显微外科手术治疗颅咽管瘤46例分析

目的探讨颅咽管瘤显微手术切除的方法和效果。方法采用显微外科手术治疗颅咽管瘤46例。术前对临床表现、影像检查进行分析,经额下或翼点入路进行手术。结果全切除18例,次全切除28例。无手术死亡。术后临床症状和体征均有不同程度的恢复。结论采用显微手术治疗颅咽管瘤,可以提高肿瘤本身和肿瘤壁的全切除率,达到保护视力,改善内分泌功能,减少各种并发症的目的。首次手术应尽量全切。     

Minimally invasive keyhole approaches for removal of tumors of the third ventricle

Background In recent years, keyhole microsurgery has become an important subject of modern minimally invasive neurosurgery. In this study, minimally invasive techniques avoiding unnecessary tissue injuries were applied to refine traditional approaches for the removal of third ventricular tumors within a limited operative filed. Methods Individualized keyhole approaches were designed according to the characteristics of third ventricular tumors and their growth patterns. A series of keyhole approaches such as supraorbital subfrontal approach, infratentorial supracerebellar approach, interhemispheric transcallosal approach, pterional approach were taken to enter the third ventricle anteriorly, posteriorly, superiorly or laterally, respectively. A total of 34 removed tumors in or extended into the third ventricle included 11 craniopharyngiomas, 10 pituitary adenomas, 2 pinealomas, 1 cholesteatoma, 3 germinomas, and 7 gliomas. Results Total tumor resection was done in 27 （79.4%） of the patients, and subtotal resection in 7 patients （20.6%）. Residual tumor was due to tight adherence of germinoma to the vein of Galen （1 patient）, craniopharyngioma to the pituitary stalk （3）, supratentorial extension of pineal region gliomas （1）, suprasellar extension of gliomas （1） and giant pituitary adenoma （1）. Complications such as brain contusion, postoperative hemorrhage and infection were not associated with keyhole approaches. Extended incision or enlarged bone flap was not made because of episode during operation or inadequate exposure. Conclusions Keyhole approaches are safe, effective and minimally invasive in the surgical treatment of tumors deeply seated in the third ventricle. Individualized keyhole approach ensures a successful treatment. Tumors in the upper middle part of the third ventricle can be exposed by the interhemispheric transcallosal keyhole approach. Tumors of the posterior third ventricle may be well exposed by the infratentorial supracerebellar keyhole approach. Tumors of the anterior third ventricle can be entered by either a supraorbital subfrontal keyhole approach or a pterional keyhole approach.     

显微外科治疗颅咽管瘤59例分析

目的 探讨颅咽管瘤的显微外科手术入路选择及治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析山东大学齐鲁医院神经外科2006年1月～2009年3月收治的59例颅咽管瘤患者的临床表现、影像学资料、手术入路、肿瘤切除程度以及随访资料。结果 43例全切除,16例次全切除,无手术死亡病例,术后随访5个月～3年,平均2年,3例复发,术后50例患者症状和体征得到不同程度的恢复。结论 显微外科手术治疗颅咽管瘤采取纵裂入路安全有效。     

