of 20% in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (PD20FEV1) was < 0.8 mg and atopy in the presence of at least one positive response to skin prick tests. Workers were subdivided into spray painters (exposed to low concentrations of diisocyanates and solvents), woodworkers (exposed to wood dusts), and assemblers (control group). RESULTS: The prevalences of attacks of shortness of breath with wheezing and dyspnoea were higher in spray painters (13.5% and 11.5% respectively) than in woodworkers (7.7% and 6.3%) or in assemblers (1.6% and 1.6%); prevalences of chronic cough, asthma, and rhinitis were also slightly but not significantly higher in spray painters and in woodworkers than in assemblers. The difference in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms among the job titles was due to the atopic subjects, who showed a higher prevalence of chronic cough, wheeze, shortness of breath with wheeze, dyspnoea, and asthma in spray painters than in the other groups. The prevalence of non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity in subjects who performed bronchial provocative tests was 17.7%, with no significant difference among groups. Asthma symptoms were significantly associated with non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity. Asthma-like symptoms plus non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity was found in 4% of assemblers, 10% of woodworkers, and 13.3% of spray painters (chi 2 = 2.6, NS). Multiple logistic analysis taking into account individual (smoke, atopy, age) and occupational (job titles) risk factors confirmed that spray painters had higher prevalence of chronic cough than assemblers, and a trend in increasing the prevalence of shortness of breath with wheeze, dyspnoea, and asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Painters in the furniture industry, particularly atopic subjects, are at higher risk of asthma-like symptoms than other job titles. In these workers asthma-like symptoms are more sensitive than non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity in detecting a negative effect of the occupational exposure.     

6~14岁慢性咳嗽患儿病因及流行病学调查

目的调查6~14岁儿童慢性咳嗽发生情况及导致其发生的危险因素。方法采用问卷调查的形式对秦皇岛市6~14岁儿童慢性咳嗽发生情况和相关资料进行统计。结果共发放调查问卷4000份,有效回收3785份,回收率94.63%,6~14岁儿童慢性咳嗽发生率为5.13%(194/3785)。其中男童患病率和女童患病率分别为5.43%(101/1859)和4.83%(93/1926),差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.641,P=0.873)。工业镇地区6.70%(64/955)儿童发病率显著高于城区4.43%(85/1917)和农业镇4.93%(45/913)(χ²=55.082,P=0.000)。危险因素显示过敏原长期接触,过敏体质,哮喘、鼻炎和反流性食道炎等鼻咽喉疾病及被动吸烟与慢性咳嗽发生相关(χ²=17.833,43.370,194.466,27.773,101.92,11.268,P=0.000)。回归模型分析显示,哮喘、鼻炎、过敏原长期暴露是慢性咳嗽发生的独立危险因素(χ²=15.352,10.174,12.625,12.659,P=0.000)。结论秦皇岛市6~14岁儿童中,居工业镇儿童较其他城区儿童发病率较高,风险性较大。哮喘、鼻炎、过敏原长期暴露是慢性咳嗽发生的主要原因。     

Prevalence and risk factors of occupational asthma among hairdressers in Turkey

This study was designed to evaluate the questionnaire-based prevalence and possible risk factors of occupational asthma among hairdressers in Turkey. We investigated occupational history and respiratory, ocular, dermal, and nasal symptoms using a standardized questionnaire, evaluated worksite pulmonary function tests, and performed allergen skin testing. We then determined asthma risk factors using age- and gender-adjusted logistic regression models. The prevalence of occupational asthma in hairdressers was 14.6%. The odds ratio for hairdressers in a high work intensity group was 3.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 10.9) with a significant dose-response trend (chi 2 trend = 4.875; P = 0.027). The odds ratio for occupational asthma among workers with atopy was 4.5 (95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 17.2). We also observed an excess risk of occupational asthma with allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis. Occupational asthma did not differ among subgroups of hairdressers. We observed an important risk of occupational asthma among hairdressers. The most prominent risk factors were work intensity and atopy.     

