CRISPR/Cas9在免疫细胞基因编辑中的应用

CRISPR/Cas系统是最近几年才被发现的,它是基于RNA来控制细菌与古细菌中病毒与质粒的入侵.在有CRISPR/Cas免疫系统的原核生物基因中发现了短的重复序列和来自于CRISPR基因座的小RNA,它能引导Cas9蛋白去识别与降解入侵的核苷酸序列.目前,CRISPR/Cas9系统已迅速革新基因工程这片领域,让研究者可以相对轻松地改变多种生物的基因组,而且在免疫系统中能通过编辑免疫细胞达到缓解疾病的程度.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术制备成对框基因2敲除小鼠

目的 利用成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列（CRISPR）/重组CRISPR相关核酸酶9（Cas9）技术双切口法制备成对框基因2（Pax2）敲除小鼠,为探讨Pax2基因在多个系统发育的作用提供动物模型。方法 根据Pax2基因序列设计sgRNA,设计出的sgRNA和Cas9体外转录后显微注射到C57BL/6J 小鼠的受精卵中,F0代小鼠出生后取其基因DNA测序鉴定基因型。共获得8只F0 代小鼠,使敲除成功的F0代小鼠与野生C57BL/6J 小鼠交配,获得F1代小鼠,后均采用基因成功敲除的小鼠与C57BL/6J 小鼠进行交配,可获得稳定的Pax2基因敲除小鼠。结果 成功获得可稳定繁殖的Pax2杂合子基因敲除小鼠,其Pax2基因缺失1628 bp;组织HE染色显示,敲除小鼠的肾小球数量明显减少;Western blotting结果显示,敲除小鼠的肾皮质Pax2蛋白表达较野生型小鼠减少。结论 利用CRISPR/Cas9技术可成功构建Pax2杂合子基因敲除小鼠,为进一步研究Pax2基因的作用奠定基础。     

CRISPR/Cas9在人类疾病治疗中的研究进展

成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列（clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR）/ CRISPR相关蛋白9（CRISPR-associated protein 9,Cas9）是利用向导RNA（guide RNA,gRNA）引导Cas9蛋白对靶...     

CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术敲除HuT-78细胞PD-1分子对其增殖能力的影响

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术成功敲除人T细胞系HuT-78细胞中编码PD-1分子的基因PDCD1,并比较敲除了PDCD1基因的及对照组的HuT-78细胞增殖能力的差异。实验结果显示敲除PDCD1基因的HuT-78细胞的增殖能力不受PD-L1的影响,为将此技术应用于肿瘤免疫治疗提供了实验依据。     

CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术在蚊媒研究中的应用

蚊虫不仅吸血骚扰,而且传播多种疾病,迄今依然是世界性的严重的公共卫生问题。近年来,新型虫媒病不断出现,传统的虫媒病死灰复燃,给蚊媒控制带来了新的挑战。随着基因编辑技术的出现与发展,特别是成簇的规律间隔短回文重复序列系统(Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated sequences 9, CRISPR/Cas9)的出现,为开展蚊虫生理、生化、发育、宿主与病原体关系等诸多方面分子生物基础研究提供了靶标特异性的修饰工具,给蚊媒控制技术的发展带来了新的契机。本文主要针对CRISPR/Cas9技术在蚊媒研究领域的应用现状及进展进行综述,并探讨CRISPR/Cas9技术在蚊媒传染病防治的实际应用中所面临的问题,为蚊媒防治措施的应用及改进提供理论参考。     

CRISPR/Cas9技术研究进展

CRISPR/Cas9系统可以很容易的改写多种生物体的基因组,这一技术很快席卷了整个基因组工程领域.在此基础上的实验方法在各个领域都具有相当大的潜力.因而了解以CRISPR/Cas9为基础的基因功能研究,探讨这一技术开发新一代疾病模型的各种途径,疾病治疗以及基因调控等方面的研究进展很有必要.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建DOC-1R基因敲除的HEK-293稳转细胞系

