清远市2004年钩端螺旋体病监测分析

目的 对2004年清远市钩端螺旋体病疫情、人群及宿主动物监测情况进行分析,为制定防治措施提供科学依据.方法 采取疑似病人血、鼠类、水禽类和蛙类动物肾组织分离培养病原体,用MAT法检测健康人、疑似病人、鼠类和水禽类动物血清抗体.结果 报告发生钩体病10例,发病率0.25/10万,死亡1例,病死率10.00%.从鼠肾组织中分离鉴定了5株钩体菌,分离阳性率为5.00%,均为爪哇群.流行前、后期健康人血清和流行期疑似病人血清抗体阳性率分别为13.27%、4.00%和15.79%,菌群以黄疸出血群和七日热群为主,其次为拜伦群和爪哇群.鼠血清抗体阳性率为22.00%,黄毛鼠、板齿鼠、褐家鼠和黄胸鼠的血清抗体阳性率在8.57%～50.00%之间,菌群以秋季热群为主,其次为犬热群.水禽（鸭）血清抗体阳性率为4.00%,菌群为拜伦群和致热群.结论 我市人群钩体隐性感染水平和鼠带菌率均较高,开始出现钩体病发病年龄组后移及钩体带菌优势鼠种由野栖鼠种向家栖鼠种交叉转移的动向,从水禽类动物（鸭）血清中检测出钩体带菌抗体在我市尚属首次.继续加强监测,采取综合性防治措施,可有效地控制钩体病的流行.     

湖南省2005年钩端螺旋体病监测结果与分析

目的 调查了解湖南省钩端螺旋体病的防治监测工作.方法 选择湖南5个县(市)进行传染源带菌情况、自然人群与疑似病人血清学研究,按照国家有关标准进行实验室检测.结果 传染源钩体分离及菌型分布情况对鼠及蛙类标本进行钩体分离培养,分离出15株钩体.其中鼠肾分离培养出阳性标本14株,阳性率3.59%.血清学:检测11份疑似病人血清抗体,确诊5例,确诊率45.45%;525份自然人群血清钩体抗体有12群之多,黄疸出血群里,湘潭县自然人群血清抗体阳性率最高(62.75%),沅江市自然人群血清抗体GMT最高(37.64).结论 从鼠、蛙钩体分离培养中可看出,塞罗群萨克斯可宾型和沅江型是湖南省洞庭湖区主要菌型;黄疸出血群仍是湖南省自然人群主要流行菌型,其次秋季群、澳洲群、波摩那群和流感伤寒群也是湖南省流行菌型;地区重点菌群监测预防工作应加以重视.     

深圳市鼠群钩端螺旋体感染状况调查

目的了解深圳市钩端螺旋体宿主动物的主要种类、密度、以及感染率和感染类型的分布情况,为钩端螺旋体病防治提供有利的科学依据。方法参照国标WS290-2008《端螺旋体病诊断标准》和广东卫生防疫90年增刊《病原微生物诊断标准》,采集动物脏器和血清进行病原学分离培养和抗体检测。结果从深圳市罗湖、福田、南山、宝安等4个区捕获的448只鼠肾中分离出一株钩端螺旋体,鉴定为爪哇群。4区的鼠血清平均抗体阳性率依次为24%、62.5%、15%、20.81%,分属10个群,其中以波摩那群最高,占44.06%、爪哇群次之。结论深圳市鼠类动物钩端螺旋体隐性感染水平较高,需继续加强监测。     

南平市钩端螺旋体病调查研究

目的：通过对南平市钩端螺旋体病流行状况、疫源地类型、宿主动物、钩体菌群、临床表现、疫苗接种情况等调查，基本掌握我市钩体病流行规律，为当今农业生产结构下提出针对防治对策。方法：收集并分析南平市钩体历年疫情、临床资料，开展疫区类型、宿主动物、钩体菌群等调查。结果：南平市地理环境、气侯、植被等适宜钩端螺旋体菌生长。44年来流行曲线呈波浪型，5-11月为流行期，九十年代后以浦城县流行为主，总发病率呈下降趋势。疫源地有三种生境类型。流行形式以稻田型为主。农村男性青壮年受感染发病最多。宿主动物以黄毛鼠、黑线姬鼠、褐家鼠为主，分离出14群钩体菌株，而且带菌率高。近年猪宿主作用下降。病人血清检出13群钩体感染，健康人群检出14群钩体抗体，隐性感染率15．15％。“福建新丙五价”钩体菌苗的安全性及免疫效果是肯定的，完全可以预防相应菌群疫区钩体病流行。结论：南平市存在钩体自然疫源地．是福建省较严重的钩体流行疫区，有明显季节高峰，宿主动物种类多，流行菌群有14群，稻田型流行为主，病例临床表现复杂，疫情虽然呈下降趋势，凶险型病例增多，“福建新丙五价”钩体菌苗可以预防相应菌群疫区钩体病流行，但是防治工作仍然任重而道远。     