Prevalence of Abnormal Pap Smears in Rural Family Practice

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of abnormal Pap smears in rural family practice, to compare this to the published literature, and to determine if the prevalence of abnormalities is higher in the younger age group (<=35 years of age). A retrospective chart audit was performed on all Pap smears from four rural family practice sites during a 12-month period. Data collected were Pap smear result, patient's age, and interval since previous Pap smear. Statistical analysis was used to determine if the prevalence of abnormal Pap smears was consistent among the practices as well as similar to the three larger published studies. Also, chi-square analysis was used to compare the prevalence of abnormal Pap smears in the younger (<=35 years of age) versus the older (>35 years of age) age groups. There were 2,891 Pap smears reviewed, with 782 (27%) recorded as abnormal. The prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) (76 or 2.6%) was compared to the published literature and was found to be statistically significantly higher (chi square=772.194, P=0.000). The prevalence of abnormal Pap smears was higher in the younger than age 35 group when compared to the older than age 35 age group (chi square=20.953, P=0.000). Pap smear interval and age varied between the four practice sites, but the prevalence of CIN was not statistically different (chi square=3.154, P=0.368). The results of this study suggest that rural family physicians may encounter abnormal Pap smears at rates similar to those reported in the literature. This study also suggests that the prevalence of abnormal Pap smears may be higher in the younger groups in this population.     

Prevalence of asthma, aspirin intolerance, nasal polyposis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Remarkable overlap exists in symptoms between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and the symptoms of the patients with mild asthma are often falsely thought to be caused by smoking. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of doctor-diagnosed asthma, asthmatic symptoms and doctor-diagnosed COPD in an adult population. The prevalence and relation to asthma of aspirin intolerance, nasal polyposis, allergic rhinitis and smoking habits were also examined. METHODS: Postal questionnaire survey of a population-based random sample (4300) of adult women and men aged 18-65 years served by the P?ij?t-H?me Central Hospital in southern Finland (a region with 208 000 inhabitants) was performed. RESULTS: The non-response-adjusted prevalence (Drane's linear method) of doctor-diagnosed asthma was 4.4% (95% CI: 3.3-5.5%) and of COPD 3.7% (95% CI: 2.7-4.8%). The prevalence of allergic rhinitis was 37.3% (95% CI: 33.3-41.2%), and of overall aspirin intolerance 5.7% (95% CI: 4.4-7.1%). The observed prevalence of aspirin intolerance causing shortness of breath or attacks of asthma was 1.2% and it was higher in patients with doctor-diagnosed asthma than without (8.8% versus 0.8%, relative risk [RR] = 11.4, P < 0.0001), and higher in those with allergic-like rhinitis than without (2.6% versus 0.3%, RR = 7.7, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of nasal polyposis was 4.3% (95% CI : 2.8-5.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The current prevalence of doctor-diagnosed asthma among adults is 4.4%, and allergic rhinitis, nasal polyposis and aspirin intolerance are associated with an increased risk of asthma. There is also association between aspirin-induced asthma and allergic-like rhinitis.     

新生儿高胆红素血症与催产素关系的病例-对照研究 1:1配比多级暴露水平分析

采用配比多级暴露水平分析方法,对200对(1:1)新生儿高胆红素血症与催产素关系的病例-对照研究资料进行分析,结果表明:分娩过程中使用催产素与新生儿高胆红素血症发生有关(χ²= 15.538,df=3,P=0.0014),三个暴露水平(催产素使用单位)的估计相对危险度分别为1~5.9(u):OR=1.085;6~8.9 (u):OR=5.5;9+(u):OR=3.687,并经对数线性趋势检验有极显著性(χ²=11.991,df=1,P=0.0005)。     