目的利用CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除人胚肾(human embryonic kidney cell,HEK-293)细胞中DOC-1R,构建DOC-1R敲除的HEK-293稳转细胞系,用于进一步讨论DOC-1R的生物学功能。方法根据CRISPR/Cas9设计原则,设计向导RNA(single-guide RNA,sgRNA),构建表达载体,对sgRNA测序并转染包装HEK-293T收集上清液测定病毒滴度。前期用Cas9-puro慢病毒感染HEK-293,用已制备的DOC-1R慢病毒感染稳转Cas9的HEK-293,72 h后显微镜下观察HEK-293表达红色荧光蛋白,并用Western blot检测HEK-293中DOC-1R的表达以确定沉默效果。结果测序显示插入的sgRNA序列正确,表达载体成功构建,显微镜下观察到,90%以上HEK-293表达红色荧光蛋白,HEK-293中DOC-1R蛋白表达减少,确定了DOC-1R敲除效果最明显的序列为GCCTACCTATGCTGGCAGCA。结论利用CRISPR/Cas9技术成功构建DOC-1R基因敲除的细胞系,为进一步研究该基因的功能奠定了基础。     

CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术在心血管领域中的研究进展

CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术以其独特的优势已经在生物医学领域中被广泛应用。利用该技术在人类心血管疾病的相关研究如:心肌细胞水平、先天性心脏病动物模型建立、冠心病高危因素、心律失常、心力衰竭和心肌病等方面已经取得了很大进步,但目前的基因编辑技术在实际运用中仍然面临着许多问题。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建22q-Enh3增强子元件敲除型A549稳定细胞系

目的 增强子元件敲除细胞系是探索增强子功能的理想细胞模型,为了探索位于22q12.2肺癌易感染色质区的增强子元件22q-Enh3的生物学功能,建立敲除22q-Enh3增强子元件的纯合细胞系.方法 利用CRISPR/Cas9(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/crispr-associated 9)基因敲除技术在非小细胞肺癌A549细胞系中敲除22q-Enh3增强子,并运用流式细胞术、细胞培养以及PCR技术筛选和鉴定敲除型克隆.结果 我们最终获得了3个敲除增强子元件22q-Enh3的纯合子细胞克隆.结论 本研究为进一步研究22q-Enh3增强子元件的生物学功能提供了细胞模型,并为应用CRISPR/Cas9基因敲除技术建立其他增强子元件敲除型纯合子细胞模型积累了宝贵经验.     

CRISPR / Cas9 基因编辑技术在肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用

近年来肿瘤免疫治疗因其显著疗效和创新性备受关注,是肿瘤治疗中最具有前景的研究方向之一。CRISPR基因编辑系统的发展以及其在多领域的延伸应用让研究者看到了它的巨大潜力,在肿瘤免疫治疗研究中也显示出广泛的应用前景。在过继性细胞治疗中,CRISPR/ Cas9 可对TCR-T 和CAR-T 细胞的内源性TCR 以及HLA-Ⅰ分子的基因进行敲除得到通用型效应细胞;在基于免疫检查点阻断的治疗中,其为免疫检查点的抑制和阻断提供了一种新的方法;同时在抗体靶向疗法中,CRISPR/ Cas9 技术在候选靶点筛选及简化抗体制备流程中有着重要应用。CRISPR 从各方面极大地推动了肿瘤免疫治疗的研究,本文将对CRISPR/ Cas9 基因编辑系统在肿瘤免疫治疗方面的应用进行介绍。     

Application of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technique in the study of cancer treatment

In recent years, gene editing, especially that using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9, has made great progress in the field of gene function. Rapid development of gene editing techniques has contributed to their significance in the field of medicine. Because the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool is not only powerful but also has features such as strong specificity and high efficiency, it can accurately and rapidly screen the whole genome, facilitating the administration of gene therapy for specific diseases. In the field of tumor research, CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to edit genomes to explore the mechanisms of tumor occurrence, development, and metastasis. In these years, this system has been increasingly applied in tumor treatment research. CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to treat tumors by repairing mutations or knocking out specific genes. To date, numerous preliminary studies have been conducted on tumor treatment in related fields. CRISPR/Cas9 holds great promise for gene-level tumor treatment. Personalized and targeted therapy based on CRISPR/Cas9 will possibly shape the development of tumor therapy in the future. In this study, we review the findings of CRISPR/Cas9 for tumor treatment research to provide references for related future studies on the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of tumors.     