贵州省2010－2014年间钩体宿主动物带菌监测结果与分析

目的：了解贵州省鼠类宿主动物钩端螺旋体（简称钩体）带菌情况、菌型分布,为钩体病的防控提供技术手段和科学依据。方法：对2010～2014年对贵州省黔东南州钩体疫源地采用夜夹捕鼠法进行鼠间动物监测捕获鼠类,分离钩体后用PCR方法进行鉴定。结果：2010－2014年鼠间动物监测有效布夹数6750夹次,共捕鼠646只（鼠密度9．57％）,以黑线姬鼠最多240只,占总数的37．15％。共分离钩体菌株56株（带菌率8．67％）经PCR检测为黄疸出血群。结论：黑线姬鼠为贵州省钩体病常见的带菌鼠种;黄疸出血群钩体是贵州省鼠间的主要传染源。     

广东省2002～2008年门诊人群钩端螺旋体感染血清学调查

目的通过分析钩端螺旋体病血清学结果,了解和掌握广东地区人群中钩体抗体水平及菌群的变化特征。方法参照WS290-2008行业标准方法采用显微镜凝集试验(MAT)方法进行血清学检测。结果2002～2008年共接收疑似患者血清1180份,其中凝集试验阳性23例,阳性率为1.95%(23/1180),分属6种菌群,其中黄疸出血、爪哇、秋季热及七日热4个群占了86.96%。结论广东省人群钩端螺旋体感染率呈逐年下降趋势,部分菌群出现更迭,在防治工作中应注意菌群变化。     

湖南省洪涝灾害高发地区钩端螺旋体病流行因素的研究

目的研究湖南省洪涝灾害高发地区钩端螺旋体病的流行因素。方法选择洞庭湖区6个县研究传染源密度、带茵情况和自然人群、病人与动物抗体水平，按国家有关标准进行实验室和现场工作。结果(1)传染源：灭鼠前、后和钩体病流行后期鼠密度分别为7．02％、2．31％和4．64％，优势鼠种为黑线姬鼠，灭鼠后鼠密度下降了67．09％：村民家庭家畜饲养以圈养形式占99．15％，喂商品混合饲料的占72．33％。(2)病原学：对鼠、猪、犬和病人的标本进行钩体培养，分离出82株钩体，黄疸出血群占70．73％，1株国内新型茵，黑线姬鼠分离率高达11．03％。(3)血清学：检测1263名自然人15个群钩体抗体，一群以上抗体阳性率未接种钩体苗为50．88％，接种一针四价钩体为72．55％，人群抗体有14群之多；检测85例病人双份血清抗体，确诊63例，符合率74．11％，黄疸出血群感染比例最高；流行季节牛、犬和出栏猪抗体分别有14、8和7个群，牛阳性率最高。结论流行前灭鼠效果好，不仅降低了鼠密度，还降低了带茵率；主要传染源是鼠和牛，牛作为传染源的意义大于猪和犬；人群接种一针四价钩体菌苗亦有效；病人感染黄疸出血、澳洲和秋季群为多。     

