GC法同时测定肚痛丸中6 种有效成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立同时测定肚痛丸中6种成分含量的气相色谱方法。方法: 色谱柱为 HP 5柱 (30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm);采取程序升温,载气为氮气,流速为2.0 ml·min-1,进样量为1 μl,分流比为5∶1,进样口温度为280 ℃,检测器（FID）温度为300 ℃。结果:桂皮醛、乙酸龙脑酯、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯、厚朴酚、和厚朴酚分别在32.28~516.40 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）、27.06~433.00 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）、25.65~410.40 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）、26.10~417.60 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）、24.01~384.20 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 0）、18.32~293.10 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 4）范围内呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率分别为99.71%（RSD=0.67%）、99.34%（RSD=1.18%）、100.16%（RSD=0.34%）、100.40%（RSD=0.39%）、99.32%（RSD=1.22%）、99.58%（RSD=0.58%)(n=6）。结论:该方法操作简便,灵敏度高,准确度好,可为控制该制剂的质量提供依据。     

基于HPLC波长切换法对舒肝益脾液中7种成分的质量控制研究

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC波长切换法同时测定舒肝益脾液中7个成分。 方法: 色谱柱：Luna C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相：乙腈 0.05％磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;流速：0.9 ml·min-1;检测波长：345 nm（滨蒿内酯）、254 nm（毛蕊异黄酮苷、芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮和芒柄花素）和210 nm（去氢茯苓酸和茯苓酸）;柱温：30 ℃,进样量：10 μl。结果: 滨蒿内酯、毛蕊异黄酮苷、芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮、芒柄花素、去氢茯苓酸、茯苓酸7个成分的线性范围分别为6.09～152.25 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 9)、2.42～60.50 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 8)、1.61～40.25 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 6)、2.95～73.75 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 4)、6.88～172.00 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 9)、2.55～63.75 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 5)、2.09～52.25 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 9);平均加样回收率分别为98.96%（RSD=1.18%）,97.89%（RSD=1.41%）,97.18%（RSD=0.88%）,96.87%（RSD=0.97%）,99.32%（RSD=1.25%）,96.77%（RSD=0.86%）和98.55%（RSD=1.03%）（n=9）。结论: 本文建立的HPLC波长切换法同时测定舒肝益脾液中的7个成分,方法简便,可作为舒肝益脾液全面可靠的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法同时测定参莲胶囊中7种生物碱成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立RP HPLC双波长法同时测定参莲胶囊中氧化苦参碱、槐定碱、氧化槐果碱、苦参碱、槐果碱、粉防己碱、防己诺林碱7种生物碱含量。 方法: 采用Venusil XBP NH2（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以乙腈 0.01%醋酸铵水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为210 nm、280 nm。 结果: 氧化苦参碱、槐定碱、氧化槐果碱、苦参碱、槐果碱、粉防己碱、防己诺林碱线性范围分别为32.07～513.07 μg·ml-1（r=0.998 8）、37.90～606.40 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）、23.07～369.07 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）、52.37～837.87 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）、17.63～282.13 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 1）、5.30～84.80 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 5）、8.87～141.87 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）;平均加样回收率（n=9）为100.16%~102.84%（RSD≤2.0%）。5批样品中氧化苦参碱、槐定碱、氧化槐果碱、苦参碱、槐果碱、粉防己碱、防己诺林碱含量依次为9.18~9.69 mg·g-1、9.35~11.74 mg·g-1、6.73~7.09 mg·g-1、15.17~15.96 mg·g-1、5.03~5.33 mg·g-1、1.23~1.97 mg·g-1、2.48~2.74 mg·g-1。 结论: 所建立的多成分分析方法可用于参莲胶囊中7个生物碱成分的含量测定。     

加味小柴胡颗粒质量标准的建立

摘 要 目的：建立加味小柴胡颗粒的质量标准。方法: 采用TLC法对制剂中柴胡、黄芩、黄连进行定性鉴别;采用UPLC法对制剂中甘草苷、黄芩苷、盐酸小檗碱、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、甘草酸单铵盐进行定量分析。色谱柱：Aglient ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18（50 mm×2.1 mm,1.8 μm）,流动相：乙腈（A） 0.1%磷酸水（B）,流速：0.4 μml·min-1,检测波长： [0~11 min:270 nm;11~12 min:254 nm],柱温：35 ℃,进样量：2 μl。结果: 柴胡、黄芩、黄连的TLC图谱斑点清晰,分离度好;甘草苷、黄芩苷、盐酸小檗碱、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、甘草酸单铵盐质量浓度分别在1.764~28.224 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）、12.390~198.240 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）、2.496~39.936 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）、4.200~67.200 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 5）、0.940~15.040 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）、1.872~29.950 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 6）浓度范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为103.26%,101.36%,97.66%,103.27%,101.37%,102.44%,RSD分别为0.71%,0.81%,2.53%,1.58%,2.31%,3.34%（n=6）。结论: 所建质量标准能有效控制加味小柴胡颗粒的质量。     

