后腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤U形切除术

目的探讨后腹腔镜下切除肾上腺肿瘤的手术方法、疗效及临床应用价值。方法回顾分析行后腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤U形切除术患者的临床资料。该组患者15例,临床表现主要有向心性肥胖、多血质和紫纹、糖代谢紊乱、精神和心理改变、多有轻中度高血压,醛固酮瘤常合并低血钾。术前均行超声、CT/MRI等辅助检查证实为肾上腺占位病变,左侧8例,右侧7例。瘤体直径0.5~6.0 cm,平均(2.8±1.8)cm。术前诊断原发性醛固酮增多症9例,嗜铬细胞瘤3例,髓性脂肪瘤2例,库欣氏综合征1例。均行后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤U形切除术。结果 15例患者均成功完成手术,无中转开放,无大血管和腹膜损伤及腰部血肿等并发症。手术时间40~150 min,平均(86.7±35.9)min;出血量20~50 mL,平均(32.0±11.5)mL,术中及术后均未输血;术后住院4~8d,平均(5.4±1.4)d。术后病理诊断为皮质腺瘤9例,髓性脂肪瘤3例,嗜铬细胞瘤2例,肾上腺囊肿1例。全部患者术后随访6个月~2年均未出现肿瘤复发,预后良好。结论后腹腔镜下于肾上极上方采用U形法分离肾上腺肿瘤解剖清晰,能迅速定位肿瘤,手术创伤小,恢复快,易于学习掌握,有较好的临床应用前景。     

自制套管单孔腹膜后镜肾上腺切除术初步经验总结

[目的]探讨采用自制套管进行单孔腹膜后镜肾上腺切除术的可行性和初步经验.[方法]2010年6月至2011年8月北京大学第一医院共有9例患者行单孔腹膜后镜肾上腺切除术.患者平均年龄59岁(32 ～80岁),男5例,女4例,平均BMI为24.1 kg/m2.所有手术均为腹膜后入路,选择腋中线与腋后线之间髂嵴上方3cm处斜行切口,切口长度3～4 cm.先以气囊扩张建立腹膜后腔,然后置入以手套自制单孔多通道套管建立手术入路,采用前端可弯曲腹腔镜器械联合常规腹腔镜器械完成手术,在术毕从切口取出标本.[结果]肿瘤长径平均3.3 cm(1.5～5.5 cm),左侧3例,右侧6例.平均手术时间62min(40～127 min),术中平均出血量为50 ml(0 ～200ml).9例手术均顺利完成,无中转开放手术或增加附加套管,无术中、术后并发症发生.平均术后住院时间为5 d(3 ～7 d).[结论]对于选择合适的病例,采用自制套管行单孔腹膜后镜肾上腺切除术是安全可行的,具有一定的美观效果,但远期疗效尚待观察,手术器械及手术技术尚待完善.     

解剖性后腹腔镜巨大肾上腺肿瘤切除术的临床经验及探讨

目的探讨解剖性后腹腔镜切除巨大肾上腺肿瘤(直径≥6 cm)临床效果和安全性。方法回顾性分析2011年6月-2013年6月间,该科收治的37例采用解剖性后腹腔镜肾上腺切除手术治疗巨大肾上腺肿瘤(≥6 cm)患者的临床资料,肿瘤平均直径(7.6±2.2)cm(6~15)。结果 36例患者均成功行解剖性后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术,1例患者因右侧嗜铬细胞瘤与下腔静脉粘连而转开放手术。平均手术时间(106.3±34.7)min,术中出血量(138±53.7)ml,术后引流管拔出时间(3.8±1.6)d,术后住院时间(7.2±3.4)d。结论肿瘤大小已经不再是后腹腔镜手术的绝对禁忌证,解剖性后腹腔镜切除巨大肾上腺肿瘤(≥6 cm)是安全、可行的。     

腹腔镜治疗原发性醛固酮增多症(附47例报告)

目的探讨原发性醛酮增多症的腹腔镜微创手术治疗。方法我院经腹腔入路腹腔镜治疗原发性醛固酮增多症患者共47例。肾上腺皮质腺瘤43例,肿瘤平均2.0 cm,32例行肾上腺全切术,11例行肾上腺部分切除术/肿瘤剜除术;肾上腺皮质增生4例,行肾上腺全切术。结果手术时间50~240m in,平均80m in;术中失血量20~300m l,平均76m。l中转开放手术2例(4.2%),其余手术成功。无严重并发症发生。所有患者术后第1天下床活动,术后平均住院时间5d。平均随访16个月,所有患者血钾恢复正常,35例血压恢复正常,其余患者降压药物用量较术前明显减少。结论腹腔入路腹腔镜肾上腺全切术或部分切除/肿瘤剜除术治疗原发性醛固酮增多症,微创、安全、疗效确切。     

