鲍曼不动杆菌外膜蛋白A真核表达载体构建及其诱导Hela细胞不完全自噬

目的构建鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606(Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606)外膜蛋白A(outer membrane protein A,OmpA)的真核表达载体pEGFP-OmpA,研究OmpA对Hela细胞自噬的影响。方法采用PCR方法扩增鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606的OmpA基因,将其克隆至真核表达载体pEGFP-N1,以构建重组质粒pEGFP-OmpA;用脂质体转染法将其转染Hela细胞;流式细胞术、细胞免疫荧光和Western blot检测OmpA表达水平;激光共聚焦显微镜检测OmpA在Hela细胞中的定位;Western blot及透射电子显微镜检测OmpA对Hela细胞自噬的影响。结果经双酶切及测序鉴定表明pEGFP-OmpA质粒构建成功;OmpA可以大量表达于Hela细胞的细胞质和细胞核中;OmpA可导致Hela细胞中自噬相关蛋白LC3BⅡ、p62和Beclin-1表达升高,而且在Hela细胞中发现自噬小体;OmpA会干扰p62降解,引发不完全自噬。结论本研究成功构建pEGFP-OmpA真核表达载体,它可以在Hela细胞中高效表达,并可导致Hela细胞不完全自噬,这为将来进一步研究鲍曼不动杆菌OmpA引起自噬的机制奠定基础。     

TP53BP2/ASPP2通过p53非依赖性方式激活mTOR通路抑制HepG2人肝癌细胞自噬

目的研究肿瘤蛋白p53结合蛋白2/p53凋亡刺激蛋白2(TP53BP2/ASPP2)对HepG2人肝癌细胞自噬的调节作用和机制。方法通过腺病毒、慢病毒感染HepG2细胞上调或下调细胞中ASPP2的表达, HepG2细胞继续在不含胎牛血清的培养基中培养24 h,通过Western blot法检测自噬相关蛋白微管相关蛋白1轻链3(LC3)、 beclin1、 P62、自噬相关基因5(ATG5)、 ATG7和哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)通路相关蛋白mTOR、磷酸化的mTOR(p-mTOR)、真核转录起始因子4E结合蛋白1(4EBP1)、磷酸化的4EBP1(p-4EBP1)、核糖体蛋白S6、磷酸化的S6(p-S6)、核糖体S6激酶B1(RPS6KB1/p70S6K)、磷酸化的p70S6K(p-p70S6K)的蛋白表达,荧光显微镜检测细胞表达的绿色荧光蛋白-微管相关蛋白1轻链3(GFP-LC3)融合蛋白。同时,使用慢病毒感染不表达p53的Hep3B细胞,敲低细胞中的ASPP2水平, Western blot法检测Hep3B细胞ASPP2和mTOR通路相关蛋白mTOR、 p-mTOR、 4EBP1、 p-4EBP1、 S6、 p-S6、 RPS6KB1/p70S6K、 p-p70S6K的蛋白表达。结果当ASPP2的表达上调时, mTOR复合物1(mTORC1)通路被激活,并且自噬相关蛋白的表达和自噬体的数量减少。在下调ASPP2表达后, mTORC1通路受到抑制,自噬相关蛋白的表达水平和自噬体的数量增加。在p53表达沉默的Hep3B细胞中,当ASPP2下调后, mTORC1途径仍然受到抑制。结论 ASPP2以p53非依赖性方式激活mTOR通路抑制HepG2人肝癌细胞自噬。     