Generation of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene knockout pigs by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene targeting

Unbalanced brain serotonin (5-HT) levels have implications in various behavioral abnormalities and neuropsychiatric disorders. The biosynthesis of neuronal 5-HT is regulated by the rate-limiting enzyme, tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2). In the present study, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/ CRISPR-associated (Cas) system was used to target the Tph2 gene in Bama mini pig fetal fibroblasts. It was found that CRISPR/Cas9 targeting efficiency could be as high as 61.5%, and the biallelic mutation efficiency reached at 38.5%. The biallelic modified colonies were used as donors for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and 10 Tph2 targeted piglets were successfully generated. These Tph2 KO piglets were viable and appeared normal at the birth. However, their central 5-HT levels were dramatically reduced, and their survival and growth rates were impaired before weaning. These Tph2 KO pigs are valuable large-animal models for studies of 5-HT deficiency induced behavior abnomality.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统构建4T1细胞CXCR4基因敲除稳定细胞株

目的 利用CRISPR/Cas9系统敲除4T1细胞中的CXCR4基因,构建稳定敲除CXCR4基因的4T1细胞株。 方法 根据CRISPR/Cas9靶点设计原则,在美国国立生物技术信息中心（NCBI）上找到CXCR4基因序列的外显子区域,设计两条sgRNA,用LentiCRISPRv2作为载体构建LentiCRISPRv2-sgRNA重组质粒并转化至感受态的Stbl3菌体中,挑取单克隆测序验证并扩大培养提质粒后转染至293T细胞中包装成慢病毒。 收集病毒并感染4T1细胞,通过嘌呤霉素筛选并用有限稀释法分离培养出单克隆细胞。 提取筛选出的单克隆细胞基因组DNA并对敲除位点附近的DNA片段进行PCR扩增并测序;用Real-time PCR检测细胞株CXCR4基因mRNA表达情况;用免疫印迹法检测CXCR4蛋白质的表达情况。 结果 LentiCRISPRv2-sgRNA重组质粒构建成功;经过基因组DNA片段PCR扩增测序得1株缺失27 bp的稳定敲除CXCR4基因的细胞株;细胞株CXCR4mRNA的表达量低且几乎无CXCR4蛋白质的表达。 结论 通过CRISPR/Cas9系统获得靶向敲除CXCR4基因的重组质粒,并筛选出稳定敲除CXCR4基因的细胞株。     

基于CRISPR/Cas9系统的HEK293T细胞DMD基因第51号外显子的靶向敲除

目的应用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术,完成HEK293T细胞中DMD基因第51号外显子(exon51)高效的靶向敲除。方法设计靶向人DMD基因exon51 5'端及3'端的sgRNA并克隆至CRISPR/Cas9载体质粒PX459中,转染至HEK293T细胞后,提取基因组DNA并使用Surveyor法检测切割活性;使用目标外显子两端切割活性最高的sgRNA构建PX459-2sgRNA质粒,转染至HEK293T细胞后用PCR及T载体测序检测靶向外显子切除情况。结果50%的HEK293T细胞中DMD基因exon51被定向切除,编辑效率较高。结论建立使用CRISPR/Cas9单质粒敲除人DMD基因exon51的平台,为DMD及其他遗传病的基因治疗研究奠定实验基础。     