Microsurgical treatment of craniopharyngiomas: report of 284 patients

Background Generally, total surgical removal of craniopharyngioma results in satisfactory outcome with a low recurrence rate, however, the location of the tumor and its adherence to the hypothalamic structures can make the operation difficult. The goal of the present study was to assess the outcome of craniopharyngiomas in 284 patients treated surgically.Methods A total of 284 patients (151 men and 133 women) with craniopharyngioma were treated surgically by our neurosurgeons from January 1996 to March 2006. Among them, 226 (79.6%) patients were adults (15 years of age or older; mean, 35.8±10.6), 58 (20.4%) were children (14 years of age or younger; mean, 9.1±3.8). The diameter of the tumors were 2.0－9.0 cm (mean, 36.54±11.4). The tumors were classified into the superior (23 patients) and inferior ventricular (261) types according to the location of the tumor relative to the third ventricular floor. For the patients with craniopharyngioma of inferior ventricular type, pterional approach was used in 191 (67.3%) patients, subfrontal approach in 17 (6.0%), and translamina terminalis through frontobasal interhemispheric approach in 53 (18.7%). For those with the tumors of superior ventricular type, transcallosal approach into the anterior third ventricle was done in 10 (3.5%) patients, and the lamina terminalis approach in 13 (4.6%). Of the 284 patients, 204 (71.8%) were followed up for 0.5 to 8 years (mean, 2.1±1.8), including 162 patients received total tumor removal, and 37 underwent subtotal or partial removal. Results Total, subtotal and partial removal of the tumors were achieved in 237 (83.5%), 34 (12.0%) and 13 (4.5%) patients, respectively. The pituitary stalk was preserved in 176 (62.0%) patients, severed in 52 (18.3%), and unidentified in 56 (19.7%). Twelve (4.2%) patients died within one month after the surgery. During the follow-up, 23 (14.1%) patients experienced tumor recurrence 1.0－3.5 years (mean, 1.8±1.6) after total tumor removal, and 24 (64.9%) had recurrent tumor 0.25－1.5 years (mean, 0.5±0.4) after subtotal or partial resection. Normal activities of daily living were regained in 63 (80%) patients, independence in 29 (14.2%), and daily life with assistance in 9 (4.4%). Four (2.0%) patients died 0.9－3 years (mean, 1.6±1.4) after discharge from hospital, 3 of them died of hypothalamic deficiency. Conclusions We can protect the hypothalamic structures and its perforating arteries by choosing surgical approaches according to the location of craniopharygioma relative to the third ventricular floor. The mortality, morbidity, and recurrence rate in patients received total resection are lower than those of patients underwent subtotal or partial resections. In addition, preservation of the pituitary stalk is critical when total tumor resection is feasible.     

颞下-乙状窦后联合锁孔入路显微手术治疗岩斜区脑膜瘤

目的：探讨应用颞下-乙状窦后联合锁孔入路显微手术切除岩斜区脑膜瘤的方法和经验,以及岩斜区脑膜瘤的微侵袭手术入路和方法,提高肿瘤的全部切除率与术后疗效。方法：回顾性分析经颞下-乙状窦后联合锁孔入路治疗的21例岩斜区脑膜瘤的临床资料,总结联合锁孔手术的方法和技巧,并对肿瘤切除程度和手术前后功能状态评分（Karnofsky performance score,KPS）进行分析,其中在神经导航引导下手术9例,在神经电生理监测下进行的手术12例。结果：肿瘤全部切除(Simpson Ⅰ、Ⅱ级)18例(85.7%,18/21),次(近)切除(SimpsonⅢ级)3例(14.3%, 3/21),术后三维CT显露锁孔骨瓣复位良好,术后病理均证实为脑膜瘤。术后新增颅神经功能障碍或原有神经功能障碍加重5例(23.8%),其中短暂性滑车神经3例、外展神经1例、三叉神经运动支麻痹1例。出现外展神经麻痹的1例,同时伴有听力障碍加重。术后3个月随访时,11例KPS同术前,7例术后改善,3例加重。KPS平均评分77.14±23.12,与术前比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。术后随访半年,恢复良好者19例（KPS≥70）,恢复一般2例（KPS＜70）。术后随访3~29个月,无肿瘤复发或进展。结论：颞下-乙状窦后联合锁孔入路是简便、安全、微创、理想的切除岩斜区脑膜瘤的手术入路,掌握手术技巧和术中注意事项,有利于提高肿瘤的全部切除率和术后疗效。     

经额外侧锁孔入路切除鞍区颅咽管瘤

目的探讨经额外侧锁孔入路切除鞍区颅咽管瘤的应用价值。方法对我院17例鞍上直径在2.5-4.8cm的颅咽管瘤患者采用额外侧锁孔入路发迹内做6.5cm左右皮切口,铣出面积约（3×2.5）cm^2的椭圆形小骨瓣,术中根据肿瘤位置利用不同解剖间隙切除肿瘤。结果术中15例病人肿瘤全部切除,2例次全切除。术后7例病人出现不同程度的尿崩症及电解质紊乱,经药物治疗后好转,9例病人视力改善。结论与传统翼点入路及眶上锁孔入路相比,额外侧锁孔入路切口小、创伤小,能提供足够的鞍上区手术空间,显露鞍区病变及其邻近结构充分,且减少了脑牵拉和手术创伤,有利于颅咽管瘤的全切除,是一种安全有效的处理鞍上颅咽管瘤的手术入路途径。     