雷帕霉素激活自噬改善嘌呤霉素氨基核苷诱导的足细胞损伤

目的:通过观察雷帕霉素对PAN 诱导的足细胞损伤及自噬相关蛋白表达的影响,探讨自噬在雷帕霉素保护PAN 诱导的足细胞损伤中的作用及可能机制。方法:构建PAN 诱导的足细胞损伤模型,将足细胞分成对照组(Control 组),PAN 组(加入50 μg/ ml PAN),雷帕霉素组(RAP 组:分别加入100、200、300 ng/ ml 雷帕霉素),PAN+雷帕霉素组(PAN+RAP组:细胞在用含PAN 的培养液培养前1 h,分别用100、200、300 ng/ ml 雷帕霉素进行预处理1 h)。采用Annexin V/ PI 双染法检测细胞凋亡,透射电镜观察自噬小体,Western blot 检测LC3、p62、4EBP1、P70S6K、mTOR 蛋白表达。结果:与对照组比较,PAN组足细胞凋亡增加,自噬体减少,LC3域蛋白表达下调,p62 上调,mTOR、4EBP1、P70S6K 磷酸化水平上调;与PAN 组比较,PAN+RAP 组足细胞凋亡率下降,自噬体增加,LC3域蛋白表达上调,p62 下调,mTOR、4EBP1、P70S6K 磷酸化水平下调。结论:PAN 可以抑制足细胞自噬,促进足细胞凋亡;雷帕霉素可通过激活自噬改善PAN 诱导的足细胞损伤,这种作用可能与雷帕霉素抑制mTOR/4EBP1、P70S6K 信号通路有关。     

鸡内金对冠状动脉内皮细胞损伤的影响及可能机制研究

目的 探究鸡内金对冠状动脉内皮细胞(HCAEC)的影响及可能机制。方法 将HCAEC细胞分为对照组、氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)组和ox-LDL+鸡内金组。CCK-8方法检测各组细胞的活力;流式细胞术检测各组细胞的凋亡情况。Western blot方法检测各组细胞自噬相关蛋白LC3II和p62的表达以及PI3K、Akt、mTOR的表达。结果 ox-LDL可显著抑制HCAEC的细胞活力,抑制LC3II和PI3K/Akt/mTOR的表达水平,促进凋亡和p62蛋白的表达;而鸡内金预培养则可显著缓解由ox-LDL引起的细胞活力降低和凋亡率的升高,促进自噬,激活PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路。结论 鸡内金可通过调控自噬和上调PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路减轻ox-LDL引起的冠状动脉内皮细胞损伤。     

细胞自噬在Aβ_(25-35)损伤SH-SY5Y细胞中的作用

目的:探究β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)诱导的神经细胞损伤作用是否与调节细胞自噬相关,并基于Akt/mTOR通路对其作用机制进行初步探究。方法:5μmol/L、10μmol/L、15μmol/L、20μmol/L和25μmol/L的Aβ_(25-35)与人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞共同孵育24 h,MTT法检测细胞活力,Western blot检测细胞内微管相关蛋白1轻链3-I(LC3-I)、微管相关蛋白1轻链3-II(LC3-II)、Akt、p-Akt、mTOR和p-mTOR蛋白表达情况。选用合适浓度的Aβ_(25-35),观察自噬诱导剂雷帕霉素(Rapa)和自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)分别与Aβ_(25-35)联用后上述指标的变化。结果:各浓度Aβ_(25-35)均能引起SH-SY5Y细胞损伤,使细胞活力下降。Aβ_(25-35)能够增加自噬标志蛋白LC3-II蛋白表达,提高LC3-II/LC3-I水平,下调Akt和mTOR蛋白磷酸化水平(P0.05)。与自噬诱导剂Rapa联用,细胞活力未见明显变化,而细胞内LC3-II蛋白表达升高,LC3-II/LC3-I明显增加,p-mTOR/mTOR明显降低(P0.05);与自噬抑制剂3-MA联用,LC3-II蛋白表达和LC3-II/LC3-I水平有下降趋势,p-Akt/Akt水平明显下降(P0.05)。结论:Aβ_(25-35)可能通过下调Akt和mTOR蛋白磷酸化水平而诱导SH-SY5Y细胞自噬状态及损伤。     

