广西血吸虫病监测措施和效果分析

初期采用以查清残存螺点和遗留病人为重点，同时，进行新感染调查的策略。后来调整为对原疫区外围和毗邻地区进行螺情监测及防止外来传染源输入。８年来监测查螺面积１１６５２２１５３ｍ＾２，查出１３钱存螺点，面积２０２６ｍ＾２，无阳性钉螺。采用ＩＨＡ、ＣＯＰＴ和ＥＬＩＳＡ方法对疫区人群检测，在病史人群的阳笥率分别为８．３５％、７．２０％和１３．０８％，无病史人群为３．２４％、３．４０％和５．４７％，前者高于后     

山丘型血吸虫病地区监测钉螺措施的研究

目的：考核与评价广西在基本消灭血吸虫病后监测钉螺措施的效果。方法：在清查疫区残存钉螺的同时，扩大对疫区县的非流行乡村和非流行县螺情调查结合抽查考核。结果：在原疫区及其外围查螺２００５７１１３９ｍ２，在原疫区发现残存螺点１３个，面积２０２６ｍ２，但未发现阳性钉螺。自１９９３年起已连续３年未发现钉螺。在环绕疫区的非流行县——平南和马山系统抽查了３８个乡村，查螺面积１８５５３６ｍ２，均未发现钉螺。结论：表明全区血吸虫病流行地区钉螺基本控制，巩固了血防成果。     

当涂县彭兴、泰兴洲滩血吸虫病流行因素调查研究

本文报道彭兴和泰兴洲滩型血吸虫病流行区流行因素，结果表明当地钉螺分布广，有螺面积１２３．８万ｍ￣２，阳性螺密度０．００７１只／框，钉螺自然感染率为０．１４％。人群感染率为７．６８％。保虫宿主耕牛的感染率最高（１８．９７％），而且污染环境严重。居民主要以生活型方式接触疫水，卫生设施较差。ＫＡＰ调查表明居民血防知识欠缺。流动人口增多使疫情加剧。     

金华市婺城区世行贷款血防项目终期评估

金华市婺城区属山丘型血吸虫病低度流行区,有１１个乡（镇、街道）２０５个流行村,流行区人口 １４万,项目实施前尚有钉螺面积２０万ｍ２,１９９２年起实施世行贷款项目,现将７年来项目实施情况报告如下。１方法１．１螺情监测每年普查１／３行政村,并随机抽取１％的行政村为监测村,时查出的有螺环境实施药物灭螺或环境改造灭螺。１．２病情监测 人群１９９２～１９９５年,对６～６０岁人群采用ＩＨＡ筛查１次,１９９６年后抽查１／３行政村１０％的人群,ＩＨＡ≥１： １０为阳性,阳性者用吡喹酮４０ ｍｇ／ｋｇ顿服治疗,同时,…     

云南省血吸虫病传播风险评估分析

目的 评估云南省血吸虫病潜在传播风险,为推进血吸虫病消除进程提供防治策略依据。 方 法 ２０１５ ～ ２０１８ 年在全省范围内每年选择 １ 个疫区县（市）的 ２ ～ ３ 个疫区村作为被评估村,通过查阅和收集 疫区村被评估当年的前 ３ 年血吸虫病常规疫情监测资料,现场开展螺情、人群病情和野粪调查等风险监测, 综合评估血吸虫病传播扩散风险。 结果 被评估村常规疫情监测累计查出有螺面积 ３２１ ７０ ｈｍ２ ,１ 个村于 ２０１３ 年曾发现阳性钉螺;人群血检阳性率 ７ ９５％ ,粪检阳性率 ０ １０％ ;未查到病畜。 风险监测累计查出有 螺面积 １７ ９９ ｈｍ２ ,有螺框出现率 １２ ００％ ,活螺平均密度 ０ ８３０ ２ 只 ／框,未发现阳性钉螺;检测野粪 ４３７ 份, 全部为阴性;人群血检阳性率 ８ １８％ ,未发现病原学阳性。 疫情传播扩散风险综合评估,祥云县为高风险, 弥渡县、鹤庆县和楚雄市为中等风险;敏感指标风险等级,Ⅱ级 ４ 个村,Ⅲ级 ６ 个村。 结论 云南省血吸虫病 传播扩散风险仍然存在,应继续加强以传染源控制为主的综合防控措施,防止疫情反弹。     

中国东部原黑热病流行区人群免疫学监测

１９８９￣１９９６年，用ＬＤＴ和ＩＦＡＴ对山东（１３个市）、江苏（４个市）和安徽（３个县）３省原黑热病流行区人群进行免疫学监测。１９８９￣１９９０年，山东省３０岁以下人群ＬＤＴ无１例阳性，３０岁以上人群阳性率平均为４．４％。１９９１￣１９９２年，江苏省１０岁以下人群有ＬＤＴ阳性者，但３０岁以下和以上人群ＬＤＴ阳性率有显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）。１９９６年对江苏省人群进行动态监测，１０岁以下人群已无Ｌ     

