普通射频消融导管电隔离肺静脉治疗局灶性心房颤动

导管射频消融治疗起源于肺静脉的局灶性心房颤动(房颤 ) ,是近年来心律失常介入治疗领域的热点 ,我们应用普通射频消融导管 ,通过消融肺静脉口 ,对 6例局灶性房颤患者成功地实施了肺静脉与左心房之间的电隔离。一、资料与方法6例患者均为男性 ,年龄 4 1～ 6 3岁 ,有阵发性房颤病史3～ 10年 ,心电图示频发“ＰｏｎＴ”房性早搏 (房早 ) ,房早诱发短阵房颤 ,持续数分钟和数小时不等。房颤发作频繁 ,3～ 4种抗心律失常药物治疗无效 ,行心内电生理检查及导管射频消融术。主肺动脉造影显示肺静脉解剖位置后 ,两次房间隔穿刺放置 7Ｆ 10极Ｌａｓｓ…     

导管射频消融电隔离肺静脉治疗局灶性心房颤动一例

导管射频消融治疗起源于肺静脉的局灶性心房颤动 (房颤 )是近年来心律失常介入治疗领域的热点 ,但由于复发率较高以及出现肺静脉狭窄等并发症 ,对其方法学有很大争议。近来我们对 1例局灶性房颤通过射频消融左肺静脉口成功的造成肺静脉与左心房之间的电隔离 ,现报道如下。　　资料和方法　患者男性 ,6 3岁 ,有阵发性心悸病史 10年 ,心电图和动态心电图示频发房性早搏 (房早 ) ,可见“Ｐ在Ｔ上”房早诱发短阵房颤 ,持续数分钟和数小时。平时房颤发作频繁 ,多种抗心律失常药物治疗无效。此次因发作房颤入院。入院诊断 :阵发性房颤 ,冠心病、陈…     

导管射频肺静脉口环状消融治疗局灶性心房颤动(附一例报告)

1例女性患者 ,33岁 ,局灶性心房颤动 (简称房颤 )的起源部位位于右上肺静脉 (RSPV)口。第一次于RSPV内行点状消融短阵房性心动过速的最早兴奋点 (较体表心电图P′波提早 5 7ms) ,即刻成功 ,但术后 3日复发。观察一周后仍有房颤发作而行第二次手术。术中因各种方法都不能诱发短阵房性心动过速与房颤 ,而行RSPV口环状消融。术后随访 3个月房颤未复发 ,患者无任何不适 ,表明手术成功。结论 :导管射频肺静脉口环状消融是相对安全的方法 ,可以提高导管射频治疗起源于肺静脉口局灶性房颤的成功率 ,降低复发率。     

局灶性心房颤动及其点消融治疗

导管射频消融心内膜根治心房颤动 (房颤 )开始于 1 994年 Swartz等 [1]报道的“类迷宫术”,在心律失常领域引起了不小的轰动。不久 ,Haissaguerre等 [2 ] 报道 2例单点消融根治局灶性房颤 ( focal atrialfibrillation) ,例数较少 ,影响不大。近年发现许多阵发性房颤都可以标测到其发生的关键部位 ,而且大部分局限在左房的肺静脉入口内及其附近 ,消融的成功率很高。本文对局灶性房颤及其点消融治疗方面的进展作如下综述。　　 1 .概念和特点 [3 -8]　　局灶性房颤定义为由激动方式恒定的单个或多个房性早搏 (房早 )诱发的房颤 ,在房早的起源…     

经导管射频消融治疗起源于肺静脉的心房颤动(附二例报告)