紫草素通过PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路诱导人宫颈癌HeLa细胞凋亡和自噬

目的:观察紫草素(shikonin)对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞凋亡(apoptosis)和自噬(autophagy)的影响,并初步探讨PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路在其中的可能作用。方法:以紫草素作用于HeLa细胞后,采用CCK-8检测细胞活力;Annexin V/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡;GFP-LC3质粒转染HeLa细胞后观察自噬小体;紫草素分别与自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-methyladenine,3-MA)和凋亡抑制剂Z-DEVD-FMK共同作用后,Western blot分析检测细胞内自噬和凋亡相关蛋白微管相关蛋白1轻链3 (LC3)和cleaved caspase-3表达的变化,并检测PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路中磷酸化PI3K(p-PI3K)、磷酸化Akt(p-Akt)和磷酸化mTOR(p-mTOR)蛋白表达的变化。结果:紫草素显著抑制HeLa细胞活力(P0.05)。与对照组比较,紫草素可诱导HeLa细胞凋亡(P0.05)。GFP-LC3质粒转染分析结果显示,HeLa细胞经紫草素作用后,细胞质中出现绿色点状聚集的自噬小体,而对照组细胞中极少观察到点状聚集的自噬小体形成。与紫草素组比较,紫草素+3-MA组中LC3-II/LC3-I显著降低,而cleaved caspase-3表达显著升高(P0.05);与紫草素组比较,紫草素+Z-DEVD-FMK组LC3-II/LC3-I显著升高,而cleaved caspase-3表达显著降低(P0.05)。与对照组比较,紫草素可使p-PI3K、p-Akt和p-mTOR表达明显降低(P0.05)。结论:论紫草素能诱导HeLa细胞凋亡和自噬,且其凋亡及自噬具有协同作用,其机制可能与抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路有关。     

苦参碱通过 MAPK/mTOR 信号通路诱导 IMCD3 细胞自噬及机制研究

目的:通过观察苦参碱对小鼠肾脏内髓集合管上皮细胞(IMCD3)自噬的影响,探讨苦参碱诱导细胞自噬可能的分子机制。方法:在小鼠IMCD3中加入不同浓度的苦参碱(0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6 mg/ml),检测苦参碱对细胞活性、细胞的凋亡以及细胞自噬的影响;采用Western blot检测自噬相关的蛋白LC3、ERK、p-ERK、p53、Beclin-1、p70S6K、p-p70S6K、AKT、p-AKT表达水平的变化。结果:当苦参碱浓度为0、0.2、0.4、0.8 mg/ml时,IMCD3活性以及凋亡坏死没有明显变化,当苦参碱浓度为1.6 mg/ml时,细胞凋亡坏死明显增加;苦参碱处理后,细胞中自噬小体的数量明显增加;随着苦参碱处理浓度的增加,细胞中LC3蛋白表达明显升高,p-ERK、p-p70S6K表达明显减弱,ERK、p70S6K、p53、Beclin-1、AKT和p-AKT等蛋白表达无明显变化。结论:苦参碱可通过抑制MAPK/mTOR信号通路的活化促进小鼠IMCD3的自噬。     

NVP-BEZ235诱导多囊肾大鼠胆管上皮细胞自噬的机制研究

 目的:探讨PI3K/Akt/mTOR双靶点抑制剂NVP-BEZ235诱导多囊肾(polycystic kidney,PCK)大鼠胆管上皮细胞自噬的作用。方法:免疫组化法检测p-mTOR和p-Akt在PCK大鼠胆管上皮细胞中的水平。WST-1比色法检测NVP-BEZ235对胆管细胞活力的抑制作用以及LC3、Beclin 1基因沉默和自噬特异性抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-methyladenine,3-MA)对细胞活力的影响。蛋白免疫印迹法检测NVP-BEZ235对PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路相关蛋白及自噬标志蛋白LC3和Beclin 1的变化。结果:p-mTOR和p-Akt在PCK大鼠胆管上皮细胞中显著升高,NVP-BEZ235可明显抑制胆管上皮细胞的活力,且呈浓度和时间依赖性改变(P<0.05);NVP-BEZ235明显抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路相关蛋白的水平;并上调自噬标志蛋白LC3 II/LC3 I比值和Beclin 1蛋白的表达水平。LC3、Beclin 1基因沉默和3-MA均可明显减弱NVP-BEZ235对细胞活力的抑制作用(P<0.01)。结论:NVP-BEZ235可抑制PCK大鼠胆管上皮细胞的活力,其机制与自噬密切相关。     

