丙泊酚调节脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7单核巨噬细胞M1/M2型极化的研究

目的 研究丙泊酚对脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7单核巨噬细胞M1/M2型极化的影响.方法 不同剂量的丙泊酚处理脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7单核巨噬细胞,CCK8检测细胞活力,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率和线粒体膜电位的变化,Western印迹检测Bax/Bcl-2、iNOS和Arg-1蛋白质水平,RT-PCR检测iNOS、I...     

M1和M2型巨噬细胞表型的比较分析

通过对M1和M2型巨噬细胞表型相关指标的比较分析,评价各鉴定巨噬细胞类型的表型指标及其意义。按常规方法以IFN-γ及LPS将骨髓来源巨噬细胞诱导成M1型巨噬细胞,以IL-4诱导出M2型巨噬细胞。分别以RT-PCR和酶活性定量方法检测精氨酸代谢相关酶的表达和活性;以ELISA检测IL-12和IL-10的分泌;以FACS检测巨噬细胞膜分子的表达。结果显示:M1型巨噬细胞诱导性一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)表达和活性水平较未刺激组明显升高,IL-12产生显著增加,CD16/32表达上调;而M2型巨噬细胞I型精氨酸酶(arginase 1,Arg-1)的表达水平和酶活性较未刺激巨噬细胞显著提高,IL-10分泌轻度增加,并且表达高水平的CD206和DECTIN-1。表型比较分析结果表明,iN-OS表达和活性、IL-12的分泌和膜蛋白CD16/32可用于鉴定M1型巨噬细胞,而Arg-1、CD206和DECTIN-1是鉴定M2型巨噬细胞较为理想的表型指标。     

NT-3促进脂多糖诱导的M1型巨噬细胞向M2表型极化

目的探讨神经营养素-3(NT-3)能否促进脂多糖(LPS)诱导的M1型巨噬细胞向M2型巨噬细胞极化。方法体外培养小鼠RAW264.7巨噬细胞株,分为LPS组和LPS+NT-3组。用脂多糖(100 ng/ml)刺激12h后,撤掉LPS培养基,冲洗,分别加入基础培养基和含有NT-3(40 ng/ml)的基础培养基,培养24 h后,全部置换成基础培养基培养24 h,收集上清与细胞。固定后的细胞分别做CD68/CCR7(M1型细胞标记物)、CD68/CD206(M2型细胞标记物)、CD68/Trk C免疫荧光双标染色。用酶联吸附试验(ELISA)检测上清中TNF-α和IL-10水平。结果免疫荧光细胞化学染色显示,LPS刺激后的巨噬细胞表达NT-3的受体Trk C。LPS组可观察到较多的M1型细胞和较少的M2型细胞。LPS+NT-3组可观察到M1型细胞数减少,而M2型细胞数增多。与LPS组比较,LPS+NT-3组的M1型巨噬细胞比例降低,同时M2型巨噬细胞比例增加(P<0.01)。ELISA结果显示,与LPS组比较,LPS+NT-3组上清中TNF-α的水平明显下降(P<0.01),IL-10的水平相对升高但是差异不明显(P>0.05)。结论 NT-3促进M1型巨噬细胞向M2型极化可能通过与其受体Trk C结合发挥作用,进而减少促炎因子TNF-α的分泌。     

M1/M2型巨噬细胞与心血管疾病关系的研究进展

巨噬细胞是固有免疫的重要组成细胞,参与机体炎症反应、免疫调节、组织修复与重构等过程。巨噬细胞可分为M1型与M2型,前者促进炎症并抑制细胞增殖,后者促进增殖和组织修复。心血管疾病是一类常见的非感染性疾病,研究发现,M1/M2型巨噬细胞通过分泌多种细胞因子和酶类,在高血压、动脉粥样硬化、心肌梗死等的组织损伤与修复中起到重要作用,很大程度上影响着心血管疾病的发展与转归。通过调控M1/M2的平衡,使病理状态得到改善,可能成为治疗心血管疾病的一种新思路。     