报道 2例经射频消融治疗成功的起源点位于肺静脉的心房颤动 (简称房颤 ) ,均伴有频发房性早搏 (简称房早 )的阵发性房颤。电生理检查时行两次房间隔穿刺 ,将两根 10极标测导管通过长鞘送入左、右上肺静脉 ,选择性肺静脉造影证实肺静脉开口部位。静脉滴注异丙肾上腺素后 1例诱发出频发房早 ,另 1例诱发出频发房早及房颤 ,且房早及房颤开始发作时的心内电图均显示最早心房激动点位于右上肺静脉内 ,其局部电位分别较体表心电图异位 P波的起点提前 61和 96ms。在最早心房激动点处以 15～ 2 0 W的输出功率消融 60～ 180 s后房早及房颤消失 ,静脉滴注异丙肾上腺素亦未再诱发房颤。术后随访 8～ 12个月 ,房颤无复发。结论 :射频消融治疗起源于肺静脉的房颤效果较好且相对安全 ;在这类患者应用两根多极导管同步标测双上肺静脉是一种有效的标测和消融方法。     

导管射频消融治疗起源于肺静脉的局灶性心房颤动

1994年Ｓｗａｒｔｓ报告的“类迷宫术”治疗心房颤动开创了应用导管射频消融技术治疗房颤的先河。同年 ,Ｈａｉｓｓａｇｕｅｒｒｅ报道 3例单点消融根治局灶性房颤 (简称房颤 ) ,并提出了房颤可能与“局灶性触发”有关。 1996年 ,Ｈａｉｓｓａｇｕｅｎｅ等进一步对 4 5例阵发性房颤患者行心房线性消融 ,发现消融后心房电活动由无序变为有序、房颤发作程度减少、出现频发房性早搏 (简称房早 ) ,且常见房早引发房颤 ,经过进一步的电生理检查后证实 ,这些房早均有其局灶性起源部位 ,其中多数位于肺静脉开口部 ,射频消融这些异位灶后房颤也随…     

经导管射频消融治疗起源于肺静脉的局灶性心房颤动

目的 :探讨局灶性心房颤动 (房颤 )的诊断和射频消融治疗。方法 :反复发作阵发性局灶性房颤患者4例 ,两次房间隔穿刺经Swartz鞘分别置入 2根标测电极于左、右上肺静脉。在房颤发作时标测 ,以诱发房颤的房性期前收缩局部电位较体表心电图P’波起点最为提前处 (spike p’≥’370ms)为消融靶点。消融终点是以消融前诱发方案不能再诱发房颤和出现严重并发症。结果 :4例均在肺静脉内标测到异位兴奋灶。距离肺静脉口 0 .5～ 1.5cm ,3例位于右上肺静脉 ,1例位于左上肺静脉。靶点处spike p’ =70～ 2 15ms ,行温控 5 0～ 5 5℃× 4 6～ 32 0s射频消融。术后随访 10～ 12个月 ,2例房颤无复发 ,2例加用抗心律失常药物房颤转复 1年后复发。术中 1例左心耳穿孔致急性心包填塞经手术修补完全康复 ,1例在消融时右上肺静脉口痉挛随访期间无症状。结论 :局灶性房颤通过射频消融房性期前收缩起源点 ,可达到根治阵发性房颤的目的 ,但手术有一定难度和风险     

射频消融治疗局灶性房颤面临的问题及术中应用心腔内超声的重要性

目的　讨论射频消融治疗局灶性心房颤动 (房颤 )中面临的问题 ,评价心腔内超声在术中的价值。方法　比较 5例分别经X线指引及心腔内超声指引下射频消融局灶性房颤的治疗结果、手术时间、X线曝光时间 ,研究术中存在的问题 ,探讨解决方法。结果　 (1) 5例病人即刻成功 3例 ;其中 1例于 2 4小时后复发。未成功的 2例中 ,1例经 3个月的随访无房颤发作 ;(2 )心脏内超声指导操作 ,与X线指导相比 ,手术时间短 ,X线曝光量少 ,可清楚显示房间隔、肺静脉的切面 ,有助于准确进行房间隔穿刺及调整导管的定位及消融 ;(3)术中面临的主要问题是很难诱发房颤 ,判断与房颤相关的房早以及消融的终点存在较大的主观性 ;(4 ) 1例单纯经心腔内超声指引下行房间隔穿刺 ,在送入鞘管后出现心包填塞。心腔内超声结合X线影像技术有助于减少并发症。结论　射频消融治疗局灶性房颤是一个有希望的治疗手段。超声指导导管操作及定位具有重要意义 ,但仍存在一些技术问题需进一步解决。目前 ,应注意掌握适应证 ,以保证操作的安全有效性     