厦门社区成年女性尿失禁患病状况流行病学调查

目的:调查厦门社区成年女性尿失禁的患病率,探讨压力性尿失禁患病的影响因素。方法:采用分层随机抽样的方法,对厦门社区成年有性生活史的女性3 453例进行问卷调查,测量体重、身高及妇科检查。经单因素分析(χ2检验)及多因素Logistic回归分析筛选发生压力性尿失禁的危险因素。结果:本次共调查3 453例,年龄20～84岁,平均(45±16)岁。厦门市社区成年女性尿失禁患病率为38.78%(1 339/3 453)。盆腔器官脱垂的患病率为22.07%(762/3 453)。尿失禁的患病率总趋势随年龄增加而上升。在尿失禁(UI)患病状况分析中,发现SUI患病率23.52%(812/3 453),MUI患病率10.72%(370/3 453),UUI患病率3.91%(135/3 453),其他类型尿失禁患病率0.64%(22/3 453)。其构成比依次是60.64%、27.63%、10.08%、1.64%。经单因素分析χ2检验,筛选出SUI可能的危险因素有9项:年龄(χ2=103.604,P=0.000)、体重指数≥24 kg/m2(χ2=29.290,P=0.000)、体力劳动(χ2=11.662,P=0.001)、分娩方式(χ2=113.179,P=0.000)、文化程度(χ2=15.648,P=0.000)、慢性咳嗽(χ2=5.871,P=0.015)、高血压(χ2=13.540,P=0.000)、绝经(χ2=47.789,P=0.000)、盆腔器官脱垂(χ2=162.664,P=0.000)。影响SUI患病的多因素Logistic回归分析显示5项危险因素:分娩方式,与未产者相比,阴道分娩1次(OR值为3.016)、阴道分娩2次及以上(OR值为3.291),剖宫产(OR值为1.950);年龄,与20～39岁者相比,年龄在40～49岁者(OR值为1.448),年龄在50～59岁者(OR值为1.852),年龄在60岁及以上者(OR值为1.508);盆腔器官脱垂(OR值2.251);体力劳动(OR值1.275);慢性咳嗽(OR值2.221)。结论:尿失禁的患病率总趋势随年龄增加而上升,压力性尿失禁(SUI)患病的5个独立危险因素为:年龄、分娩方式、盆腔器官脱垂、体力劳动、慢性咳嗽。     

Does employment improve the health of lone mothers? The ALSPAC Study Team. Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood.

In Britain the government is currently proposing legislation that will encourage welfare recipients to gain employment. A central tenet of this 'welfare to work' policy is that employment will not only reduce the poverty of welfare recipients, but also improve their health. This research assessed the extent to which the movement from 'welfare to work' is likely to benefit the mental and physical health of lone mothers with preschool children. The sample was 719 lone mothers and a comparison group of 8779 women with partners drawn from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC). Data collected by self completion questionnaire at 33 months postpartum provided information about average weekly take home family income and the mother's employment status. The health outcomes measured were general well being, both minor and major depression (using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), self report of respiratory symptoms (cough/cold, wheeze, influenza) from 18-33 months postpartum and self report of symptoms common in the childbearing years (backache, haemorrhoids) also from 18-33 months postpartum. Lone mothers who were not employed were the poorest group in the sample; 94% of this group (402) had a family income of less than pound sterling 200 per week, compared with 72% (188) of lone mothers who were employed, 25% (905) of partnered women who were not employed and 12% (466) of partnered women who were employed. Lone mothers were significantly more likely than women with partners to report poorer well being (chi2 = 11.7, df = 3, P = 0.01), to have a major depressive disorder (chi2 = 92.6, df = 1, P = 0.0001) and to report wheeze (chi2 = 31.1, df = 1, P = 0.0001), but significantly less likely to report cough/cold (chi2 = 9.9, df = 1, P = 0.0001) or haemorrhoids (chi2 = 16.6, df = 1, P = 0.0001). Lone mothers who were unemployed and living on less than pound sterling 100 per week were significantly more likely to be depressed (chi2 = 3.9, df = 1, P = 0.05) than those who were employed and living on pound sterling 200 or more per week, and significantly less likely to report cough/cold (chi2 = 3.8, df = 1, P = 0.05). Logistic regression analyses showed no significant independent association between employment and better health for lone mothers. Rather, when compared with lone mothers who were not working, those who were employed were more likely to report minor respiratory symptoms such as cough/cold (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.00,2.31). Overall, the results suggested that the movement from 'welfare to work' is unlikely to improve the health of lone mothers.     