单孔腹腔镜行后腹腔肾上腺肿瘤切除术的临床研究

目的 探讨单孔后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术的安全性及临床疗效,评价单孔后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术的临床应用价值。方法 收集经后腹腔途径行腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术病例142例,其中单孔腹腔镜组68例（A组）,传统多孔腹腔镜组74例（B组）,收集两组患者的临床资料﹑术中及术后数据进行统计学分析。结果 两组手术均获成功,无中转开放手术,单孔后腹腔镜组无中转传统多孔腹腔镜。单孔腹腔镜组在手术切口长度、术后肛门排气时间、VRS疼痛程度分级、术后使用止痛药例数和术后下床活动时间方面优于传统多孔腹腔镜;两组患者在手术时间、术中估计出血量、术中术后并发症、术后伤口引流量、伤口引流管拔除时间和术后住院时间差异无显著性。结论 单孔后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术安全可行,其美容效果肯定、术后疼痛更轻且恢复更快。在熟练的传统腹腔镜操作基础上开展单孔腹腔镜手术有助于减少手术时间,缩短学习曲线。     

后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺肿瘤26例报告

目的探讨后腹腔镜技术在肾上腺肿瘤切除术中的应用。方法采用后腹腔镜技术切除肾上腺肿瘤26例。男10例,女16例;年龄23～67岁,平均36.5岁。左侧11例,右侧15例。其中原发性醛固酮腺瘤14例,皮质醇腺瘤7例,嗜铬细胞瘤2例,神经节细胞瘤1例,无功能性腺瘤2例。结果该组26例手术均取得成功,手术时间90～150min。术中失血70～210mL,术中术后均未输血,无明显并发症。结论后腹腔镜手术切除肾上腺肿瘤入路直接,手术效果确切,具有痛苦小、损伤小,并发症少及患者恢复快等优点,是一种安全有效的术式。     

单孔后腹腔镜技术在泌尿外科手术中的应用体会(附88例报告)

目的探讨单孔后腹腔镜技术在泌尿外科手术中应用的可行性及临床意义。方法 2011年3月～2011年8月该科88例患者接受了单孔后腹腔镜手术,其中肾上腺肿瘤切除术50例,肾囊肿去顶术8例,单纯性肾切除术16例,肾癌根治性肾切除术4例,肾盂输尿管成形术8例,肾错构瘤剜除术1例,输尿管切开取石术1例。在肋缘下至髂嵴之间区域,沿腋中线根据不同病例做适当上下位置的2～3cm切口,置入国产单孔三通道套管,手术操作通过加长的单孔腹腔镜预弯器械和标准腹腔镜竖直器械、超声刀配合完成。结果 86例手术顺利完成,1例肾上腺肿瘤切除术因瘤体大(6cm)而加用了1个Trocar,1例单纯性肾切除术因严重肾周粘连改为开放手术。手术时间:肾囊肿去顶术38～52min,平均42min;肾上腺肿瘤切除术30～140min,平均60min;单纯性肾切除术75～140min,平均85min;肾癌根治性肾切除术160～240min,平均195min;离断式肾盂成形术103～200min,平均145min;肾错构瘤剜除术67min,输尿管切开取石术70min。术中术后均无明显并发症。结论在术者具备一定标准腹腔镜技术的基础上,经后腹腔行单孔腹腔镜手术是可行及安全的;单孔腹腔镜术后体表更加美观,符合现代外科的追求目标,值得推广应用。     

后腹腔镜肾上腺手术经验与体会

目的总结后腹腔镜肾上腺手术的经验体会并探讨其手术技巧。方法对260例肾上腺疾病患者行后腹腔镜肾上腺病变切除术,其中肾上腺肿瘤254例（原发性醛固酮增多症116例,皮质醇症29例,无功能腺瘤78例,嗜铬细胞瘤26例,肾上腺神经节瘤5例）,肾上腺囊肿6例。结果260例手术除2例嗜铬细胞瘤体积较大出血转开放手术外,其余均获得成功。手术时间25—65min,平均40min,术中出血20～150ml。引流管1～3d拔除,无大出血、气胸等并发症,术后均恢复良好,平均住院天数5d。结论后腹腔镜肾上腺手术创伤小,恢复快,提高手术技巧与总结经验为肾上腺外科疾病的治疗提供了更加安全的选择。     

经脐单孔腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术病人的围术期护理

[目的]总结经脐单孔腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术病人的围术期护理。[方法]对12例肾上腺肿瘤病人应用经脐单孔腹腔镜手术治疗,同时加强围术期护理。[结果]12例病人手术均获成功,术后出现皮下气肿1例,2d~3d 自行吸收,无腹腔出血、肾上腺危象等并发症发生。[结论]加强经脐单孔腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术病人的围术期护理是手术成功的保证。     

后腹腔镜手术治疗巨大肾上腺肿瘤

目的:探讨后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术治疗巨大肾上腺肿瘤的可行性.方法:对21例巨大肾上腺肿瘤患者进行后腹腔镜切除手术,男8例,女13例,年龄20～70岁,左侧9例,右侧12例,肿瘤大小6.0 cm×3.5 cm×3.3 cm～9.5 cm×8.5 cm×8.5 cm.结果:19例手术经后腹腔镜完成,2例术中转开放手术.所有患者均顺利恢复,无并发症.病理报告嗜铬细胞瘤12例,肾上腺囊肿3例,节细胞神经瘤1例,神经纤维瘤1例,髓性脂肪瘤3例,无功能腺瘤1例.随访3～72个月,未见肿瘤复发和转移.结论:对于腹腔镜操作熟练者,后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术治疗巨大肾上腺肿瘤是可行的.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.