YAP调控LPS诱导的巨噬细胞M1型极化

目的 探讨YAP对脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide, LPS)诱导的巨噬细胞M1型极化的影响。方法 LPS诱导THP-1和U937细胞来源的M0型巨噬细胞向M1型极化。RT-qPCR法检测M1型巨噬细胞的标志物,罗丹明-鬼笔环肽检测细胞骨架,Western blot、RT-qPCR检测Hippo通路相关蛋白及其靶基因的表达。降低M0型巨噬细胞内YAP的表达,RT-qPCR检测LPS再诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的标志物的表达变化。结果 在M0型巨噬细胞向M1型极化过中,Hippo通路关键因子YAP的蛋白水平升高,下游靶基因的表达也升高;敲低YAP或使用维替泊芬抑制YAP表达后,LPS再诱导的M1型巨噬细胞标志物的表达明显降低。结论 YAP可以调控LPS诱导的巨噬细胞向M1极化。     

大黄酚促进巨噬细胞M2型极化缓解脓毒症大鼠肺损伤

目的本研究旨在探究大黄酚(Chrysophanol,CP)对脓毒症模型大鼠肺损伤、巨噬细胞极化以及对核因子κB p65(NF-κB p65)、细胞外调节蛋白激酶1/2(ERK1/2)通路的影响,为治疗脓毒症提供理论依据。方法将大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、低、中、高剂量CP组。HE染色观察各组大鼠肺组织损伤情况并进行肺损伤评分。称取大鼠右肺湿质量、干质量,计算湿/干(W/D)比值。其次,通过RT-PCR和Western blot检测肺组织中裂解型半胱天冬酶cleaved Caspase-3、cleaved Caspase-9的表达情况;通过流式细胞术分选大鼠外周血中诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)+、CD16/32+M1型和CD206+、CD10+M2型巨噬细胞。通过Western blot和ELISA检测大鼠肺巨噬细胞中iNOS和CD10的表达。Western blot检测大鼠肺组织中NF-κB p65、ERK1/2通路磷酸化情况。结果与对照组相比,模型组大鼠肺泡结构破坏严重,而在低、中、高剂量CP组中,随CP剂量增加肺脏损伤程度降低。与对照组相比,模型组大鼠肺损伤评分和W/D比值升高(...     

Gpnmb在小鼠M1和M2型骨髓源性巨噬细胞中表达的差异

目的了解小鼠M1和M2型骨髓源性巨噬细胞（ BMMφs）中非转移性黑色素瘤糖蛋白b（ Gpnmb）表达的差异。方法原代培养小鼠BMMφs,免疫荧光染色F4/80和流式细胞仪检测CD11b鉴定巨噬细胞;用IFN-γ和LPS诱导BMMφs向M1型分化,用IL-4诱导向M2型分化。实时荧光定量PCR检测M1型巨噬细胞标志物（ TNF-α、iNOS）、M2型巨噬细胞标志物（ MMR、Arg-1）和Gpn-mb的mRNA表达;免疫荧光双染色、Western印迹、流式细胞仪检测Gpnmb与MMR的蛋白表达。结果（1）免疫荧光染色结果示BMMφs中F4/80高表达;流式细胞仪检测结果示BMMφs中有（92．7±6．1）％细胞表达CD11b,提示BMMφs培养成功;（2）相对于未分化的M0型BMMφs,TNF-α、iNOS mRNA在M1型BMMφs中高表达（P均＜0．01）,而MMR、Arg-1 mRNA在M2型BMMφs中高表达（P均＜0．01）,提示原代M1、M2型BMMφs分化成功;（3）M2型BMMφs 的Gpnmb mRNA和蛋白表达均较M0型和M1型BMMφs显著增高（P均＜0．01）;免疫荧光双染色及流式细胞仪结果显示,BMMφs中Gpnmb与MMR共表达,在M2型BMMφs中MMR阳性BMMφs有（83．2±9．7）％表达Gpnmb。结论 M2型BMMφs的Gpnmb表达较M1型BMMφs显著增高,提示Gpnmb可能作为鉴别M1、M2型巨噬细胞的标志物,在巨噬细胞的表型分化中起作用。     