郑州市10年神经管缺损发生率的变化趋势

目的 描述1996-2005年郑州市围产儿神经管缺损(neural tube defects,NTDs)的流行病学特征及动态变化趋势.方法 采用医院监测的方法进行数据收集,调查孕满28周至产后7 d住院分娩的围产儿中NTDs的发生情况,分别按年份、围产儿性别、产妇户口所在地(城/乡)、产妇年龄计算其发生率.共监测围产儿162 074名,全市同期出生围产儿496 203名,监测比例为32.66%.结果 NTDs 238例,总发生率为14.68/万,年度发生率呈下降趋势.NTDs的发生率乡村为29.28/万,城镇为9.63/万;女性为17.74/万,男性为11.42/万;产妇年龄别发生率的差异有统计学意义(χ2=22.952,P=0.000),＜20岁和≥35岁组高于其他年龄组,其发生率分别为53.76/万和21.74/万.结论 郑州市NTDs发生率乡村高于城镇、女性高于男性.10年间年度发生率呈下降趋势.     

An optimal dose-effect mode trend test for SNP genotype tables

The genome-wide association studies have improved our understanding of the genetic basis of many complex traits. Two-by-three contingency tables are tested in these studies. The trend test for the additive mode is most often used, which is the test of 1 degree of freedom (df=1) and other tests, such as the genotype test (chi(2) (df=2)) and the chi(2) (df=1) tests for the dominant and recessive modes are also used to increase the power for markers in the non-additive modes. However, any one of them or combination of them is not perfect. We describe the relations among the chi(2) (df=2) test and chi(2) (df=1) tests for the dominant and recessive modes and the trend test for the additive mode and propose a new statistic based on their relations that tests the hypothesis that the disease-susceptible allele has a dose-effect somewhere between the recessive and dominant modes, which corresponds to the optimal dose-effect for the observed data.     

不同年龄和体重的多囊卵巢综合征患者糖耐量异常的研究

目的:研究不同年龄阶段和不同体重指数的PCOS患者糖耐量异常的发生率,探讨糖代谢异常与年龄、体重的关系。方法:495例PCOS患者,口服75 g葡萄糖,行糖耐量及胰岛素释放实验。用卡方检验及偏相关分析方法比较不同年龄与体重的PCOS患者糖耐量的差异。结果:495例患者中糖尿病发生率为4.0%(20例),糖耐量低减的发生率为16.6%(82例);根据胰岛素敏感性指数分析,胰岛素敏感性高者275例,占55.6%,胰岛素敏感性低者220例,占44.4%;偏相关分析发现,不同年龄段的PCOS患者糖尿病和糖耐量低减的发生率不同,两者呈正相关,r=0.172,有统计学差异(P=0.000),不同年龄患者的胰岛素敏感性相比,无显著性差异;不同体重指数的PCOS患者糖尿病发生率和糖耐量低减的发生率不同,两者呈正相关,r=0.318,有统计学差异(P=0.000),胰岛素敏感性相比,两者呈负相关,r=-0.434,有显著性差异(P=0.000)。结论:PCOS患者随着年龄和体重的增加,糖耐量异常的发生率增加;肥胖患者的胰岛素抵抗更严重。     

