破骨细胞分化因子及其相关因子在慢性化脓性中耳炎肉芽组织中的表达

目的 探讨破骨细胞核因子кB受体活化因子配体(Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kap-pa B ligand,RANKL,又称破骨细胞分化因子)和其配体核因子-κB受体活化因子(Receptor acti-vator of nuclear factor-kappa B,RANK...     

西瑞香素通过NF-κB途径抑制RANKL诱导的破骨细胞分化

摘要：目的:研究西瑞香素作为一种具有抗炎抗氧化作用的中药成分对破骨细胞分化的影响及机制。方法:从BALB/c小鼠骨髓中分离获得骨髓单核细胞,使用GST-rRANKL诱导形成破骨细胞并分为3组:对照组、RANKL诱导组和RANKL+西瑞香素组,采用TRAcP染色评估西瑞香素对破骨细胞成熟与融合的影响,用Western Blot和qRT-PCR检测破骨细胞相关表型蛋白和核因子κB（NF-κB）信号通路蛋白,构建荧光素酶报告基因检测转录因子NF-κB活性。结果:西瑞香素能够显著抑制RANKL诱导的破骨细胞形成,抑制RANKL刺激后的Acp5、V-ATPase-d2和CTSK的转录水平,并抑制与破骨细胞分化密切相关的两个转录因子NFATc-1和c-Fos的表达量。西瑞香素能促进IκB-α的表达,从而抑制NF-κB活性。结论:西瑞香素通过促进IκB-α的表达,抑制NF-κB活性,使破骨细胞分化相关的关键转录因子NFATc-1和c-Fos的表达量下调,从而通过抑制NF-κB途径发挥抑制RANKL诱导的破骨细胞分化的作用。     

穿心莲内酯促进骨折骨愈合作用机制的研究进展

骨折后的愈合状态直接影响患者的生活质量,如何提高骨折患者骨愈合效果是亟待解决的问题。穿心莲内酯是穿心莲中主要活性成分,可能通过促进成骨细胞增殖,抑制核因子κB（NF-κB）信号通路激活,激活Wnt/β-连环蛋白（Wnt/β-catenin）信号通路,调节护骨素/细胞核因子κB受体活化因子配基（OPG/RANKL）信号通路,调节成骨基因表达产物,改善软骨细胞功能,抑制雌激素相关受体α（ERRα）信号通路等多途径促使骨愈合。总结了穿心莲内酯促进骨折骨愈合作用及其作用机制,希望为穿心莲内酯的临床使用提供依据。     

亚砷酸对大鼠类风湿关节炎模型作用机制的探讨

目的：研究亚砷酸在类风湿关节炎（RA）大鼠中的治疗作用.方法：40只大鼠随机分成4组：正常对照组（C组）、模型组（M组）、低剂量亚砷酸组（LSA 1.5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）、高剂量亚砷酸组（HSA 3.0 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）.原位杂交检测各组核因子-κB（NF-κB）、细胞核因子-κB受体活化因子配体（RANKL）mRNA的表达.结果：与C组比较,M组NF-κB、RANKL mRNA大量表达（P＜0.01）;与M组比较,LSA组及HSA组NF-κB、RANKL mRNA表达降低（P＜0.01）,且HSA组更明显.结论：RANKL、NF-κB在类风湿关节炎发生发展中具有重要作用,亚砷酸对类风湿关节炎有治疗作用.     

探讨IL-17基于RANKL/RANK/OPG通路对类风湿关节炎骨破坏的作用机制

类风湿关节炎(RA)是一种以进行性关节破坏为特征的慢性自身免疫性疾病,病理改变主要以关节软骨及骨破坏为主,其发病机制与诸多细胞因子有着密切的关系,治疗不及时常常导致患者致畸致残。破骨细胞(OCs)在RA骨破坏的病理过程中起关键作用,其调控依赖于OCs形成、分化及活化的过程。白细胞介素-17(IL-17)是由辅助性T细胞17(Th17)产生的多效性细胞因子,相关研究发现它可以调节核因子-κB受体活化因子配体(RANKL)/核因子κB受体活化因子(RANK)/骨保护素(OPG)信号通路促进OCs的成熟及分化,引起骨质破坏。本文通过检索相关文献探讨IL-17通过RANKL/RANK/OPG信号通路在RA骨破坏机制中的作用,为早期RA的治疗提供新的靶点。     

绝经前甲亢患者血ＯＰＧ 和ＲＡＮＫＬ 水平变化及其与骨质疏松的关系

目的　测定绝经前弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿（甲亢）患者血清护骨素（ＯＰＧ）、细胞核因子κＢ 受体活化因子配基     

