PD-1/PD-L1在骨肉瘤中的研究进展

PD-1是一种主要表达于活化的CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞、B细胞、NK细胞、单核细胞和DC等免疫细胞上的跨膜蛋白.PD-1及其配体PD-L1是一对共刺激分子,在正常情况下,这对分子活化后的信号通路可调节外周组织中T细胞的分化,进而调控机体对外来或自身抗原的免疫应答反应,以防免疫过激情况的发生.但在肿瘤发生时,肿瘤细...     

PD-1和PD-L1在脓毒症免疫反应中的研究进展

脓毒症是当前重症监护病房患者的主要死亡原因,同时其幸存者也会出现长期的免疫抑制和高复发感染。目前对脓毒症的临床治疗还是以抗生素、静脉补液和血管加压为主,尚无针对性的药物治疗。但随着抗生素耐药率不断升高,免疫治疗作为一种新的治疗方式备受期待。脓毒症患者多伴有急性白细胞免疫功能异常障碍和免疫抑制,这可能是患者发病率和死亡率不断增加的重要危险因素。靶向抑制特定细胞表面抑制性免疫检查点受体和配体,如程序性死亡受体-1(PD-1)、程序性死亡-配体1(PD-L1)等靶点能够提高宿主对感染的抵抗力。主要对PD-1和PD-L1在脓毒症免疫反应中的作用及相关机制的研究进展进行总结,为其在脓毒症治疗中的进一步应用提供理论依据。     

PD-1/PD-L1对脓毒症患者免疫细胞影响的研究进展

脓毒症在世界各地的发病率及死亡率都逐年上升。研究认为,在脓毒症免疫抑制阶段,PD-1能够与PD-L1结合引起免疫细胞增殖、活化及分泌等功能抑制,发挥负性免疫调节作用,导致患者死亡风险增加。文章就脓毒症发生发展过程中,围绕PD-1与PD-L1结合后引起中性粒细胞、NK细胞、T细胞及B细胞等免疫细胞功能抑制的机制进行整理,并对目前抗PD-1/PD-L1抗体治疗脓毒症的研究进展进行简要综述。     

PD-L1表达调控与肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展

程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)/程序性死亡配体1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)是导致肿瘤免疫逃逸的重要免疫检查点分子,阻断PD-1/PD-L1可以重新激活细胞毒性T细胞对肿瘤的杀伤作用,是一种重要的肿瘤免疫治疗方式。肿...     

PD-1/PD-L1信号通路与肿瘤免疫逃逸

PD-1及其配体PD-L1、PD-L2广泛表达于多种细胞表面,是一组与免疫负调控有关的共刺激分子。PD-1/PD-L1信号通路的激活有利于肿瘤逃脱机体免疫监视,但具体的肿瘤免疫逃逸机制尚未清楚。就抗PD-1和抗PD-L1抗体疗效而言,仍然需要对肿瘤免疫逃逸机制做更深入的研究。文章就现有研究成果作一综述如下。     

膀胱尿路上皮癌中PD-L1和PD-L2的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨膀胱尿路上皮癌(urothelial bladder cancer,UBC)中程序性死亡配体-1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)以及程序性死亡配体-2(programmed death-ligand 2,PD-L2)的表达及临床意义.方法 采用免疫组化法检测58例UBC组织中...     

PD-1/PD-L在淋巴瘤中的研究进展

淋巴瘤是一组异质性的淋巴造血系统恶性肿瘤。程序性死亡受体1(programmed death-1,PD-1)及其配体(programmed death-ligand,PD-L)在T细胞介导的免疫应答过程中发挥重要作用。PD-1与PD-L1/PD-L2之间的相互作用可引起细胞凋亡以及T细胞耗竭,进而抑制抗肿瘤免疫应答。近年来研究发现以PD-1/PD-L1为靶点的免疫检查点抑制剂可有效地恢复T细胞功能,为肿瘤的治疗带来希望。该文就PD-1/PD-L在淋巴瘤中的免疫组化研究进展作一综述,以期为淋巴瘤的诊疗提供参考。     