临朐县0~14岁儿童哮喘流行病学调查分析

目的 研究临朐县0~14岁儿童哮喘的危险因素以及患病率,为本病的治疗及预防提供有力依据。方法 利用整群随机抽样的方法,在临朐县幼儿园、学校、防疫站抽取10 000名0~14岁儿童进行哮喘流行病学调查。结果 总共调查0~14岁儿童10 000人,收到9 765份有效问卷,有效率为97.65%。哮喘儿童152例,患病率为1.56%;患病率最高的是学龄前期的儿童,男童患病率高于女童,男女比例为1.50∶1,差异有统计学意义(χ²=5.648,P<0.05)。家族过敏或哮喘史、过敏性鼻炎史、皮肤过敏史、食物过敏史、个人药物过敏史、早产、超体重、使用抗生素可能为哮喘发病的危险因素。结论 2012年临朐县0~14岁儿童哮喘患病率较10年前全国哮喘患病率有所升高,儿童哮喘患病率最高的年龄段是学龄前期。儿童哮喘的发病与多种因素相关。     

Osteoporosis and renal dysfunction in a general population exposed to cadmium in China

Osteoporosis is a common metabolic disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue. Many factors are involved in the occurrence of osteoporosis. Cadmium can cause both osteomalacia and osteoporosis and these effects have long been investigated through various epidemiological or experimental studies. The present study examines a possible relationship between cadmium nephropathy and its effects on the skeleton in populations living in a polluted area in southeast China. Monophoton absorptiometry was used to measure bone mineral density in the population and the Z score (the number of SD from the difference between the measured bone density of the individual and the group mean value for sex- and age-matched controls) was introduced to define osteoporosis (Z score < -2). Osteoporosis caused by cadmium exposure was demonstrated in this study on a general population environmentally exposed to cadmium in China. It was found that there were significant differences in the prevalence of osteoporosis among the different urinary cadmium groups (chi2 = 18.84, P = 0.0008). The linear trend test gave chi2 = 16.281, P = 0.00005. There was a dose-response relationship between cadmium exposure (urinary cadmium) and prevalence of osteoporosis. Of 31 subjects with osteoporosis, 23 subjects were suffering from renal dysfunction. The prevalence of renal dysfunction (74.19%) was significantly higher than that in those without osteoporosis (chi2 = 16.53, P < 0.001). Stratum analysis was performed to further assess the relationship between bone damage and renal impairment caused by cadmium. There was a significant difference between those with and without tubular damage (chi2 = 19.92, P = 0.000) but not in those with and without glomerular damage (chi2 = 0.08, P = 0.114). This showed that glomerular dysfunction plays a smaller role than tubular dysfunction in the causation of bone damage. It was found that the prevalence of osteoporosis increases with increasing values of parameters of tubular damage. Osteoporosis caused by cadmium is thus related to kidney dysfunction and especially to tubular damage and its severity but not to glomerular damage. The present study has thus demonstrated the combined adverse effects (osteoporosis and renal dysfunction) caused by environmental exposure to cadmium for the first time in Asia outside the endemic area in Japan.     

Respiratory symptoms and lung function among Danish woodworkers.

A cross-sectional study including 54 furniture factories and three control factories was conducted to survey lung function and prevalence of respiratory symptoms among woodworkers. Spirometry was performed on 2423 persons. Questionnaires regarding respiratory symptoms and wood dust exposure were completed by 2033 woodworkers and 474 controls. Personal passive dust measurements were performed on 1579 persons. The arithmetic mean +/- SD for equivalent inhalable dust was relatively low (1.19 +/- 0.86 mg/m3). Woodworkers had increased frequency of coughing with negative interaction between dust exposure and smoking. A dose-response relationship was seen between dust exposure and asthma symptoms, and a positive interaction for asthma was seen between female gender and dust exposure. Increased frequency of wheezing and a cross-shift decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second among workers using pinewood was seen. In conclusion, wood dust exposure might cause respiratory symptoms, despite a relatively low exposure level.     