资木瓜总苷对RA模型小鼠的骨保护作用及机制

目的 研究资木瓜总苷对类风湿关节炎（RA）模型小鼠的骨保护作用及可能机制，为进一步将其开发为抗RA药物提供参考。方法 将70只雄性DBA/1小鼠按随机数字表法分为正常组、模型组、资木瓜总苷低剂量组（60 mg/kg）、资木瓜总苷高剂量组（240 mg/kg）和雷公藤多苷片组（阳性对照，30 mg/kg），每组14只。除正常组外，其余各组小鼠均采用葡萄糖-6-磷酸异构酶混合多肽诱导制备RA小鼠模型。观察并记录各组小鼠的体质量、后足趾厚度、关节炎评分；采用苏木精-伊红染色法、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色法及番红固绿染色法观察小鼠踝关节组织的滑膜炎症及骨、软骨破坏情况；采用酶联免疫吸附测定法检测小鼠血清中白细胞介素6(IL-6)和踝关节组织中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、IL-4、IL-10的含量；采用Western blot法检测小鼠踝关节组织中核因子κB受体活化因子配体（RANKL）、核因子κB受体活化因子（RANK）、骨保护素（OPG）、肿瘤坏死因子受体相关蛋白6(TRAF6)、活化T细胞核因子1(NFATC1)的蛋白表达水平。结果 在给药结束时，与正常组比较，模型组小鼠的体质量显著降低（P...     

丹参酮ⅡA调节骨关节炎小鼠骨代谢的作用机制

目的 探讨丹参酮ⅡA(TanⅡA)通过介导Yes激酶相关蛋白（Yes-associated protein,YAP）、核因子-κB受体活化因子配基（receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand,RANKL）/核因子κB受体活化因子（eceptor activator of nuclear factor-κB,RANK）/骨保护蛋白（osteoprotegerin,OPG）调节骨关节炎小鼠骨代谢的作用机制。方法 建立骨关节炎小鼠模型,将60只小鼠随机分成假手术组、模型组、TanⅡA低剂量组和TanⅡA高剂量组,每组15只,造模成功后灌胃给药,连续4周。HE和番红O固绿染色观察软骨组织病理损伤并进行Mankin评分。酶联免疫吸附试验（enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA）检测血清骨碱性磷酸酶（bone alkaline phosphatase,BALP）、骨钙素（osteocalcin,OC）、Ⅰ型胶原交联羧基末端肽（C-telopeptide of typeⅠcollagen,CTX）、白细胞介素...     

RANK/RANKL/OPG系统及其相关疾病和抗RANKL疗法的研究进展

骨骼是一个动态组织,在生物的整个生命周期中不断地进行构建、吸收、重建,核因子(nuclear factor,NF)κB受体活化因子(receptor activator of NF-κB,RANK)/NF-κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of NF-κB ligand,RANKL)/护骨素(osteoprotegerin,OPG)系统是调控这一过程的关键系统.RANK/RANKL/OPG属于肿瘤坏死因子及其受体超家族,三者通过调控破骨细胞的分化和活化来影响骨吸收和重建的过程.另外,免疫细胞也参与和调节RANK/RANKL的表达和分泌,而免疫细胞本身亦受到该系统的影响,因此,RANK/RANKL/OPG系统成为骨和免疫之间的重要关联.RANK/RANKL/OPG系统的失衡与多种骨代谢性疾病及免疫系统疾病引发的继发性骨病密切相关,该系统的发现为研究相关疾病的病理机制和治疗方法提供了基础.由此建立的抗RANKL疗法已经开始应用于临床试验和研究.此文对RANK/RANKL/OPG系统、系统相关疾病以及抗RANKL治疗的进展做一综述.     

RANK-RANKL-OPG系统及其治疗骨质疏松相关药物的研究进展

骨骼是一种动态组织，由大约70%的矿物质和30%的有机成分组成，并通过持续的骨形成和骨吸收来维持。骨形成和骨吸收障碍可导致代谢性骨病，如骨坏死和骨质疏松症等。相关研究结果表明，骨保护素（osteoprotegerin，OPG）、核因子κB受体活化因子（receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB，RANK）及其配体（RANK ligand，RANKL）相关细胞因子参与或调节这一动态平衡。此文就RANK-RANKL-OPG系统及其治疗骨质疏松相关药物的研究进展作一综述。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Disease control in asthmatic children seen in private practice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in Switzerland with a prevalence of 10%. Asthma has a high economic burden accounting for high medical costs. Assessment of disease control is likely to be of help in the implementation of strategies to improve asthma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate asthma control and therapy regimens among children in private practice.

Methods: We assessed asthma control as well as therapy regimens in 575 asthmatic children in an experience programme in Switzerland by using an abbreviated questionnaire based on the asthma control questionnaire and the child health questionnaire on Visit 1 and Visit 2.

Results: Good asthma control at Visit 1 was only present in 25.7% of asthmatic children. Occasional asthma symptoms, limitation of physical activity, nocturnal awakening and anxiety of the parent was present in 80.5%, 41.2%, 46.8% and 57% of the children, respectively. After adjustment of therapy regimens at Visit 1, mainly by adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist, asthma control was reported to be much better in 53.4% of the children at Visit 2.

Conclusions: As asthma control is inadequately achieved within a major portion of asthmatic children, it is imperative to find measures to improve asthma control and hence, to reduce the burden of disease.