点消融治疗起源于肺静脉的局灶性心房颤动(附一例报告)

报道 1例成功消融的局灶性心房颤动 (简称房颤 )。男性、5 3岁 ,有阵发性心悸病史 3年。诊断为特发性房颤。多次 2 4 h心电图发现有频发房性早搏 (简称房早 )及反复发作的短暂房颤 ,房颤由房早发动 ,自动终止。放置 6F多极导管电极于右室、His束及冠状静脉窦 (CS) ,Halo电极置于右房。普通温控 4 mm可操纵大头消融电极经房间隔穿刺鞘管送入左房。在左上肺静脉入口 10 mm内标测到最提前的电位 ,比体表心电图房早的 P 波明显提前 60 ms。采用温控法 (5 5～ 60℃ )放电 2次 ,消融成功。随诊 3个月 ,无并发症 ;未服用抗心律失常药物 ,无房颤发作。结论 :点消融是治疗起源于肺静脉房颤的安全有效方法。     

经导管射频消融治疗起源于肺静脉的心房颤动（？…

报道２例经射频消融治疗成功的起源点位于肺静脉的心房颤动（简称房颤）均伴有频发房性早搏（简称房早）的阵发性房颤,电生理检查时行两次房间隔穿刺,将两根１０极标测导管通过长鞘送入左,右上肺静脉,选择性肺静脉造影证实肺静脉开口部位,静脉滴注异丙肾上腺素后１例诱发出频发房早,另１例诱发出频发房早及房颤,且房早及房颤开始发作时的心内电图无间显示最早心房激动点位于右上肺静脉内,其局部电位分别产体表心电图异位Ｐ波     

Double multielectrode mapping catheters facilitate radiofrequency catheter ablation of focal atrial fibrillation originating from pulmonary veins

INTRODUCTION: Several reports have demonstrated that focal atrial fibrillation (AF) may arise from pulmonary veins (PVs). The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of using double multielectrode mapping catheters in ablation of focal AF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-two patients (30 men, 12 women, age 65+/-14 years) with frequent attacks of paroxysmal AF were referred for catheter ablation. After atrial transseptal procedure, two long sheaths were put into the left atrium. Two decapolar catheters were put into the right superior PV (RSPV) and left superior PV (LSPV), or inferior PVs if necessary, guided by pulmonary venography. All the patients had spontaneous initiation of AF either during baseline (2 patients), after isoproterenol infusion (8 patients) or high-dose adenosine (2 patients), after short duration burst pacing under isoproterenol (14 patients), or after cardioversion of pacing-induced AF (16 patients). The trigger points of AF were from the LSPV (12 patients), RSPV (8 patients), and both superior PVs (19 patients). The trigger points from PVs (total 61 points) were 18 (30%) in the ostium of PVs and 43 inside the PVs (9 to 40 mm). After 6+/-3 applications of radiofrequency energy, 57 of 61 triggers were completely eliminated, and the other 4 triggers were partially eliminated. During a follow-up period of 8+/-2 months, 37 patients (88%) were free of symptomatic AF without any antiarrhythmic drugs. Twenty patients received a transesophageal echocardiogram, and 19 showed small atrial septal defects (2.8+/-1.2 mm) with trivial shunt. Fifteen defects closed spontaneously 1 month later. CONCLUSION: The technique using double multielectrode mapping catheters is a relatively safe and highly effective method for mapping and ablation of focal AF originating from PVs.     