成人颅咽管瘤156例的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨成人颅咽管瘤的临床特点、手术方法及治疗效果.方法　对2004年1月至2009年3月北京天坛医院神经外科手术治疗的156例成人颅咽管瘤进行回顾性分析.根据肿瘤与鞍膈和第三脑室的关系分为4种类型:蝶鞍内型(6例),鞍上脑室外型(59例),脑室型(63例),复杂型(28例).手术采用单侧额下入路9例,前纵裂入路14例,翼点入路102例,经胼胝体-脑室入路28例,经蝶窦入路3例.结果 肿瘤全切除124例(79.5%),次全切除25例(16%),部分切除7例(4.5%),手术死亡2例.术中垂体柄确认并保护69例,术后出现尿崩症109例(69.8%).随访3个月至5年,能正常工作和生活占75.3%,肿瘤复发26例.结论 根据颅咽管瘤的部位和生长方式,选择合适手术入路是颅咽管瘤手术成功的关键.     

经胸乳入路内镜甲状腺切除术62例

目的探讨经胸乳入路内镜甲状腺手术的方法、可行性、安全性。方法回顾性分析行胸乳人路内镜甲状腺切除术62例的临床资料,其中原发性甲状腺机能亢进4例、甲状腺腺瘤21例、结节性甲状腺肿36例和甲状腺癌1例。结果成功完成手术60例,2例中转开放手术。手术时间（126．2±27．0）min,术中失血平均15．5ml,均未输血。术后2d～3d拔除引流管。术后平均住院时间4．1d,平均住院费用为14510元,本院同期开放甲状腺手术患者住院费用平均为4700元,两者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。手术方式包括甲状腺肿瘤切除11例,甲状腺单叶次全切除23例,双叶次全切除27例,甲状腺癌根治性切除1例。甲状腺肿块长径最大4．0cm。术后均无并发症。术后随访,失访2例,58例随访3—60个月（平均20个月）,3例结节性甲状腺肿术后复发小结节,原发性甲状腺机能亢进症术后无复发。患者均对手术美容效果满意。1例甲状腺癌目前仍生存,并继续随访。结论经胸乳入路内镜甲状腺切除术是一种安全而可行的手术方法,手术视野清晰,显露神经清楚,具有显著美容效果。但该方法仍有一定的并发症发生率,费用较开放手术高,因此仍有待改进。     

显微手术治疗颅咽管瘤21例临床分析

目的:探讨显微手术治疗颅咽管瘤的有效方法。方法:对21例颅咽管瘤患者分别采用经额下终板入路10例,右侧额下入路9例,翼点入路行显微手术切除肿瘤2例。结果:肿瘤全切除15例,次全切除6例。术后正常生活13例,生活自理6例,效果不佳2例。16例随访0.5~3年未见肿瘤复发,视力、视野都有不同程度的改善;失访5例。结论:采用合适的手术入路,术中注意保护下丘脑结构和功能以及术后并发症的积极防治是影响颅咽管瘤患者预后的关键因素。     

翼点入路显微手术切除巨大复杂颅咽管瘤8例

目的探讨鞍区5个间隙在巨大复杂颅咽管瘤全切手术中的意义。方法在手术显微镜下经翼点人路鞍区5个解剖间隙切除鞍区肿瘤8例,术中注意保护肿瘤周围的视神经、颈内动脉及发出的垂体上动脉。结果8例鞍区肿瘤,全切除7例(87.5%),大部切除1例,复发1例(12.5%)。结论翼点人路行鞍区肿瘤的显微手术中,熟练掌握鞍区5个解剖间隙及垂体血供的显微解剖,是提高全切率、降低死亡及复发率的关键。     