湖北省洪涝灾害对钩端螺旋体病流行因素的影响及防治对策研究

目的 研究洪水对人间钩端螺旋体病疫情和流行规律的影响及有效防治策略。方法 运用流行病学调查方法，应用apsall．O分析软件统计数据，研究洪水对人间钩端螺旋体病流行因素的影响。结果 1960～2002年湖北省钩端螺旋体病年均发病率2．61／10万，病死率2．90％，发病时间以8月份为主，占调查总数68．69％。野外鼠类、放养的猪和牛为受灾地区主要钩端螺旋体病传染源，钩体病人感染的血清型为13群20型，其中黄疸出血群占57．29％，波摩那群28．60％，乳山型钩体抗体在我国钩体病人感染的血清中首次发现。将仙桃市、枝江县近10年气温、降雨量资料与钩端螺旋体病年均发病率进行相关分析，结果 只有仙桃市8月降雨量与钩体病发病率相关有显著性。经8万余例人群接种双价钩端螺旋体外膜菌苗，未发现严重副反应和异常反应，安全性良好。钩端螺旋体外膜菌苗1针注射后1年内，对黄疸出血群钩端螺旋体病人保护效果达95．57％，血清抗体阳性率和GMT均在6个月时达到最高峰，其黄疸出血群(赖型)和七日热群(七日热型)抗体阳转率分别达96．2％和95．7％，其C,MI’分别为1：87．72和1：47．48。1年时黄疸出血群的赖型和七日热群的七日热型仍分别有53．8％和29.0％的阳性率，基本达到保护所需的抗体水平，钩端螺旋体外膜菌苗有较好的保护效果。结论 洪涝灾害可以影响钩端螺旋体的流行，但不是决定因素。不同洪涝灾害类型对钩端螺旋体病的流行影响不同，应采取不同的防治策略。在可能暴发流行钩端螺旋体病的地区，应该采取包括加强钩端螺旋体病传染源控制与管理、健康教育、接种钩端螺旋体菌苗等综合性防治措施，才能有效控制钩端螺旋体病流行，取得更好的经济效益和社会效益。     

2007年湖南省钩端螺旋体宿主动物感染状况结果分析

目的 掌握湖南省钩端螺旋体宿主动物主要种类、密度、以及感染率和感染类型等情况,为防治钩体病提供科学依据.方法 按照2007年<湖南钩端螺旋体病监测实施方案>,在全省6个常规监测点和环洞庭湖区5个应急监测点系统开展钩体的宿主动物带菌率与带菌种群调查.以夹夜法在室外捕获鼠类,采用无菌操作采集鼠肾,Korthof方法 进行培养;应用分群血清与新分离的钩端螺旋体作凝集试验确定菌群,应用交叉凝集素吸收试验或分型因子血来确定菌型.结果 常规监测点有效培养459份,感染率为10.24%.湘潭县、沅江市、双蜂县的感染率分别为3.81%、6.67%、44.19%(p＜0.01).黑线姬鼠、东方田鼠、小家鼠、褐家鼠的感染率分别为13.96%、12.50%、5.19%、4.55(p＜0.05).浏阳市的蛙肾中培养出1株秋季型、3株澳洲型钩体.应急监测点有效培养296份,感染率为16.89%,其中沅江市、大通湖区、君山区、岳阳县、汉寿县的感染率分别是10.84%、24.39%、27.27%、41.46%、2.30%(p＜0.01).东方田鼠、褐家鼠、黑线姬鼠、黄毛鼠的感染率分别为28.36%、10.17%、9.26%.5.03%(p＜0.01).菌型主要是黄疸出血群赖型、赛罗群乌尔夫型.结论 湖南省宿主动物密度和带菌事差异较大,以黄疸出血群和赛罗群为主,感染率较往年升高,必须加强综合防制措施,预防爆发和流行.     

2007年湖南省钩端螺旋体宿主动物感染状况结果分析

目的 掌握湖南省钩端螺旋体宿主动物主要种类、密度、以及感染率和感染类型等情况,为防治钩体病提供科学依据.方法 按照2007年<湖南钩端螺旋体病监测实施方案>,在全省6个常规监测点和环洞庭湖区5个应急监测点系统开展钩体的宿主动物带菌率与带菌种群调查.以夹夜法在室外捕获鼠类,采用无菌操作采集鼠肾,Korthof方法 进行培养;应用分群血清与新分离的钩端螺旋体作凝集试验确定菌群,应用交叉凝集素吸收试验或分型因子血来确定菌型.结果 常规监测点有效培养459份,感染率为10.24%.湘潭县、沅江市、双蜂县的感染率分别为3.81%、6.67%、44.19%(p＜0.01).黑线姬鼠、东方田鼠、小家鼠、褐家鼠的感染率分别为13.96%、12.50%、5.19%、4.55(p＜0.05).浏阳市的蛙肾中培养出1株秋季型、3株澳洲型钩体.应急监测点有效培养296份,感染率为16.89%,其中沅江市、大通湖区、君山区、岳阳县、汉寿县的感染率分别是10.84%、24.39%、27.27%、41.46%、2.30%(p＜0.01).东方田鼠、褐家鼠、黑线姬鼠、黄毛鼠的感染率分别为28.36%、10.17%、9.26%.5.03%(p＜0.01).菌型主要是黄疸出血群赖型、赛罗群乌尔夫型.结论 湖南省宿主动物密度和带菌事差异较大,以黄疸出血群和赛罗群为主,感染率较往年升高,必须加强综合防制措施,预防爆发和流行.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.