Pim1调控巨噬细胞M1型极化介导血管内皮细胞炎症在ApoE-/-小鼠动脉粥样硬化中的作用

目的：探讨Pim1在巨噬细胞M1型极化中的作用及M1型巨噬细胞对内皮细胞黏附分子表达的影响,并观察其在ApoE^-/-小鼠动脉粥样硬化(AS)形成中的作用。方法：采用脂多糖(LPS)刺激小鼠Raw264.7细胞建立M1型巨噬细胞模型,用Pim1特异性抑制剂SMI-4a和转染Pim1小干扰RNA(siPim1)进行干预,分为对照组、LPS组、LPS+SMI-4a组、LPS+siNC组和LPS+siPim1组。收集以上各组Raw264.7细胞上清作为条件培养液(CM)孵育原代培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs),分为CM^M0、CM^M1、CM^SMI-4a、CM^siNC和CM^siPim1组。动物采用颈动脉部分结扎术建立颈动脉AS模型,用6周龄ApoE^-/-雄性小鼠18只建模后,随机分为模型组及SMI-4a干预组,每组各9只。采用油红O染色法观察颈动脉脂质蓄积变化。免疫荧光法和Western blot法检测M1型巨噬细胞标志物诱导型一氧化氮合酶...     

血管活性肠肽调控肺泡巨噬细胞M1/M2极化治疗急性肺损伤的研究进展北大核心CSCD

急性肺损伤(ALI)是由于病原体入侵,激活免疫细胞启动异常免疫反应,免疫细胞在清除病原体过程中释放过量促炎因子,最终损伤肺实质细胞导致呼吸功能迅速衰减。巨噬细胞在炎症反应启动、放大、损伤和终结中发挥关键作用,通过M1/M2极化平衡控制炎症发生、发展和转归,其极化失衡是导致炎症失控的重要原因。本文分析肺泡巨噬细胞M1/M2极化在ALI发病中的作用以及血管活性肠肽可能的调控机制,以期为进一步深入研究提供参考。     

NRP1调控M2型巨噬细胞极化介导电离辐射肺纤维化的作用研究

目的：研究神经菌毛蛋白1(NRP1)对电离辐射肺损伤导致纤维化进程的影响，并探讨其与M2型巨噬细胞间的关系。方法：电离辐射肺纤维化（RIPF）组小鼠以6 Gy X射线全胸辐射建立电离辐射肺纤维模型；对照组即正常小鼠；EG00229给药组（EG00229为NRP1拮抗剂）小鼠辐射前7 d小鼠EG00229给药处理。HE、天狼星红、马松染色观察三组小鼠肺组织损伤和纤维化胶原沉积；ELISA检测三组小鼠肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α、IL-4、TGF-β1炎症因子水平；IHC和RT-PCR检测三组小鼠肺组织中Ⅰ型胶原（Col-Ⅰ）、α平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）和NRP1蛋白表达水平；免疫荧光检测三组小鼠肺组织中CD14和M2型巨噬细胞极化标志物精氨酸酶1(Arg1)、抵抗素样分子α(FIZZ1)、几丁质酶3样蛋白1(Ym1)蛋白表达水平。结果：HE染色显示RIPF组小鼠肺部呈现放射性肺纤维化病理形态表现，EG00229给药组小鼠肺组织纤维化损伤有明显改善；与对照组相比，RIPF组小鼠肺组织中Col-Ⅰ、α-SMA和NRP1及TNF-α、IL-4、TGF-β1和CD14表达水平显著升高，EG0022...     