预防性运用长效尿崩停对颅咽管瘤术后早期尿崩及血钠的影响

目的：分析探讨预防性使用长效尿崩停(鞣酸加压素针)对颅咽管瘤开颅术后早期尿崩及血钠的影响。 方法：回顾性分析2010至2014年行单侧额下开颅显微手术治疗的83例颅咽管瘤患者,分为预防性使用长效尿崩停组(使用组)和未使用组,对使用组及未使用组的术后早期尿崩情况及血钠变化趋势进行对比分析。结果：与未使用组比较,使用组整体术后早期尿崩的发生率少(P<0.05);垂体柄切除及肿瘤与三脑室底粘连紧密的患者术后尿崩发生率高(P<0.05),但在这两种情况中,使用组较未使用组术后早期尿崩的发生率少(P<0.05)。术后高钠者为37例(44.6%),术后出现低钠者共60例(72.3%),高钠、低钠出现的平均时间为术后1.4和3.7 d。术后高钠、低钠交替出现的有19例(22.9%)。使用组与未使用组在术后第1天血钠分布上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),使用组术后第1天高钠出现百分比低于未使用组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：术中或术后早期预防性使用长效尿崩停可以有效减少颅咽管瘤患者术后早期尿崩及高钠血症的发生率。     

经胼胝体-穹窿间入路切除第三脑室颅咽管瘤

目的介绍和探讨经胼胝体-穹窿间入路切除第三脑室颅咽管瘤的手术入路。方法在10例尸头标本上进行显微解剖学研究,将此研究结果用于切除颅咽管瘤16例。结果显微镜下全切除第三脑室颅咽管瘤11例,近全切除3例,大部切除2例,死亡2例。结论该手术直视下操作,暴露良好,对瘤周正常结构损伤小,术后并发症少。     

Optimal microsurgical treatment of dorsum sellae meningioma

Background There are few reports of microsurgical treatment of dorsum sellae meningiomas--which, because of location, size, and differences in growth direction, clinical presentations, degree of surgical difficulty, have varied posttreatment sequelae. In pursuit of an optimal microsurgical treatment option for dorsum sellae meningioma patients, we performed a retrospective analysis of eight microsurgery-treated patients in our set up. Methods Clinical data of eight microsurgery-treated dorsum sellae meningioma patients were analyzed. Dorsum sellae meningiomas were classified into 2 types based on tumor location, size, and direction of growth. Type Ⅰ tumors （dorsum sellae-inferior third ventricle type, four cases） were resected by craniotomy via the frontotemporal or orbitozygomatic approach. Type Ⅱ tumors （dorsum sellae-third ventricle type, 4 cases） were resected by frontal craniotomy via the transcallosal-interforniceal approach. Results Complete tumor resection was achieved in all the eight patients. In Type Ⅰ tumor patients, the only postoperative complication was oculomotor nerve palsy. In Type Ⅱ tumor patients, the postoperative complications included hyperthermia, electrolyte imbalances, endocrinologic disturbances, and hydrocephalus. The mean follow-up was 2.1 years. Four patients returned to normal life and found a job, two were able to live independently, one required assistance, while one died. Conclusions Dorsum sellae meningioma surgery is challenging, and resection of Type Ⅱ tumors is more difficult than Type Ⅰ tumors. The selection of a suitable microsurgical approach based on tumor type, and the active treatment of postoperative complications are important means of increasing therapeutic efficacy.     

一期后路全脊椎切除治疗胸腰椎恶性肿瘤的临床疗效研究

目的：探讨一期后路全脊椎切除治疗胸腰椎恶性肿瘤的临床疗效。方法：将本院骨科收治的45例胸腰椎恶性肿瘤患者随机分为两组,均采用一期后路全脊椎切除治疗,其中对照组采取分块切除治疗,试验组采取整块切除治疗。比较两组患者各项手术指标及临床治疗效果。结果：45例患者手术期无1例死亡,两组患者治疗后VAS平均评分均明显低于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;试验组患者平均手术时间、术中平均出血量、术中平均输血量均明显低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;对照组患者8例发生局部复发,5例于随访期间死亡;所有45例患者Frankel分级均有1级以上恢复。结论：一期后路全脊椎切除治疗胸腰椎恶性肿瘤安全性较高,临床疗效显著,整块切除法较分块切除法疗效更佳。     

经额下-前纵裂联合入路切除复杂鞍区肿瘤

目的探讨经额下-前纵裂联合入路切除复杂鞍区肿瘤的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析27例经额下-前纵裂联合入路手术切除复杂鞍区肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果垂体腺瘤14例,全切11例,次全切3例;颅咽管瘤8例,全切4例,次全切4例;鞍结节脑膜瘤5例,全切4例,次全切1例。术后视力、视野较术前明显改善11例,无明显变化8例;术后激素水平恢复正常8例,无明显变化2例;27例中无死亡病例。结论经额下-前纵裂联合入路适用于切除鞍上、鞍后及向上突入三脑室的肿瘤。     