四妙勇安汤含药血清对 ox-LDL 诱导的泡沫化巨噬细胞活化与自噬的影响

目的:探究四妙勇安汤含药血清对ox-LDL诱导的泡沫化巨噬细胞活化与自噬的影响,并探讨其抗动脉粥样硬化(AS)的作用机制。方法:灌胃给予SD大鼠不同剂量四妙勇安水煎液制备含药血清。油红O染色观察泡沫化巨噬细胞脂滴变化;CCK-8法观察含药血清对泡沫巨噬细胞活化的影响;ELISA检测炎症性细胞因子IL-6、IL-10和IFN-γ表达;透射电镜观察细胞自噬水平;免疫荧光标记法检测LC3Ⅱ表达;RT-PCR及Western blot检测细胞AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K通路相关因子表达变化。结果:油红O染色显示,ox-LDL干预后胞质内可见大量橘红色脂滴;CCK-8显示浓度30%以下的含药血清干预泡沫化巨噬细胞OD值无明显变化(P>0.05)。与模型组相比,含药血清刺激后,IL-6、IFN-γ表达降低,IL-10表达升高(P<0.05),含药血清组及雷帕霉素组细胞自噬小体形成增加,LC3Ⅱ、AMPK表达提高,mTOR、p70S6K表达降低(P<0.05)。结论:四妙勇安汤含药血清可调节ox-LDL诱导的泡沫化巨噬细胞活化以及AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K信号通路,抑制炎...     

PI3K/Akt信号通路在脓毒症肾脏损伤诱导的自噬中的调节作用*

 目的：研究脓毒症造成肾脏损伤时的自噬情况以及磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（PI3K）/蛋白激酶B(Akt)信号通路的调节作用。方法：对大鼠盲肠进行结扎与穿刺（CLP）,对肾脏组织切片进行HE染色,并测定血清尿素氮和肌酐。通过Western blotting定量分析CLP大鼠肾脏损伤发生后不同时点自噬相关分子微管相关蛋白轻链3（LC3）Ⅰ/Ⅱ、beclin-1和Akt蛋白磷酸化的表达情况;体外用LPS诱导人近端肾小管上皮细胞株HK-2发生自噬,检测不同浓度LPS和不同刺激时间自噬相关分子LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ和Akt蛋白磷酸化的表达情况;进一步使用PI3K抑制剂、Akt抑制剂和LPS刺激HK-2细胞观察自噬相关蛋白的表达情况及细胞的凋亡水平。结果：同对照组相比,CLP大鼠显微镜下可见肾损伤的典型病理改变,血清尿素氮和肌酐均有上升。CLP肾脏损伤发生后,自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ、beclin-1含量及Akt磷酸化水平均有上升。LPS刺激HK-2细胞后,随着刺激浓度的增加,p-Akt(308)表达量逐渐提高,而LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ及p-Akt(472)的表达量在10 mg/L LPS刺激组最高。随着刺激时间的延长,p-Akt(308)表达量逐渐提高;LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ表达量同p-Akt(472)在刺激8 h时最高;使用PI3K抑制剂及Akt抑制剂后,LPS诱导的LC3表达显著下调,HK-2细胞凋亡明显增加。结论：CLP肾脏损伤发生时可以诱导自噬发生, PI3K／Akt信号通路在其中发挥重要调节作用。     

Acinetobacter baumannii outer membrane protein A induces HeLa cell autophagy via MAPK/JNK signaling pathway

Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved self-balancing process that plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis via the clearance of damaged organelles and misfolded proteins. Infection-triggered autophagy specifically inhibits the invasion of intracellular bacterial replication and hence protects the cells from microbial infections. It has been reported that Acinetobacter baumannii trigger cell autophagy. However, the role of its virulence protein OmpA remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of Acinetobacter baumannii OmpA on cell autophagy and its underlying molecular mechanisms. The results showed that OmpA induced autophagy in HeLa and RAW264.7 cells, increased LC3BII expression, and hindered p62 degradation. Moreover, OmpA triggered incomplete autophagy by interfering the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Besides, OmpA activated MAPK/JNK signaling pathway and enhanced the phosphorylation levels of JNK, p38, and ERK, c-Jun. Inhibition of JNK signaling pathway suppressed OmpA-induced autophagy in HeLa cells. Ab wild-type strains carrying OmpA triggered incomplete autophagy and resulted in a large number of IL-1β production. Ab-△OmpA strain (OmpA gene mutation) restored autophagic flux and reduced the accumulation of p62 and the release of IL-1β in HeLa cells. Rapamycin activated autophagy to inhibit OmpA-induced IL-1β secretion and protect HeLa cells from inflammatory damage. Collectively, these results suggest that OmpA can induce autophagy in HeLa cells through MAPK/JNK signaling pathway. Pre-treatment with Rapamycin activates autophagy and protects against cell death.     

黄芪甲苷与人参皂苷Rg1配伍对PC12细胞氧糖剥夺复糖复氧后细胞自噬和PI3K信号通路的影响

目的:探讨黄芪甲苷和人参皂苷Rg1配伍对PC12细胞氧糖剥夺后再复糖复氧(oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation,OGD/R)诱导的细胞自噬的影响及作用机制。方法:以PC12细胞建立OGD/R自噬性损伤模型,观察黄芪甲苷与人参皂苷Rg1配伍对细胞自噬的影响,并通过PI3KⅠ/Akt/m TOR和PI3KⅢ/beclin-1/Bcl-2信号通路研究黄芪甲苷与人参皂苷Rg1配伍的作用机制。结果:氧糖剥夺2 h复糖复氧24 h后,PC12细胞内LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白比值增加。黄芪甲苷、人参皂苷Rg1及黄芪甲苷与人参皂苷Rg1配伍均能下调OGD/R后PC12细胞LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白比值,且配伍组的效应强于药物单用组。机制研究表明,人参皂苷Rg1单用及黄芪甲苷和人参皂苷Rg1配伍能升高PI3KⅠ、Akt、m TOR蛋白磷酸化水平,配伍的效应强于药物单用;黄芪甲苷单用及黄芪甲苷和人参皂苷Rg1配伍均能抑制PI3KⅢ、beclin-1蛋白表达,而配伍还能上调Bcl-2蛋白表达,且配伍的效应强于药物单用组。结论:PC12细胞在缺糖缺氧2 h再复糖复氧24 h后,细胞出现自噬;黄芪甲苷和人参皂苷Rg1均能减轻OGD/R诱导的PC12细胞自噬,且2者配伍对细胞自噬具有协同抑制作用,其机制可能与调节PI3KⅠ/Akt/m TOR和PI3KⅢ/beclin-1/Bcl-2信号通路有关。     

CD137 ligand‐mediated reverse signals increase cell viability and cytokine expression in murine myeloid cells: Involvement of mTOR/p70S6 kinase and Akt

Cross‐linking of CD137 ligand (CD137L), a member of the TNF family, with recombinant CD137‐Fc (rCD137‐Fc) protein enhanced adherence of bone marrow‐derived macrophages, and increased the expression of ICAM‐1, IL‐1β, IL‐6, M‐CSF and phosphotyrosine proteins. In RAW264.7 cells, a murine myeloid cell line, rCD137‐Fc not only increased adherence but also cell multiplication, in a manner comparable to LPS or M‐CSF. In addition, it up‐regulated expression of IL‐1β, IL‐1 receptor antagonist, IL‐6, COX2, tenascin C, neuropeptide Y and M‐CSF mRNA. Neutralization of M‐CSF by incubating the RAW264.7 cells with anti‐M‐CSF mAb did not prevent the CD137L signal‐induced viability. Viability was blocked by PP2, an Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor, rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor and LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, but not by Wortmannin, another PI3K inhibitor. Cross‐linking of CD137L increased phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6 kinase. The latter was blocked by PP2, rapamycin or LY294002, but not by Wortmannin, whereas phosphorylation of Akt was blocked by LY294002 or Wortmannin. These findings demonstrate that reverse signals evoked by CD137L regulate immune functions in macrophages.     

