浙江省葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症筛查结果现状分析

目的探讨新生儿葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)活性的流行病学分布特征、G6PD缺乏症患病率及cut-off值水平。方法选取2015年3月至2017年9月,浙江省10个地市共计约144万例新生儿G6PD筛查数据。用荧光分析法测定滤纸血片中G6PD活性,初筛阳性者召回并用G6PD/6PGD直接比值法确证。用非参数检验和卡方检验等方法进行统计分析。结果不同性别、出生孕周、出生体重、采血时年龄和采血季节等因素下,G6PD活性分布差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。浙江省G6PD缺乏症男性患病率高于女性,丽水市患病率最高(0.38%),舟山市患病率最低(0.11%),在浙江省内基本呈现南高北低的趋势。当G6PD活性cut-off值在2.60～2.80 U/g Hb范围时,男、女性新生儿G6PD缺乏症筛查的敏感性均为100%,且约登指数也最高(约为0.99)。结论 G6PD活性与人群和时间等因素有关,G6PD缺乏症患病率受性别、地区影响较大,建议浙江省G6PD筛查cut-off值定为男性2.60 U/g Hb,女性2.80 U/g Hb。     

云南省部分县/市新生儿G6PD缺乏症筛查结果及阳性临界值分析

目的回顾性分析昆明医科大学第一附属医院新生儿遗传代谢病筛查中心6年来葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)缺乏症筛查结果,同时对其筛查阳性临界值进行探讨。方法采用荧光分析法,对新生儿G6PD水平进行筛查检测,用G6PD/6PGD定量比值法对筛查阳性患儿进行确诊,采用受试者工作特征曲线确认筛查阳性临界值。结果2013-2018年,共筛查155880例G6PD标本(男性81390例,女性74490例),筛查率为16.74%。确诊患儿1187例(男性1063例,女性124例),G6PD缺乏症的发病率为0.76%(男性1.31%,女性0.16%),男性、女性发病率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^2=349.71,P<0.001)。男性、女性的G6PD缺乏症筛查阳性临界值分别为2.25、2.45 U/gHb。结论该中心的G6PD缺乏症筛查率较低,后续要加强宣传进一步提高筛查率。确定适宜的筛查阳性临界值能够最大限度地避免假阳性结果和漏筛情况的发生。     

梧州市新生儿葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症筛查结果分析

目的 了解梧州市新生儿葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)缺乏症的筛查情况,为患该病新生儿的防治提供参考依据.方法 采用G6PD定量(连续监测速率法)对3 235例新生儿G6PD活性进行检测,并对筛查结果进行分析.结果 所有被检测的新生儿中G6PD缺乏症的发病率是10.88%,其中男性的发病率为12.21%,女性的发病率为9.33%.结论 梧州市作为G6PD缺乏症的高发区,应常规开展新生儿葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症的筛查工作,对G6PD缺乏症患者及时采取预防性措施,避免因出现核黄疸而造成的智力低下或死亡等后果,确保新生儿的生命质量,从而提高优生优育的水平.     

2072名新生儿葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症筛查分析

红细胞葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶（G6PD）缺乏症又称蚕豆病，是摄入蚕豆后引起的一种急性贫血。临床以贫血、黄疽、血红细胞蛋白尿为主要特点。发病年龄以9岁以下小儿最多见，男性显著多于女性^[1]。为了解玉林市新生儿G6PD缺乏症状况，我们对2072名新生儿进行G6PD缺乏症的筛查并对部份筛查阳性者于出生后2—3个月内召回复查。     

广州花都地区育龄夫妇及新生儿葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症筛查结果分析

目的了解广州花都地区育龄夫妇及新生儿葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)缺乏症的发病情况。方法对2013年4月1日至2015年4月30日在该院做孕前检查的夫妇及在该院新生儿科出生的新生儿的G6PD检测结果进行回顾性统计分析。将成人G6PD1 300U/L分为轻度缺乏组,G6PD500U/L分为重度缺乏组;将新生儿G6PD2 500U/L分为轻度缺乏组,G6PD1 000U/L分为重度缺乏组。结果在该院育龄夫妇G6PD筛查中,G6PD缺乏的总检出率为6.07%,其中男性缺乏的检出率为5.92%(57/963),重度检出率为4.67%(45/963);女性缺乏检出率为6.16%(102/1 657),重度检出率1.21%(20/1 657);该院新生儿G6PD筛查中,G6PD缺乏的总检出率为13.01%(131/1 005),其中男性缺乏的检出率为12.63%(71/562),重度检出率为9.79%(55/562);女性缺乏的检出率为13.54%(60/443),重度检出率为1.35%(6/443)。结论广州花都地区为G6PD缺乏病的高发地区,女性的G6PD缺乏的检出率高于男性,但男性重度缺乏的检出率高于女性。     

3140例新生儿脐带血葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶检测结果分析

目的 总结和分析本院新生儿脐带血葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)活性检测结果,为新生儿G6PD缺乏症筛查提供依据和参考.探讨脐带血G6PD检测在新生儿黄疸鉴别诊断及早期防治中的临床意义.方法 新生儿出生后立即取脐带血置于乙二胺四乙酸抗凝真空管,采用全自动生化分析仪进行定量检测,低于参考值为缺乏.结果 G6PD缺乏率为10.10%,其中男婴为12.00%,女婴为7.77%,男性缺乏率高于女性缺乏率.结论 采用新生儿脐带血检测G6PD活性,取材方便、简单,能有效、早期筛查出G6PD缺乏患儿,脐带血G6PD活性检测在新生儿黄疸鉴别诊断及早期治疗中有重要临床价值.     