舒尼替尼抑制小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞表面PD-L1和PD-L2的表达

目的观察小鼠髓源性树突状细胞(DC)在舒尼替尼刺激下,其表面程序性死亡分子1配体1(PD-L1)和PD-L2的表达变化。方法取小鼠骨髓细胞,对照组加入二甲基亚砜,实验组分别加入(100、200、300)ng/m L舒尼替尼,刺激48 h,用流式细胞术检测DC表面PD-L1和PD-L2的表达水平。结果与对照组相比,实验组中成熟DC(m DC)和总DC(包括m DC和im DC)表面PD-L1的表达水平显著降低;表达PD-L1的未成熟DC(im DC)、m DC和DC百分比均显著降低,表达PD-L2的m DC百分比显著降低;表达PD-L2的DC百分比在100 ng/m L、300 ng/m L舒尼替尼组中显著降低。结论舒尼替尼可显著降低小鼠DC表面PD-L1、PD-L2的表达。     

PD-1及PD-L1与肿瘤适应性免疫抵抗的研究进展

程序性死亡蛋白-1(programmed death protein 1,PD-1)与其配体程序性死亡配体1(programmed cell death-ligand 1,PD-L1)属于CD28/B7家族,是近年研究比较透彻的免疫检查点分子。PD-1/PD-L1通过调节外周组织中免疫反应的持续性和效价避免组织损伤并维持对于自身抗原的耐受。肿瘤细胞主动性抑制T细胞的机制称为适应性免疫抵抗(adaptive immune resistance),即肿瘤抗原特异性T细胞企图攻击肿瘤,但肿瘤细胞发生反应性改变(诱导表达PD-L1)从而避免免疫攻击。适应性免疫抵抗过程中的关键分子即为PD-1/PD-L1。PD-1/PD-L1抗体治疗已在临床试验中显示出良好的疗效,使阻断适应性免疫抵抗有望成为重要的肿瘤免疫治疗手段。分析肿瘤活检样本的基线免疫信息能指导制定个体化的免疫治疗方案。本文就PD-1/PD-L1的生物学结构、适应性免疫抵抗机制及相关临床决策等进行综述。     

High PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer (GC) patients and correlation with molecular features

BackgroundThe programmed death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunohistochemistry (IHC) 22C3 pharmDx assay is a widely used selection method for pembrolizumab treatment in gastric cancer (GC) patients, especially in the U.S. The present study investigated the relationship between PD-L1 expression and the clinical features, molecular markers, and molecular subtypes of GC.MethodsPD-L1 expression was assessed based on combined positive score (CPS) using PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx in the Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG) GC cohort (N = 300), which has been previously genomically profiled. PD-L1 positivity was defined as PD-L1 CPS ≥ 1. The association between PD-L1 expression and clinical features, tumor burden, and molecular subtypes (ACRG and The Cancer Genome Atlas [TCGA]) was analyzed.ResultsOf the 300 tumors, 178 (59.3 %) had PD-L1 CPS ≥ 1 and 122 (40.7 %) had PD-L1 CPS < 1. PD-L1 CPS ≥ 1 was significantly associated with stage I tumor (P = 0.022), high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) (P < 0.001), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positivity (P = 0.008), and positive Helicobacter pylori status (P = 0.001). PD-L1 CPS ≥ 1 was observed in 96/193 (49.7 %) EBV-negative/microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors. In gene expression profiling, PD-L1 CPS was highly correlated with mutational load (P < 0.001) as well as EBV (P < 0.001) and MSI subtypes (P < 0.001); 27/300 (9%) GC patients had a very high PD-L1 (≥ 20) score (MSI-H, n = 10; EBV, n = 6; and non-EBV/MSS, n = 11). OS was longer in patients with PD-L1 CPS ≥ 1 tumors than in those with PD-L1 CPS < 1 tumors (median OS not reached vs. 40 months; P = 0.008; log-rank test).ConclusionsPD-L1 is expressed in 59.3 % of GC patients and is associated with MSI and EBV positivity. These results provide a basis for identifying GC patients who may benefit from anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy.     