Cardiorespiratory hospitalizations associated with smoke exposure during the 1997, Southeast Asian forest fires

We investigated the cardiorespiratory health effects of smoke exposure from the 1997 Southeast Asian Forest Fires among persons who were hospitalized in the region of Kuching, Malaysia. We selected admissions to seven hospitals in the Kuching region from a database of all hospital admissions in the state of Sarawak during January 1, 1995 and December 31, 1998. For several cardiorespiratory disease classifications we used Holt-Winters time-series analyses to determine whether the total number of monthly hospitalizations during the forest fire period (August 1 to October 31, 1997), or post-fire period (November 1, 1997 to December 31, 1997) exceeded forecasted estimates established from a historical baseline period of January 1, 1995 to July 31, 1997. We also identified age-specific cohorts of persons whose members were admitted for specific cardiorespiratory problems during January 1 to July 31 of each year (1995--1997). We compared Kaplan-Meier survival curves of time to first readmission for the 1997 cohorts (exposed to the forest fire smoke) with the survival curves for the 1995 and 1996 cohorts (not exposed, pre-fire cohorts). The time-series analyses indicated that statistically significant fire-related increases were observed in respiratory hospitalizations, specifically those for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. The survival analyses indicated that persons over age 65 years with previous hospital admissions for any cause (chi2(1df) = 5.98, p = 0.015), any cardiorespiratory disease (chi2(1df) = 5.3, p = 0.02), any respiratory disease (chi2(1df) = 7.8, p = 0.005), or COPD (chi2(1df) = 3.9, p = 0.047), were significantly more likely to be rehospitalized during the follow-up period in 1997 than during the follow-up periods in the pre-fire years of 1995 or 1996. The survival functions of the exposed cohorts resumed similar trajectories to unexposed cohorts during the post-fire period of November 1, 1997 to December 31, 1998. Communities exposed to forest fire smoke during the Southeast Asian forest fires of 1997 experienced short-term increases in cardiorespiratory hospitalizations. When an air quality emergency is anticipated, persons over age 65 with histories of respiratory hospitalizations should be preidentified from existing hospitalization records and given priority access to interventions.     

Acute effects of low levels of ambient ozone on peak expiratory flow rate in a cohort of Australian children

BACKGROUND: We enrolled a cohort of primary schoolchildren with a history of wheeze (n = 148) in an 11-month longitudinal study to examine the relationship between ambient ozone concentrations and peak expiratory flow rate. METHODS: Enrolled children recorded peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) twice daily. We obtained air pollution, meteorological and pollen data. In all, 125 children remained in the final analysis. RESULTS: We found a significant negative association between daily mean deviation in PEFR and same-day mean daytime ozone concentration (beta-coefficient = 0.88; P = 0.04) after adjusting for co-pollutants, time trend, meteorological variables, pollen count and ALTERNARIA: count. The association was stronger in a subgroup of children with bronchial hyperreactivity and a doctor diagnosis of asthma (beta-coefficient = -2.61; P = 0.001). There was no significant association between PEFR and same-day daily daytime maximum ozone concentration. We also demonstrated a dose-response relationship with mean daytime ozone concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate levels of ambient ozone have an adverse health effect on children with a history of wheezing, and this effect is larger in children with bronchial hyperreactivity and a doctor diagnosis of asthma.     

Asthma and associated factors in students 13 and 14 years of age in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of asthma and associated factors among students 13 and 14 years of age in S?o Luís, Maranh?o State, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the questionnaire developed by ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) and an additional questionnaire from July 2008 to May 2009, including 3,069 adolescents. Asthma prevalence (wheezing in the previous 12 months) was 12.7%, lifetime prevalence was 32.4%, 3.9% reported difficulty speaking due to wheezing, and 9.8% reported wheezing after exercise. In the multivariate analysis, factors associated with increased asthma prevalence were family history of asthma, respiratory infection and wheezing in early life, eczema, allergic rhinitis, and passive smoking. Asthma prevalence was lower than for Brazil as a whole. Factors most strongly associated with asthma prevalence in these adolescents were family history of asthma (PR = 3.86), wheezing in early childhood (PR = 4.58), and allergic rhinitis (PR = 3.21).     