New technique for simultaneous catheter mapping of pulmonary veins for catheter ablation in focal atrial fibrillation

INTRODUCTION: Most focal atrial fibrillation (AF) can be triggered by premature beats from pulmonary veins (PVs), and ablation of these foci could cure AF. However, it is difficult to locate the trigger points of PVs using only one mapping catheter. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of using four mapping catheters in four PVs simultaneously in the ablation of focal AF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-two patients with frequent attacks of paroxysmal AF triggered by PV foci were included. After a transseptal procedure, three 2-french microcatheters and one 7-french catheter for ablation were placed into each of the PVs, and mapping of the four PVs was performed simultaneously. Fifty-eight foci were identified; 51 triggers (88%) originated from the PV and 7 (12%) from atrial tissue. The trigger points of AF were found in a single focus in 14 patients, in 2 foci in 12 patients, and in 3-4 foci in 6 patients. During a mean follow-up period of 10 +/- 4 months, ablation eliminated AF without drugs in 86, 50 and 33% of the patients with 1, 2 and 3-4 targeted PVs, respectively; 20 patients (63%) were successfully ablated. Age, history of AF, the dimension of the left atrium and the number of focal origins were significant predictors of success. CONCLUSION: The technique of simultaneous mapping of PVs using quadruple catheters is a feasible and effective method for mapping the trigger points and ablation of focal AF originating from PVs.     

Anatomy of the pulmonary veins in patients with atrial fibrillation and effects of segmental ostial ablation analyzed by computed tomography

INTRODUCTION: The anatomic arrangement of pulmonary veins (PVs) is variable. No prior studies have quantitatively analyzed the effects of segmental ostial ablation on the PVs. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of segmental ostial radiofrequency ablation on PV anatomy in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS AND RESULTS: Three-dimensional models of the PVs were constructed from computed tomographic (CT) scans in 58 patients with AF undergoing segmental ostial ablation to isolate the PVs and in 10 control subjects without a history of AF. CT scans were repeated approximately 4 months later. PV and left atrial dimensions were measured with digital calipers. Four separate PV ostia were present in 47 subjects; 3 ostia were present in 2 subjects; and 5 ostia were present in 9 subjects. The superior PVs had a larger ostium than the inferior PVs. Patients with AF had a larger left atrial area between the PV ostia and larger ostial diameters than the controls. Segmental ostial ablation resulted in a 1.5 +/- 3.2 mm narrowing of the ostial diameter. A 28% to 61% focal stenosis was present 7.6 +/- 2.2 mm from the ostium in 3% of 128 isolated PVs. There were no instances of symptomatic PV stenosis during a mean follow-up of 245 +/- 105 days. CONCLUSION: CT of the PVs allows identification of anatomic variants prior to catheter ablation procedures. Segmental ostial ablation results in a significant but small reduction in ostial diameter. Focal stenosis occurs infrequently and is attributable to delivery of radiofrequency energy within the PV.     

Acute Fatal Pulmonary Vein Occlusion after Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation

BACKGROUND: In treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) catheter radiofrequency isolation of the pulmonary veins (PVs) has proved to be highly successful. There have been several case reports regarding PV stenosis, however none of these have reported a fatal outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS: A 31-year-old man was referred to us for treatment of complications related to catheter ablation. According to the documentation from the hospital, the patient underwent segmental ostial PV isolation for treatment of AF. A few hours after the procedure, the patient developed dyspnoea, hemoptysis, and a high fever. The patient was first diagnosed as having pneumonia but five days later transesophageal echocardiography and pulmonal angiography revealed total occlusion of the left superior and inferior PVs. When we received the patient he underwent open-heart surgery, which showed thrombi in the orifices of the left sided PVs protruding into the left atrium. In each of the left sided PVs severe stenosis was seen in the bifurcation area. Thrombus material was removed followed by placement of two stents in each of the left sided pulmonary veins at the first bifurcations. However, the patient died 14 days after the ablation procedure. Selective autopsy of the left lung revealed diffuse alveolar damage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, multiple thrombi formation, and haemorrhagic infarctions. CONCLUSIONS: PV stenosis may occur very early after the ablation procedure. Delayed diagnosis can be fatal. The early stenosis may result in thrombus formation in the left atrium and PVs and in this case surgery should be considered.     