某地区新生儿葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶筛查结果分析

目的了解广西地区新生儿葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)缺乏症的发病情况,为患该病新生儿的防治提供参考依据。方法采用荧光法对本筛查中心的30 556例新生儿进行G6PD筛查检测,对可疑患儿召回并用G6PD/6PGD比值法进行确诊。结果所有被检测的新生儿中G6PD缺乏症的初筛阳性率是7.36%,其中男性为10.89%,女性为2.86%;对民族进行分组,汉族G6PD缺乏症的初筛阳性率是5.29%,壮族为9.54%,其他少数民族为5.42%。对可疑患儿召回确诊发现荧光法与G6PD/6PGD比值法的符合率为97%,重度G6PD缺陷者符合率达100%。结论荧光法准确性高、简便、快捷、费用低廉,广西壮族自治区作为G6PD缺乏症的高发区,应常规开展新生儿葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症的筛查工作,使G6PD缺乏症患者能够及时采取预防性措施。     

应用荧光法筛查葡萄糖6磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症

目的探讨荧光法筛查新生儿葡萄糖6磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)缺乏症中的实用性。方法新生儿出生72 h后采足跟血,滴在规定的滤纸上,采用荧光法测定G6PD活性水平,同时与荧光斑点法、G6PD/6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酸(6PGD)比值法进行比较。并且检测3 706例新生儿G6PD正常水平及筛查临界值(cut off值)。结果该方法最低检测限为0.52 U/gHb,批内平均变异系数(CV)为9.8%,批间平均CV为11.1%,高、中、低3个浓度的平均回收率为96.4%。实验结果与目前国内筛查使用的荧光斑点法的符合率为97.5%,和G6PD/6PGD比值法的符合率为100%。筛查cut off值建议定为2.7 U/gHb。结论荧光法适用于新生儿G6PD缺乏症的筛查。     

应用多色探针熔解曲线分析法检测湘潭地区G6PD缺乏症基因突变

目的 探讨多色探针熔解曲线分析(MMCA)法检测湘潭地区葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)缺乏症基因突变的性能,为临床诊断提供参考.方法 纳入2017年1月至2020年9月于该院进行G6PD缺乏症筛查的90221例新生儿,以其中454例同时进行G6PD酶活性法检测和基因检测[MMCA法、外显子基因测序(Sanger测序)法]的G6PD缺乏症初筛阳性新生儿作为研究对象,以Sanger测序法的检测结果为"金标准",对酶活性法和MMCA法进行方法学比较.结果 酶活性法诊断男性新生儿G6PD缺乏症的灵敏度为97.6％,特异度为100.0％;诊断女性新生儿G6PD缺乏症的灵敏度为59.5％,特异度为100.0％.酶活性法与Sanger测序法诊断男性新生儿G6PD缺乏症的结果一致性较好(Kappa=0.974,P<0.05),诊断女性新生儿G6PD缺乏症的结果一致性一般(Kappa=0.676,P<0.05).MMCA法诊断男性新生儿G6PD缺乏症的灵敏度为97.0％,特异度为100.0％;诊断女性新生儿G6PD缺乏症的灵敏度、特异度均为100.0％.MMCA法与San-ger测序法诊断男性新生儿G6PD缺乏症的结果一致性较好(Kappa=0.967,P<0.05),诊断女性新生儿G6PD缺乏症的结果完全吻合(Kappa=1.000,P<0.05).结论 与传统的酶活性法比较,MMCA法具有灵敏度、特异度高的优点,是一种快速、准确、适用于临床诊断G6PD缺乏症的方法.     

广东地区育龄人群葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症筛查结果分析

目的通过对广东地区育龄人群葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)缺乏症筛查结果进行分析,了解广东地区育龄人群发病情况,并为该病的防治提供参考依据。方法采用连续监测速率法对广东地区72 921例育龄女性和男性进行G6PD活性定量检测,并对筛查结果进行分析。结果广东地区育龄人群G6PD缺乏症的发病率为4.28﹪(3 119/72 921),其中育龄男性的发病率为8.98%(989/11 010),育龄女性的发病率为3.44%(2 130/61 911)。结论开展育龄人群G6PD缺乏症筛查工作,对优生优育、提高人口素质具有非常重要的意义。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.