程序性死亡蛋白配体-1/程序性死亡蛋白-1在老年胃癌患者外周血CD8+T淋巴细胞中的表达及临床意义

目的 通过分析程序性死亡蛋白配体-1/程序性死亡蛋白-1(programmed death ligand-1/programmed death-1,PD-L1/PD-1)在老年胃癌患者外周血CD8+T淋巴细胞中表达情况,探讨其临床意义.方法 选择同一时期90例老年胃癌患者(具有不同临床分期)及90例老年健康体检者,分别采取新鲜外周血后经流式细胞仪检测血中CD8+T淋巴细胞表面PD-L1/PD-1表达情况,结合老年胃癌患者的临床分期,分析PD-L1/PD-1在不同胃癌分期中的表达意义.结果 PD-L1/PD-1在老年胃癌患者外周血CD8+T淋巴细胞呈高表达,相较于老年健康者差异具有统计学意义(t=7.043,P<0.05);外周血CD8+T淋巴细胞的PD-L1/PD-1阳性表达均随着临床分期的增加而增加,呈明显的正相关性(r=0.883,P<0.05);外周血CD8+T淋巴细胞的PD-1阳性表达随着临床分期的增加而增加,两者之间呈正相关性(r=0.811,P<0.05);临床分期较晚的老年胃癌患者外周血CD8+T淋巴细胞PD-L1/PD-1表达比其他相对较早的临床分期老年胃癌患者显著上升(t=4.377,P<0.05).结论 PD-L1/PD-1信号通路异常在老年胃癌患者病变的发生发展过程中发挥了重要作用,外周血CD8+T淋巴细胞PD-L1/PD-1的表达对评判患者的预后具有指导作用.     

Immunohistochemical localization of programmed death-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1) in gastric carcinoma and its clinical significance

The present study examined programmed death-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1) detected by immunohistochemical labeling in 102 cases of human gastric carcinoma, 10 adenoma and 10 normal tissues. The relationship between PD-L1 immunolocalization and clinical pathological features, as well as the prognosis of gastric carcinoma, was explored. There was no PD-L1 detectable in normal gastric tissues and very weak immunolabeling in gastric adenomas, but it could be detected in 42.2% of gastric carcinoma tissues. There was no correlation between PD-L1 immunolocalization and patient age, sex, tumor location or the degree of tumor differentiation in the gastric carcinomas. However, PD-L1 immunodetection was significantly correlated to tumor size, invasion, lymph node metastasis and survival time of patients. PD-L1 immunolabeling was significantly enhanced (P<0.01) when the tumor infiltrated into the deep muscular layers, with lymph node metastasis or survival time of less than 2 years, Moreover, multivariate analysis demonstrated that PD-L1 immunodetection could be used as an independent factor to evaluate the prognosis of gastric carcinoma.     

TIGIT and PD-1 may serve as potential prognostic biomarkers for gastric cancer

Gastric Cancer (GC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in the world, and in urgent need of specific therapeutic targets to acquire prominent effectiveness. T-cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine–based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domain (TIGIT) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) are identified to be abnormally overexpressed in various types of cancers including GC. This study aimed to investigate whether TIGIT and PD-1 could serve as potential prognostic biomarkers for GC. Firstly, TCGA GC dataset analysis and correlation analysis were utilized to inspect the relationship between expression of TIGIT, PD-1 and CD8 + T cells in GC and adjacent normal tissues. Then, flow cytometry was used to verify the data after collecting the peripheral blood, GC and adjacent normal tissues from 150 GC patients. Lastly, quantitative RT-PCR was performed to detect the expression of CD155, CD113, CD112 and TIGIT in six human GC cell lines and 631 GC patients in KM Plotter Database to conduct prognostic analysis. As results, we found that TIGIT and PD-1 were upregulated in GC tissues with high CD8 + T cells infiltration, while correlation analysis indicated they were in high-positive correlation. In addition, the flow cytometry analysis further showed that the high-expression of TIGIT in tumor microenvironment of GC could suppress the function of infiltrative CD8 + T cells, which leads to the escape of GC cells from immune killing. Furthermore, CD155 and CD112 were found abnormally upregulated in GC tissues and cell lines and the high expression of CD155, CD112 and TIGIT demonstrated poor prognosis results. In conclusion, these results provided potential therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers for treatment of GC in clinic.     