Efficacy and safety of targeted focal ablation versus PV isolation assisted by magnetic electroanatomic mapping

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary vein (PV) triggers initiate atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of focal PV ablation versus targeted PV electrical isolation aided by multipolar catheter recordings in the coronary sinus (CS) and right atrium and magnetic electroanatomic mapping (MEAM) for drug-refractory AF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Multipolar recordings identified PVs with triggers based on PV ostial pace map match for spontaneous and provoked triggers. PV triggers were provoked by isoproterenol, adenosine, and AF induction followed by cardioversion. MEAM defined PV ostial anatomy and assisted in localization of AF trigger and ablation lesions. All focal PV ablation procedures preceded PV isolation procedures at our institution. To limit a learning curve effect and validate the comparison, the results included outcome of procedures by a single experienced operator in the last 32 consecutive patients undergoing focal PV ablation and in 75 consecutive patients undergoing PV isolation. Patient characteristics were similar with respect to mean age (50 vs 52 years), mean left atrial size (4.3 vs 4.2 cm), presence of paroxysmal AF (84% vs 88%), and demonstration of non-PV triggers (16% in both groups). PV isolation was confirmed in 99% of PVs by multipolar circular catheter. MEAM confirmed noncircumferential ostial ablation in 69% of PVs. Patients undergoing PV isolation had less AF from PV triggers at the end of ablation (1% vs 16%, P < 0.01); had less AF at 2 months (17% vs 42%, P < 0.001); and had 1-year freedom from AF of 80% versus 45% (P < 0.001). Adverse events were low in both groups with no stroke or symptomatic PV stenosis. CONCLUSION: Using the described techniques, PV electrical isolation of PVs demonstrating spontaneous and/or provoked triggers is superior to focal PV ablation, with marked differences in outcome by 2 months. MEAM confirmed the noncircumferential nature of ostial ablation for effective isolation of most PVs and may play a role in the low risk and good outcome observed. The good outcome of targeted PV isolation as described suggests the need for a prospective comparison of targeted versus empiric PV isolation techniques.     

Predictors of recurrence following catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation using an irrigated-tip ablation catheter

INTRODUCTION: The aims of this study were to identify predictors of recurrence after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) and to report the safety and efficacy of catheter ablation of AF using an irrigated-tip ablation catheter. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seventy-five consecutive patients (51 men [68%]; age 54 +/- 13 years) with symptomatic drug-refractory paroxysmal (42 patients), persistent (21 patients), or permanent (12 patients) AF underwent catheter ablation of AF using an irrigated-tip ablation catheter and a standard ablation strategy, which involved electrical isolation of all pulmonary veins (PVs) and creation of a cavotricuspid linear lesion. At 10.5 +/- 7.5 months of follow-up following a single (n = 75) or redo ablation procedure (n = 11), 39 (52%) of the 75 patients were free of AF, 10 were improved (13%), and 26 had experienced no benefit from the ablation procedure (35%). Seventy-six percent of patients with paroxysmal AF were free from recurrent AF. The most significant complications were two episodes of pericardial tamponade, mitral valve injury in one patient, two strokes, and complete but asymptomatic PV stenosis in one patient. Cox proportional hazards multivariate regression analysis identified the presence of persistent AF, permanent AF, and age >50 years prior to the ablation are the only independent predictors of AF recurrence after the first PV isolation procedure. CONCLUSION: Catheter ablation of AF using a strategy involving isolation of all PVs and creation of a linear lesion in the cavotricuspid isthmus using cooled radiofrequency energy is associated with moderate efficacy and an important risk for complications. The best results of this procedure are achieved in the subset of patients who are younger than 50 years and have only paroxysmal AF.     