IL-33 improves wound healing through enhanced M2 macrophage polarization in diabetic mice

IL-33 is a newly discovered member of the IL-1 family and has been identified as a potent inducer of Th2 type immunity. Emerging evidence imply that IL-33 may also act as an alarm to alert the immune system when released by epithelial barrier tissues during trauma or infection. In this study, we further investigate the potential efficacy of IL-33 on dermal wound healing in streptozotocin–induced diabetic mice. A full-thickness skin wound was generated on the back of diabetic mice and treated with IL-33 or vehicle topically. Our data showed that IL-33 delivery contributed to diabetic wound closure with wounds gaping narrower and exhibiting elevated re-epithelialization. IL-33 promoted the new extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and angiogenesis formation, which indicates an important role of IL-33 on matrix synthesis and neovascularization. Meanwhile, IL-33 accelerated the development of M2 macrophages in wound sites in vivo, and amplified IL-13-induced polarization of bone marrow-derived macrophages toward a M2 phenotype in vitro. Furthermore, IL-33-amplified M2 macrophages augmented the proliferation of fibroblasts and ECM deposition. All together, these results strongly suggest manipulation of IL-33-mediated signal might be a potential therapeutic approach for diabetic skin wounds.     

Effect of rTsP53 on the M1/M2 activation of bone-marrow derived macrophage in vitro

We investigated that if rTsP53 could be used to activate bone-marrow derived macrophage (BMDM) into M2 macrophage and stop M1 macrophage activation. After 72 h incubation in blank culture medium, cells with PE-CCR7 (-) and FITC-CD206 (-) was extracted and its mean proportion was 92.30 ± 0.22%. With the stimulation of 20 μg/ml IFN-γ for 72 h, cells with PE-CCR7 (+) was extracted and its mean proportion was 16.24 ± 0.82%. With the stimulation of IL-3/IL-14 (both 10 μg/ml) for 72 h, cells with FICT-CD206 (+) was extracted and its mean proportion was 87.32 ± 4.29%. Co-incubation with different dose of rTsP53 (0.001 μg/ml, 0.01 μg/ml, 0.1 μg/ml, 1 μg/ml, 2 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml, respectively) for 72 h, FITC-CD206 (+) macrophage was extracted. The mean proportion in each group was 1.09 ± 0.22%, 2.13 ± 0.13%, 4.91 ± 0.07%, 5.48 ± 0.29%, 9.81 ± 0.06%, 12.83 ± 0.55%, 17.87 ± 0.02%, respectively. The dose of rTsP53 was significantly positive correlated to the proportion of FITC-CD206 (+) macrophage. Co-incubation with 20 μg/ml IFN-γ and 5 μg/ml rTsP53 for 72 h, cells with PE-CCR7 (+) was extracted and its mean proportion was 10.60 ± 0.19%. Compared to that of mere co-incubation with IFN-γ, there was significant difference between the two groups. ELISA showed that Th1 cytokines’ (IFN-γ, IL-6 and TNF-α) level decreased in the culture medium supernatant of BMDM co-incubated with rTsP53. There was negative correlation between the Th1 cytokines’ level and the dose of rTsP53. Both Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) and regulatory cytokines in the culture medium increased. There was positive correlation between the Th2 cytokines’ level and the dose of rTsP53. There was also positive correlation between the regulatory cytokines’ level and the dose of rTsP53. Compared to that of BMDM co-incubated with IFN-γ, levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were significant lower than that of BMDM co-incubated with both IFN-γ and rTsP53 (both P < 0.05), while the levels of IL-4 and TGF-β were significant higher (both P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the levels of IL-13 and IL-10 between the two groups.     