IL2-dependent phosphorylation of 40S ribosomal protein S6 is controlled by PI-3K/mTOR signalling in CTLL2 cells

Growth factors and hormones activate global and selective protein translation by phosphorylation and therefore activation of p70 S6 kinase through a wortmannin-sensitive phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3K) antiapoptotic pathway and a rapamycin-sensitive signalling pathway of mTOR. Here we demonstrate that the phosphorylation of 40S ribosomal protein S6, a physiological substrate p70 S6 kinase, was highly increased by growth-stimulation of the cytolytic T cells (CTLL2) with interleukin 2 (IL2), which was accompanied with the increased phosphorylation of p70 S6K. The activity of p70 S6K and phosphorylation of the S6 protein was completely blocked by rapamycin and significantly decreased upon treatment of the cells with wortmannin, indicating an involvement of the PI-3K pathway in concert with the signalling pathway of mTOR in IL2-dependent phos-phorylation of ribosomal protein S6. The phosphorylation and activity of PKB/Akt in IL2-stimulated CTLL2 cells were rapamycin-insensitive and reduced upon wortmannin treatment of the cells, confirming a requirement for PI-3K for Akt activity. The data support the hypothesis that Akt may act downstream to PI-3K and upstream to mTOR in an IL2-mediated signal transduction pathway that controls phosphorylation of the regulatory protein S6 in CTLL2 cells.     

白花丹醌对人结肠腺癌Caco-2细胞凋亡、自噬及PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路的影响

目的:探讨白花丹醌是否诱导人结肠腺癌Caco-2细胞凋亡和自噬及其对磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(PKB/Akt)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路的影响.方法:体外培养Caco-2细胞,分别加入2.5、5、7.5、10、12.5和15μmol/L的白花丹醌作用12、24和36 h后,采用MTT...     

PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路在巨噬细胞自噬及动脉粥样硬化斑块不稳定中的作用

 目的：探讨磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（PI3K）/蛋白激酶B(Akt)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路在巨噬细胞自体吞噬以及动脉粥样硬化斑块不稳定中的作用。方法：利用Akt抑制剂康士得（20 μmol/L）、mTOR抑制剂雷帕霉素（10 nmol/L）及mTOR-siRNA（30 nmol/L）体外处理小鼠RAW 264.7 巨噬细胞株 48 h后,透射电镜观察巨噬细胞自噬体的变化,细胞免疫荧光法及Western blotting法检测微管相关蛋白LC3-II表达,实时荧光定量qRT-PCR和Western blotting法检测Akt、mTOR及自噬相关蛋白Beclin 1的表达,ELISA检测巨噬细胞分泌炎症因子水平。体内实验中, 24只雄性新西兰兔给予球囊损伤+ 1%胆固醇喂养8周,然后随机分为对照组、康士得（1.0 mg·kg-1·d-1）组和雷帕霉素（0.5 mg·kg-1·d-1）组,每组8只,干预4周。血管内超声（IVUS）检测斑块的影像学特征,透射电镜观察斑块中巨噬细胞超微结构的改变,免疫荧光法检测微管相关蛋白LC3-II表达,免疫组织化学法检测巨噬细胞Akt和mTOR的蛋白表达。 结果：与对照组比较,康士得、雷帕霉素及mTOR-siRNA干预巨噬细胞后,透射电镜下观察到自噬体明显增多,微管相关蛋白LC3-II和自噬相关蛋白Beclin 1的表达水平明显上调,而Akt及mTOR 的mRNA及蛋白表达水平明显减少,巨噬细胞分泌的IL-10明显降低,而IFN-γ的分泌显著增加。体内实验： IVUS显示,与对照组比较,康士得组及雷帕霉素组的外弹性膜面积（EEMA）、斑块面积（PA）及斑块负荷（PB）明显减少,透射电镜下观察到巨噬细胞中自噬体增加,组织免疫荧光法示LC3-II明显增加,HE染色显示斑块纤维帽的厚度明显增加,内、中膜厚度显著减低,组织免疫组化染色显示巨噬细胞RAM-11及p-mTOR染色显著减少。结论：选择性抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路能诱导巨噬细胞自噬,减少斑块巨噬细胞的浸润, 抑制炎症反应进而稳定动脉粥样硬化易损斑块。     