IFN-γ上调人胃癌细胞株PD-L1表达

 目的：研究不同人胃癌细胞株表面程序性死亡配体1（PD-L1）表达及干扰素γ（IFN-γ）对其表达的诱导情况。方法：分别培养不同人胃癌细胞株AGS、BGC823、MGC803和SGC7901,经不同浓度IFN-γ、作用不同时间后,利用流式细胞术及real-time PCR检测胃癌细胞株PD-L1在蛋白和mRNA水平的表达情况。结果：流式细胞术显示AGS、BGC823、MGC803和SGC7901细胞PD-L1蛋白表达率分别为（1.567±0.109）%、（2.640±0.577）%、（1.760±0.236）%和（16.030±1.289）%;不同胃癌细胞株对IFN-γ反应不同,经不同浓度IFN-γ刺激后均可不同程度上调PD-L1的表达（P<0.05）;real-time PCR显示10 μg/L IFN-γ刺激各胃癌细胞株12 h后PD-L1 mRNA水平上调（P<0.05）。结论：胃癌细胞株组成性表达PD-L1;IFN-γ可上调胃癌细胞株PD-L1的表达,呈现浓度、时间依赖性;其中以SGC7901细胞（来源于转移淋巴结）表达最高,推测胃癌细胞中PD-L1的表达与肿瘤分化程度无关,与组织来源和淋巴结转移有关;IFN-γ上调胃癌细胞PD-L1,表明IFN-γ并非都是抑制肿瘤增殖、生长,可能参与介导肿瘤免疫逃逸,故临床运用IFN-γ辅助治疗胃癌时应慎用。     

Molecular regulatory network of PD-1/PD-L1 in non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer remains the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite effective chemotherapy and molecular-based therapies, the median and overall survival remains poor. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have changed the treatment landscape for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by inhibiting negative T cell regulators, including programmed death 1 (PD-1, CD279) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1, also known as B-H1, CD274) inhibitors. Nonetheless, most patients do not respond to these inhibitors. Recently, PD-L1 expression has been demonstrated to influence the anti-tumor efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, the mechanisms of PD-L1 regulation are not clearly understood. This review thus aims to summarize the current knowledge and recent developments in the regulatory mechanisms of PD-L1 expression levels and attempts to clarify its latent function in anti-tumor activity, with the goal of guiding better designs for future NSCLC immunotherapies.     

Polyethyleneimine-mediated synthesis of folic acid-targeted iron oxide nanoparticles for in vivo tumor MR imaging

We report a facile polyethyleneimine (PEI)-mediated approach to synthesizing folic acid (FA)-targeted magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ NPs) for in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of tumors. In this study, stable PEI-coated Fe₃O₄ NPs were prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal route. The aminated Fe₃O₄ NPs with PEI coating enabled covalent conjugation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FI) and folate-conjugated polyethylene glycol (PEG) with one end of carboxyl groups (FA-PEG-COOH). Followed by final acetylation, FA-targeted PEGylated Fe₃O₄ NPs (Fe₃O₄-PEI-Ac-FI-PEG-FA NPs) were formed. The formed multifunctional Fe₃O₄ NPs were characterized via different techniques. We show that the PEI-mediated approach along with the PEGylation conjugation enables the generation of water-dispersible and stable multifunctional Fe₃O₄ NPs, and the particles are quite cytocompatible and hemocompatible in the given concentration range as confirmed by in vitro cytotoxicity assay, cell morphology observation, and hemolysis assay. In addition, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy data show that the multifunctional Fe₃O₄ NPs are able to target a model cancer cell line (KB cells) overexpressing FA receptors in vitro. Importantly, the FA-targeted Fe₃O₄ NPs are able to be used as an efficient nanoprobe for MR imaging of cancer cells in vitro and a xenografted tumor model in vivo via an active FA targeting pathway. With the facile PEI-mediated formation strategy and PEGylation conjugation chemistry, the Fe₃O₄ NPs may be multifunctionalized with other biological ligands for MR imaging of different biological systems.     