PI3K/AKT信号通路在SjCystatin诱导M2巨噬细胞分化过程中的影响

目的:进一步确定日本血吸虫半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(Sj Cystatin)诱导M2巨噬细胞分化的亚型及相关机制。方法:用ELISA、RT-q PCR或Western blot法测定IL-10、IL-12、巨噬细胞亚型表面标志物LIGHT(M2b)及Arg-1(M2a+M2c)的表达;用Western blot法测定AKT的磷酸化水平。结果:Sj Cystatin处理组在6 h、12 h和24h时IL-10表达量持续增加;处理12 h,LIGHT的mRNA和蛋白表达量增加但Arg-1的mRNA和蛋白表达量降低;AKT磷酸化水平增加。PI3K/AKT抑制剂处理组IL-10的释放量在12 h和24 h持续降低;24 h,LIGHT的mRNA和蛋白表达量降低但Arg-1的mRNA和蛋白表达量增加;AKT的磷酸化水平减少。结论:Sj Cystatin促进了活化的M2巨噬细胞分化为M2b亚型巨噬细胞,并且PI3K/AKT信号通路参与了这一过程。     

Dynamic Changes of Microglia/Macrophage M1 and M2 Polarization in Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis

Microglia and macrophages play a central role for demyelination in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis (TME) virus infection, a commonly used infectious model for chronic‐progressive multiple sclerosis. In order to determine the dynamic changes of microglia/macrophage polarization in TME, the spinal cord of Swiss Jim Lambert (SJL) mice was investigated by gene expression profiling and immunofluorescence. Virus persistence and demyelinating leukomyelitis were confirmed by immunohistochemistry and histology. Electron microscopy revealed continuous myelin loss together with abortive myelin repair during the late chronic infection phase indicative of incomplete remyelination. A total of 59 genes out of 151 M1‐ and M2‐related genes were differentially expressed in TME virus‐infected mice over the study period. The onset of virus‐induced demyelination was associated with a dominating M1 polarization, while mounting M2 polarization of macrophages/microglia together with sustained prominent M1‐related gene expression was present during the chronic‐progressive phase. Molecular results were confirmed by immunofluorescence, showing an increased spinal cord accumulation of CD16/32⁺ M1‐, arginase‐1⁺ M2‐ and Ym1⁺ M2‐type cells associated with progressive demyelination. The present study provides a comprehensive database of M1‐/M2‐related gene expression involved in the initiation and progression of demyelination supporting the hypothesis that perpetuating interaction between virus and macrophages/microglia induces a vicious circle with persistent inflammation and impaired myelin repair in TME.     

Haematopoietic prolyl hydroxylase‐1 deficiency promotes M2 macrophage polarization and is both necessary and sufficient to protect against experimental colitis

Prolyl hydroxylase domain‐containing proteins (PHDs) regulate the adaptation of cells to hypoxia. Pan‐hydroxylase inhibition is protective in experimental colitis, in which PHD1 plays a prominent role. However, it is currently unknown how PHD1 targeting regulates this protection and which cell type(s) are involved. Here, we demonstrated that Phd1 deletion in endothelial and haematopoietic cells (Phd1^f/fTie2:cre) protected mice from dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis, with reduced epithelial erosions, immune cell infiltration, and colonic microvascular dysfunction, whereas the response of Phd2^f/+Tie2:cre and Phd3^f/fTie2:cre mice to DSS was similar to that of their littermate controls. Using bone marrow chimeras and cell‐specific cre mice, we demonstrated that ablation of Phd1 in haematopoietic cells but not in endothelial cells was both necessary and sufficient to inhibit experimental colitis. This effect relied, at least in part, on skewing of Phd1‐deficient bone marrow‐derived macrophages towards an anti‐inflammatory M2 phenotype. These cells showed an attenuated nuclear factor‐κB‐dependent response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which in turn diminished endothelial chemokine expression. In addition, Phd1 deficiency in dendritic cells significantly reduced interleukin‐1β production in response to LPS. Taken together, our results further support the development of selective PHD1 inhibitors for ulcerative colitis, and identify haematopoietic cells as their primary target. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.