北京市某医院415例产妇分娩方式及影响因素的调查

目的 了解北京市20世纪70年代以来产妇分娩方式变化趋势,探讨可能影响育龄妇女对剖宫产的认识、态度的因素。方法 采用面对面、不记名的问卷调查方式,对415例在北京天坛医院妇科门诊就诊的、有既往生育史的育龄妇女进行调查,询问其最近一次分娩的时间、地点和方式,以及对剖宫产的认识、态度及影响因素。结果 2000年以来该院的产妇剖宫产率平均为29％,明显高于自20世纪70、80和90年代的剖宫产率(X~2=22.81,P=0.001),且至今仍呈上升趋势。北京市户籍产妇和非北京市户籍产妇的剖宫产率分别为25.0％和9.6％(X~2=21.96,P=0.000002)。高中及以上学历的产妇比低文化程度的产妇有较多机会接受剖宫产(Y~2=43.64,P<0.00001),工人、干部、职员较其他职业的产妇有较多机会接受剖宫产(X~2=20.07,P=0.01)。有93％(70/75)的剖宫产系医生主动提出来施行的。结论 目前产妇剖宫产率较高。有必要对医生和产妇进行健康教育,减少不必要的剖宫产。     

上海市学龄儿童过敏性疾病流行现状及相关因素分析

  目的  了解上海市学龄儿童过敏性疾病患病现状及相关影响因素,为预防儿童过敏性疾病提供参考。  方法  2019年4—6月期间,在上海市开展多阶段整群抽样,共有17所小学的10 686名7~12岁学龄儿童被纳入调查。采用国际儿童哮喘和过敏研究(ISAAC)量表评估儿童过敏性疾病,采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析儿童过敏性疾病的影响因素。  结果  上海市学龄儿童中过敏性疾病的总体患病率为47.0%,男童(50.4%)患病率高于女童(43.3%)(χ2=54.44,P < 0.01)。常见过敏性疾病患病率为哮喘(13.9%)、过敏性鼻炎(18.2%)、特应性皮炎(34.3%)。部分儿童同时患有多种过敏性疾病。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,与哮喘、过敏性鼻炎、特应性皮炎3类过敏性疾病均呈正相关的因素为男童(OR值分别为1.52,1.44,1.22)、母亲学历本科及以上(OR值分别为1.26,1.77,1.84)、有过敏性疾病家族史(OR值分别为2.87,4.24,2.57)、是独生子女(OR值分别为1.16,1.28,1.22)、窗帘清洗频率 < 1次/月(OR值分别为1.41,1.79,1.77)、没有每天打扫房间(OR值分别为1.14,1.18,1.20)、粉尘暴露频率≥1次/月(OR值分别为1.45,1.56,1.42)(P值均 < 0.05)。3类过敏性疾病另存在特有的社会-环境-行为危险因素。  结论  上海市学龄儿童过敏性疾病患病率较高,相关影响因素涉及社会、环境和行为暴露的多个变量,值得后续深入探索。     

Occupational asthma in subjects occupationally exposed to herbal and fruit tea dust

We performed a cross-sectional study to detect occupational asthma (OA) in 63 subjects occupationally exposed to herbal and fruit tea dust and in 63 corresponding controls. The evaluation included a questionnaire, skin prick tests to workplace and common inhalant allergens, spirometry, and histamine challenge test. The evaluation of the work-relatedness of asthma in the exposed workers was based on serial peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) measurements and bronchoprovocation tests. We found a higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms in the exposed workers, whereas spirometric parameters were significantly lower. The prevalence of sensitisation to allergens and of bronchial hyperresponsivenss (BHR) did not differ significantly between the groups. The prevalence of asthma was also similar in both groups (8.0 % vs. 6.4 %; P=0.540). Work-relatedness of symptoms was reported by all asthmatic tea workers and by no control with asthma. Significant work-related changes in PEFR diurnal variations and in non-specific BHR, suggesting allergic OA, were found in one tea worker with asthma (1.6 %). No specific workplace agent causing OA in the affected subject was identified. None of the tea workers with asthma met the criteria for medical case definition of the reactive airway dysfunction syndrome (RADS). Our data confirm workplace exposure to herbal and fruit tea dust as a risk factor for OA.