Arrhythmogenic Potential of Pulmonary Venous Tissue: Triggers for Atrial Fibrillation Identified within the Remnant of a Vein

Background: Pulmonary veins (PVs) have frequently been identified as triggers for atrial fibrillation (AF), and higher arrhythmogenic potential of superior PVs has been attributed to their larger size, which can more rigorously support abnormalities of impulse formation and/or conduction.
Case Report: Contrary to this belief, we report our observations in a 63-year-old patient with history of lung cancer, S/P left upper lobectomy, undergoing ablation for paroxysmal AF. Circular mapping (Lasso) and ablation (ABL; 8-mm) catheters were deployed in left atrium (LA). Intracardiac ultrasound revealed separate right superior (RS) and inferior (RI) PVs and a single left PV. Segmented LA anatomy from the CT angiogram images corroborated this, although on the latter there appeared to be a "stump" at superior aspect of the left PV. This stump likely was the remnant of the left superior (LS) PV. Thus, the patent left vein was likely the dilated left inferior (LI) PV. With the Lasso and ABL deployed at the LIPV ostium and LSPV remnant, respectively, AF was reproducibly seen to initiate with earliest activity in the latter. Single radio-frequency ablation (RFA) lesion within the LSPV remnant abolished AF triggers. Additional RFA was done to isolate LI, RS, and RI PVs. Over a follow-up period of 24 months, this patient has remained free from AF off any drugs.
Conclusions: Our observations suggest that even very proximal remnants of PVs can serve as triggers for AF. Recognition of this phenomenon was facilitated by the use of advanced imaging technique and the deployment of multiple catheters.     

Mechanism of recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation guided by complex fractionated atrial electrograms

Background A better understanding of the mechanisms of recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) after radiofrequency ablation of complex, fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) may be helpful for refining AF ablation strategies. Methods and results Electrogram-guided ablation (EGA) was repeated in 30 consecutive patients (mean age = 59 ± 8 years) for recurrent paroxysmal AF, 10 ± 4 months after the first ablation. During the first procedure, CFAEs were targeted without isolating all pulmonary veins (PVs). During repeat ablation, all PVs and the superior vena cava (SVC) were mapped with a circular catheter and the left atrium was mapped for CFAEs. EGA was performed until AF was rendered noninducible or all identified CFAEs were eliminated. During repeat ablation, ≥1 PV tachycardia was found in 83 PVs in 29 of the 30 patients (97%). Among these 83 PVs, 63 (76%) had not been completely isolated previously. During repeat ablation, drivers originating in a PV or PV antrum were identified only after infusion of isoproterenol (20 μg/min) in 12 patients (40%). At 9 ± 4 months of follow-up after the repeat ablation procedure, 21 of the 30 patients (70%) were free from recurrent AF and flutter without antiarrhythmic drugs. Conclusions Recurrence of AF after EGA is usually due to PV tachycardias. Therefore, it may be preferable to systematically map and isolate all PVs during the first procedure. High-dose isoproterenol may be helpful to identify AF drivers.     

阵发性心房颤动复杂病例的射频消融

目的　对阵发性心房颤动 (房颤 )复杂病例的射频消融进行方法学探讨。方法　 130例患者中 ,男性 87例 ,女性 4 3例 ,平均年龄 5 6岁 ;均经 2 4小时动态心电图和普通心电图证实为阵发性房颤。常规穿刺放置导管后 ,根据每个肺静脉造影所显示的解剖形态 ,在环状电极的引导下 ,依次对4根肺静脉进行电隔离。结果　 (1) 130例房颤患者中造影发现 2 1例患者的 2 1根肺静脉开口巨大 ,发生率为 16 2 % ,5根为左侧肺静脉共干 ,发生率为 3 8% ,3根为右侧肺静脉共干 ,发生率为 2 3% ;6例患者右肺静脉呈分支状多个开口 ,发生率为 4 7%。 (2 )共对 130例患者 341根肺静脉进行了电隔离 ,2 9根肺静脉未达到完全电隔离 ,包括上述 2 1例患者中的 11例 ,发生率为 8 3% ,其中 14根发生在左上肺静脉 ,8根发生在左下肺静脉 ,5根发生在右下肺静脉 ,2根发生在右上肺静脉。结论　肺静脉自身的解剖变异是导致射频消融中病例复杂的主要因素