CRISPR/Cas9载体优化及CHD1L条件性敲除肝癌细胞系的构建

目的利用优化的pLV-Tet3G-CRISPR/Cas9载体系统构建条件性敲除CHD1L的QGY-7703肝癌细胞系,验证敲除效果及其对细胞生物学的影响,为研究CHD1L促肿瘤细胞恶性表型机制提供重要的细胞模型。方法用点突变方法优化pLV-Tet3G-Cas9载体以降低其脱靶效应,进而将Cas9改造成eSpCas9;其次,通过筛选获得稳定表达eSpCas9的QGY-7703细胞株;将mCherry基因插入载体pLVXhU6-SgRNA中,获得携带mCherry荧光基因的pLVX-mCherry-hU6-SgRNA载体;设计和筛选特异性靶向CHD1L的SgRNA序列,用重叠PCR方法获得hU6-CHD1L-SgRNA片段,筛选具有CHD1L切割活性的靶点,随后,将其克隆到pLVX-mCherry-hU6-SgRNA载体中;用293FT细胞进行病毒包装,获得慢病毒颗粒;转染7703eSpCas9细胞株,利用Western blot验证Dox诱导下的CHD1L敲除效果,划痕和Transwell实验检测Dox诱导的CHD1L敲除对肝癌细胞生物学功能的影响。结果 pLV-Tet3G-Cas9载体Cas9成功优化为eSpCas9序列;成功构建pLVX-mCherry-hU6-CHD1L-SgRNA载体;通过转染及筛选,获得Dox诱导的CHD1L敲除QGY-7703肝癌细胞系;细胞实验显示Dox可诱导eSpCas9表达,靶向性切割CHD1L,抑制QGY-7703细胞的迁移侵袭。结论成功构建Dox诱导的CHD1L敲除肝癌细胞株,此载体系统可为靶向肿瘤特异性基因研究提供细胞模型。     

Developmental progress of CRISPR/Cas9 and its therapeutic applications for HIV‐1 infection

The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been developed as a powerful tool for targeted gene editing. As a result of technical enhancements in recent years, this technology has become the method of choice for efficiently modifying targeted HIV‐1 genome efficiently as part of HIV therapy. CRISPR can be modified to target specific sequences that Cas9 then cuts. In this article, we outline the development of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. We also show how this technology can be used for the prevention and treatment of HIV‐1 infection. Optimistically, this technology promises to make a significant impact on the fight against HIV‐1 in the future.     

The implication of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology in combating human oncoviruses

It is evidenced that 20% of all tumors in humans are caused by oncoviruses, including human papilloma viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, Kaposi sarcoma virus, human polyomaviruses, human T-lymphotrophic virus-1, and hepatitis B and C viruses. Human immunodeficiency virus is also involved in carcinogenesis, although not directly, but by facilitating the infection of many oncoviruses through compromising the immune system. Being intracellular parasites with the property of establishing latency and integrating into the host genome, these viruses are a therapeutic challenge for biomedical researchers. Therefore, strategies able to target nucleotide sequences within episomal or integrated viral genomes are of prime importance in antiviral or anticancerous armamentarium. Recently, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) has emerged as a powerful genome editing tool. Standing out as a precise and efficient oncoviruses method, it has been extensively applied in recent experimental ventures in the field of molecular medicine, particularly in combating infections including tumor inducing viruses. This review is aimed at collating the experimental and clinical advances in CRISPR/Cas9 technology in terms of its applications against oncoviruses. Primarily, it will focus on the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in combating tumor viruses, types of mechanisms targeted, and the significant outcomes till date. The technical pitfalls of the CRISPR/Cas9 and the comparative approaches in evaluating this technique with respect to other available alternatives are also described briefly. Furthermore, the review also discussed the clinical aspects and the ethical, legal, and social issues associated with the use of CRISPR/Cas9.     

A simple and efficient workflow for generation of knock-in mutations in Jurkat T cells using CRISPR/Cas9

CRISPR/Cas9 is a powerful gene-editing tool allowing for specific gene manipulation at targeted sites in the genome. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to introduce single amino acid mutations into proteins involved in T cell receptor signalling pathways. Knock-in mutations were introduced in Jurkat T cells by homologous directed repair using single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides. Specifically, we aimed to create targeted mutations at two loci within LCK, a constitutively expressed gene, and at three loci within SH2D2A, whose expression is induced upon T cell activation. Here, we present a simple workflow that can be applied by any laboratory equipped for cell culture work, utilizing basic flow cytometry, Western blotting and PCR techniques. Our data reveal that gene editing may be locus-dependent and can vary between target sites, also within a gene. In our two targeted genes, on average 2% of the clones harboured homozygous mutations as assessed by allele-specific PCR and subsequent sequencing. We highlight the importance of decreasing the clonal heterogeneity and developing robust screening methods to accurately select for correct knock-in mutations. Our workflow may be employed in other immune cell lines and acts as a useful approach for decoding functional mechanisms of proteins of interest.