岩骨尖区巨大哑铃型三叉神经鞘瘤的诊断及治疗

目的探讨巨大岩骨尖三叉神经鞘瘤的特点和治疗方法。方法分析35例巨大岩骨尖三叉神经鞘瘤患者临床特点、影像学表现,所有病例均行显微外科手术切除肿瘤,其中经硬脑膜下颞底入路28例,额眶颧入路5例,颞枕-枕下联合入路2例。结果肿瘤全切除33例,全切除率为94.3%;因肿瘤与重要结构粘连导致全切除困难而次全切除2例。无手术死亡。病理:神经鞘瘤34例,间变性神经鞘瘤1例。手术后新的神经功能损害包括:动眼神经不完全性麻痹4例,手术后2月内恢复;外展神经麻痹8例,4例随访时恢复;术后轻度偏瘫1例,3周后恢复。所有病例原有神经功能障碍无加重。随访18例(随访率51.4%),随访时间3月~5年,全切除病例肿瘤无复发;次全切除病例1例失访,另1例随访2年未见肿瘤生长。结论巨大哑铃型三叉神经鞘瘤有其影像学特点,个体化的手术入路对减少损伤,充分暴露肿瘤有重要意义,多数病例预后良好。     

经胼胝体侧脑室脉络膜裂入路切除丘脑胶质瘤的临床效果观察

目的:探讨经胼胝体侧脑室脉络膜裂入路切除内侧型及外侧型丘脑胶质瘤的手术效果。方法:采用经胼胝体侧脑室脉络膜裂入路切除11例丘脑胶质瘤。在肿瘤一侧额叶开颅,经纵裂切开胼胝体体部,进入侧脑室,4例在脉络膜裂内侧纵形进入第三脑室,切除突出于第三脑室的丘脑肿瘤;7例在脉络膜裂的外侧切除丘脑肿瘤。结果:7例(63.6%)肿瘤次全切除,4例(36.4%)大部分切除。围手术期瘤腔出血1例。随访结果,1例术后4个月原位复发死亡,1例1年后复发再次手术,其他9例随访6~12个月逐渐恢复正常生活。结论:经胼胝体侧脑室脉络膜裂入路利用脑自然间隙到达并切除内外侧型丘脑胶质瘤,手术暴露好,丘脑毗邻结构损伤少,取得较为理想的手术效果。     

侧脑室肿瘤手术切除15例的临床疗效

目的 :探索手术切除侧脑室肿瘤的方法。方法 :15例侧脑室肿瘤分别为室管膜瘤、脑膜瘤、室管膜下瘤、胶样囊肿、胶质细胞瘤、脉络丛乳头状瘤及脑血管畸形 ,其中 7例侧脑室额角肿瘤经额中回皮质入路 ,2例侧脑室体部肿瘤经胼胝体前部入路 ,5例侧脑室三角区肿瘤经顶枕部皮质入路 ,1例侧脑室颞角肿瘤经颞叶皮质入路。结果 :除 1例侧脑室额角胶质细胞瘤次全切除术后行放疗和化疗外 ,其余肿瘤均手术全切 ,所有病人术后随访 6个月至 1年 ,术后恢复良好 ,参加日常工作。结论 :侧脑室肿瘤绝大多数可行全切除且预后良好     

神经内镜治疗导水管梗阻性脑积水12例临床经验

目的 总结神经内镜下手术治疗12例导水管水平梗阻性脑积水的初步体会。方法 12例脑积水患中导水管水平阻塞为原发性10例，继发于顶盖区肿瘤2例。均采用神经内镜经侧脑室额角入路，经室间孔行三脑室底脚间池造瘘。结果 12例患造瘘术过程顺利，术中术后并发症少而轻，12例中术后3个月已随访的患9例，7例有效，2例无效。结论 神经内镜是治疗导水管梗阻性脑积水的有效手段，近期疗效满意。术中应针对三脑室底不同的特点采用适当的造瘘方法．随访应以确定颅内压是否正常、症状是否消失作为判断疗效的主要依据。