厄贝沙坦通过诱导自噬减轻db/db小鼠肝脏脂肪变

目的:探讨厄贝沙坦对db/db小鼠脂肪肝的影响及自噬在这一过程中的作用。方法:雄性db/db小鼠24只随机分为模型组和厄贝沙坦组,另选取12只db/m小鼠作为正常对照组。各组分别干预16周后,观察体重、肝指数、血脂、肝功能以及肝脏病理的变化,检测肝组织PI3K/Akt/m TOR信号通路及自噬相关蛋白Atg-7、beclin-1和LC3B的表达情况,并利用电镜观察肝脏自噬小体的变化。结果:与模型组相比,应用厄贝沙坦干预后,db/db小鼠的体重、肝指数、血脂、丙氨酸转氨酶和天冬氨酸转氨酶与模型组相比显著降低(P0.05),肝脏病理改变明显减轻;肝组织p-PI3K、p-Akt和p-m TOR的表达明显减少,Atg-7、beclin-1和LC3B-Ⅱ的表达明显增加,肝脏自噬小体显著增多(P0.05)。结论:厄贝沙坦可能通过抑制PI3K/Akt/m TOR信号通路,上调自噬相关蛋白Atg-7、beclin-1和LC3B-Ⅱ表达,进而促进肝细胞自噬,减轻db/db小鼠肝脏脂肪变。     

Melatonin prevents ischemic brain injury through activation of the mTOR/p70S6 kinase signaling pathway

We previously reported that melatonin prevents neuronal cell death in ischemic brain injury through the activation of Akt and the inhibition of apoptotic cell death. We investigated whether melatonin inhibits the apoptotic signal through the activation of a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p70S6 kinase and its downstream target, S6 phosphorylation. It is known that mTOR is a downstream target of Akt and a central regulator of protein synthesis, cell growth, and cell cycle progression. Adult male rats were treated with melatonin (5mg/kg) or vehicle prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Brains were collected at 24h after MCAO and infarct volumes were analyzed. We confirmed that melatonin significantly reduces infarct volume and decreases the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the cerebral cortex. Brain injury induced a decrease in phospho-mTOR and phospho-p70S6 kinase. Melatonin prevented the injury-induced decrease in Akt activation and phosphorylation of mTOR and p70S6 kinases, and the subsequent decrease in S6 phosphorylation. Our results suggest that melatonin prevents cell death resulting from ischemic brain injury and that its neuroprotective effects are mediated by preventing the injury-induced decrease of mTOR and p70S6 kinase phosphorylation.     

Cot/tpl2 activity is required for TLR-induced activation of the Akt p70 S6k pathway in macrophages: Implications for NO synthase 2 expression

LPS stimulation activates IKK and different MAP kinase pathways, as well as the PI3K‐Akt‐mTOR‐p70 S6k pathway, a negative regulator of these MyD88‐dependent intracellular signals. Here, we show that Cot/tpl2, a MAP3K responsible for the activation of the MKK1‐Erk1/2, controls P‐Ser473 Akt and P‐Thr389 p70 S6k phosphorylation in LPS‐stimulated macrophages. Analysis of the intracellular signalling in Cot/tpl2 KO macrophages versus WT macrophages reveals lower IκBα recovery and higher phosphorylation of JNK and p38α after 1 h of LPS stimulation. Moreover, Cot/tpl2 deficiency increases LPS‐induced NO synthase 2 (NOS2) expression in macrophages. Inhibition of the PI3K pathway abolishes the differences in IκBα and NOS2 expression between Cot/tpl2 KO and WT macrophages following LPS administration. Furthermore, in zymosan‐ and polyI:C‐stimulated macrophages, Cot/tpl2 mediates P‐Ser473 Akt phosphorylation, increases IκBα levels and decreases NOS2 expression. In conclusion, these data reveal a novel role for the Cot/tpl2 pathway in mediating TLR activation of the Akt‐mTOR‐p70 S6k pathway, allowing Cot/tpl2 to fine‐control the activation state of other signalling pathways.