气相色谱法测定盐酸阿莫地喹中乙醇及醋酸的残留量

摘 要 目的：建立气相色谱法测定盐酸阿莫地喹中乙醇及醋酸的残留量。 方法: 采用DB 1701毛细管柱（30 m×0.32 mm×1.00 μm）,以氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）检测,载气为氮气,流速1.0 ml·min-1,柱温采用程序升温,进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃。 结果: 乙醇、醋酸和空白溶剂能达到良好分离;乙醇、醋酸的浓度线性范围分别为5.021 1～502.117 3 μg·ml-1(r=1.000 0）及5.021 7～502.173 6 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 8）,平均回收率分别为101.04%(RSD=0.65%)及97.33%(RSD=1.83%)（n＝6）。 结论: 本方法简单、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,适用于盐酸阿莫地喹中乙醇和乙酸残留量的测定。     

HPLC-ELSD法同时测定咳灵胶囊中的苦杏仁苷、桃叶珊瑚苷、哈帕苷、贝母辛、贝母素甲和贝母素乙

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC ELSD同时测定咳灵胶囊中的苦杏仁苷、桃叶珊瑚苷、哈帕苷、贝母辛、贝母素甲和贝母素乙含量的方法。 方法: 采用Ultimate XB C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),蒸发光散射检测器（漂移管温度105 ℃,氮气流速2.0 L·min-1）;以乙腈 甲醇（1〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗1）与0.4%醋酸溶液为流动相,进行梯度洗脱,流速：0.7 ml·min-1,柱温：35 ℃。 结果: 苦杏仁苷、桃叶珊瑚苷、哈帕苷、贝母辛、贝母素甲和贝母素乙的线性范围分别为13.56～271.20 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 2)、8.48～169.60 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 9)、4.89～97.80 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 7)、2.66～53.20 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 4)、1.82～36.40 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 8) 、2.04～40.80 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 6);平均加样回收率（RSD）分别为97.90%（1.20%）,99.21%（1.62%）,97.68%（0.75%）,98.36%（1.38%）,99.70%（0.79%）,97.95%（1.56%）（n=6）。结论: 本文建立的方法结果准确,重复性好,样品处理简便,可作为咳灵胶囊的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法测定枳实消痞丸中芸香柚皮苷、柠檬苦素、和厚朴酚及厚朴酚含量

摘 要 目的： 建立高效液相色谱法同时测定枳实消痞丸中芸香柚皮苷、柠檬苦素、和厚朴酚及厚朴酚含量的分析方法。方法: 色谱柱为岛津Shim-pack VP-ODS C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A为乙腈 甲醇(1∶2),流动相B为水,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温为30℃,进样量为20 μl;芸香柚皮苷检测波长为λ1=283 nm,柠檬苦素检测波长为λ2=210 nm,和厚朴酚、厚朴酚检测波长为λ3=294 nm。结果: 芸香柚皮苷、柠檬苦素、和厚朴酚、厚朴酚分别在5.26～105.20μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）、7.65～153.00 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 4）、6.21～124.20 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 3）、6.45～129.00 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 6）范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率(n=6)分别为99.00％（RSD=0.77％）、98.17％（RSD=1.19％）、98.78％（RSD=0.86％）、97.90％（RSD=0.99%）。结论:该方法简便、准确、可靠,可用于枳实消痞丸的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定氨糖美辛肠溶片的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法测定氨糖美辛肠溶片中吲哚美辛和盐酸氨基葡萄糖含量。方法: 采用Waters BridgeC18 (250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,以磷酸二氢铵(以磷酸调节pH至3.0)（A）,乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为0.7 ml·min-1,检测波长195 nm,进样量为20 μl,柱温30℃。结果: 盐酸氨基葡萄糖在0.030 0～1.500 8 mg·ml-1（r=0.999 1）,吲哚美辛在0.010 3～0.513 0 mg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为98.3% （RSD=0.33%,n=6）;99.9% （RSD=0.06%,n=6）。结论: 此方法准确、快速、灵敏、专属性强,可较好地控制该产品的质量。     

HPLC法测定米诺地尔洗剂含量及温度对含量影响的考察

摘 要 目的：建立高效液相色谱法同时测定化瘀祛斑胶囊中芍药苷、黄芩苷和黄芩素的含量。方法: 色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax SB C18柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相为甲醇 0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 ml·min-1;检测波长为230 nm（0~15 min）,277 nm（15~45 min）;柱温为25℃;进样量为10 μl。结果: 芍药苷、黄芩苷和黄芩素的线性范围分别为1.295～25.890 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）、30.050～601.000 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）、1.874~37.480 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率分别为100.9%,100.3%,99.31%,RSD分别为0.92%,1.30%,0.89%。结论: 该法简便、快捷、结果准确、重复性好、实用性强,可以用于化瘀祛斑胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定复方枸橼酸喷托维林颗粒中枸橼酸喷托维林和盐酸麻黄碱的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法测定复方枸橼酸喷托维林颗粒中枸橼酸喷托维林和盐酸麻黄碱含量的方法。方法: 采用Kromasil C18（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,流动相为1%三乙胺溶液（磷酸调节pH至3.0） ∶〖KG-*4〗甲醇,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长210 nm,柱温35 ℃。结果: 枸橼酸喷托维林在0.08～1.99 g·L-1（r=1.000 0）质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为99.1%, RSD为0.7%。盐酸麻黄碱在0.05～1.27 g·L-1（r=0.999 9）质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为98.6%,RSD为0.6%。结论: 本方法简便、准确,可用于复方枸橼酸喷托维林颗粒的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.