siRNA沉默胃癌SGC-7901细胞HO1基因的细胞系的建立及其生物学行为

目的 构建HO1基因的真核干扰表达载体,评估其转染人胃癌细胞系SGC-7901细胞后对HO1基因的干扰效果及其功能.方法 将外源性重组真核干扰表达载体HO1基因(pS/HO1)转染到人胃癌细胞系SGC-7901内,经G418筛选并建立siRNA表达载体稳定沉默胃癌SGC-7901细胞HO1基因的细胞系,分为SGC-7901-pS/HO1组,转染空质粒细胞(SGC-7901-pS)组和未处理细胞(SGC-7901)组;用实时荧光定量PCR和蛋白印迹验证HO1基因在各组细胞中的表达,并通过CCK-8和克隆形成实验分别观察HO1基因被干扰后细胞的生物学行为.结果 与SGC-7901-pS组相比,SGC-7901-pS/HO1细胞中HO1基因蛋白表达明显减少,降低了5.58倍(0.321±0.051 vs 1.675±0.153,P＜0.05);与对照组相比较,SGC-7901-pS/HO1实验组较SGC-7901-pS对照组细胞增殖数量明显减少(P＜0.001);与转染pS空载体的SGC-7901-pS细胞对照组相比,SGC-7901-pS/HO1细胞的克隆形成明显减少,降低了3.45倍(8.32±1.142 vs 2.32 ±0.362,P＜0.05).结论 HO1基因真核siRNA表达载体筛选成功,为继续深入的研究HO1基因在胃癌中的功能提供了依据.     

Association of serine/threonine kinase 11 mutations and response to programmed cell death 1 inhibitors in metastatic gastric cancer

Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors have shown therapeutic efficacy in metastatic gastric cancer (mGC). However, no predictive biomarkers have been established in mGC. Inactivating mutations in serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) are associated with poor response to PD-1 inhibitors in KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma. Therefore, we hypothesized that STK11 inactivating mutations would be associated with inferior clinical response to PD-1 inhibitors in mGC. We analyzed 59 mGC patients who had been treated with PD-1 inhibitors and whose tumors had been analyzed by targeted high-throughput sequencing. STK11 mutations were identified in 30 (50.8%) patients, and were all missense mutations. Three patients (5.1%) had STK11 gene amplification and mutation, simultaneously. Patients with STK11 mutations had prolonged overall survival (median: 19.0 vs 11.6 months, p = 0.15), and progression-free survival (4.2 vs 1.9 months, p = 0.06) when treated with PD-1 inhibitors, but these differences were not statistically significant. Patients with STK11 inactivating mutations without STK11 gene amplification had significantly prolonged progression-free survival compared to patients with wild type STK11 or STK11 gene amplification (4.8 vs 1.0 months, p = 0.04). However, in multivariate Cox regression analysis with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), the number of tumor mutations, PD Ligand-1 (PD-L1)+, Epstein-Barr virus positivity (EBV)+, and type of PD-1 inhibitor used (pembrolizumab vs nivolumab), only MSI-H and PD-L1+ were significantly associated with longer progression-free survival. In mGC, the presence of STK11 mutation was not predictive of the response to PD-1 inhibitors. Instead, patients with MSI-H or PD-L1+ tumors displayed superior clinical responses to PD-1 inhibitors.     

miR-140-3p通过靶向PD-L1抑制非小细胞肺癌A549细胞的活力、迁移和侵袭

目的:探究微小RNA-140-3p(mi R-140-3p)对程序性细胞死亡配体1(PD-L1)的靶向关系以及对非小细胞肺癌A549细胞的活力、迁移和侵袭的影响。方法:使用RT-qPCR检测HLF-1、A549和H1299不同细胞株中mi R-140-3p的表达水平,选择差异最显著的A549细胞用作后续研究对象; Target Scan软件预测和双萤光素酶报告基因实验验证mi R-140-3p和PD-L1之间的靶向关系; RT-qPCR和Western blot检测转染mi R-140-3p模拟物和抑制剂对PD-L1表达水平的影响; MTT法检测mi R-140-3p和PD-L1对A549细胞活力的影响; Transwell实验检测mi R-140-3p和PD-L1对A549细胞迁移和侵袭的影响。结果:mi R-140-3p在人肺癌A549和H1299细胞的表达中显著下调(P 0. 05); mi R-140-3p高表达能够使PD-L1表达下调,对A549细胞的活力、迁移和侵袭具有抑制作用;转染pc DNA3. 0-PD-L1能够阻断mi R-140-3p对A549细胞活力、迁移和侵袭的抑制作用。结论:mi R-140-3p可通过靶向负调控PD-L1抑制A549细胞的活力、迁移和侵袭。