扬州市1999年江滩地区螺情调查分析

江滩地区是扬州市现有螺情的重点地区，钉螺面积占全市钉螺面积的９０％以上。１９９８年发生特大洪水，为７解洪水对江滩螺情的影响， １９９９年春对全市江滩进行了调查，现将调查结果报告如下。１对象和方法１．１对象扬州市所辖仪征、邗江、江都及郊区的所有江滩。１．２方法有螺滩采用２０ ｍ×２０ｍ、无螺滩采用 １０ｍ×１０ ｍ棋盘式抽样调查法，记录框号、线号，捕捉框内全部钉螺，用逸蚴法加压碎法观察阳性螺数，计算钉螺面积。２结果２．１钉螺分布在２１个乡、９５个村的１４３块江滩上调查面积２７２４．３万ｍ２，发现有螺乡…     

广东省消灭血吸虫病后监测结果分析

广东省于１９８５年消灭血吸虫病，１９８６－１９９５年开展监测巩固工作。１０年来，用各种方法查螺９７７６８４８８ｍ＾２，１９９６年仅在径口华侨农场曹寨村发现１残存螺点２０００ｍ＾２，钉螺最高密度为１２只／０．１１ｍ＾２，自然感染率为２．２９％，共复查历史病人５５１４３人，其中１例粪检血吸虫卵阳性，复治１５０２５人。新感染调查易感人群，皮试阳性率５．６１％，粪检血吸虫卵阳性者２人１５０２５人。新感染调     

综合防治对策控制高原峡谷地区血吸虫病的效果观察

为探索控制高原峡谷地区血吸虫病流行的防治对策,我们于１９９４～１９９８年在东秋、东升、麻粟３个行政村采取以健康教育、人畜同步化疗加重点环境灭螺的对策防治血吸虫病,取得了较好的效果。１试区概况 ３个行政村地处无量山和哀牢山支脉,属典型的高原峡谷型流行区,有 ２９个自然村,人口 ９１６７人,耕地面积 ８３９．３万ｍ２,其中,稻田１６８． ９万ｍ２,黄牛４７１７头。历史累计有螺面积１０９． ８万ｍ２,病人２０１４人,其中,晚期病人１６人。现有钉螺面积１５４ ７５０ｍ２,钉螺自然感染率０． ８２％,人群血吸虫感…     

南水北调东线工程江苏江都段血吸虫病监测分析

目的 了解南水北调东线工程江苏江都段血吸虫病疫情变化情况,为血吸虫病监测预警和防治 工作提供科学依据。 方法 采取机械抽样结合环境抽样设框法对水源河道、输水河道、毗邻的邵伯湖区部分 滩地开展钉螺调查。 采用网捞法和稻草帘诱螺法在江都西闸外、宜陵闸三阳河口开展水体钉螺监测。 采用 胶体染料试纸条法（ＤＤＩＡ）对水源河道、输水河道、毗邻的邵伯湖区沿线镇村开展人群和家畜血吸虫病调 查,阳性者用 Ｋａｔｏ － Ｋａｔｚ 法（１ 粪 ３ 检）进行病原学检测。 结果 ２００６ ～ ２０１８ 年扬州江都区在南水北调东线 工程水源区、输水区和湖区累计查螺面积分别为 １ ７５４． ５０ ｈｍ２、１ １５０． ９３ ｈｍ２ 和 １ ９１０． ６７ ｈｍ２,水源区 ２０１３ ～ ２０１５ 年未发现钉螺,其余年份有螺面积为 ０ ～ １４１． ３８ ｈｍ２;输水区 ２００６ ～ ２０１１ 年有螺面积为 ０． １５ ～ １． ６５ ｈｍ２,２０１２ 年起未再发现钉螺;湖区有螺面积为 ０ ～ ８１． ５７ ｈｍ２。 累计解剖钉螺 ４０ ３０４ 只,在夹江长江入口处 东侧屏江东滩、圣容滩发现感染性钉螺面积 ８． ２７ ｈｍ２。 稻草帘诱获钉螺 ７８７ 只,漂浮物和船体调查未发现 钉螺。 ２００６ ～ ２０１８ 年血清学查病 ５１ ４０１ 人,阳性 ２２０ 人,无粪检阳性病人;家畜累计粪检查病 ６４ 头,未发现 阳性病畜。 期间累计药物巩固性灭螺 ３ ９９３． ７８ ｈｍ２,环境改造灭螺 ７８． ５２ ｈｍ２;扩大化疗 １８ 人次;疫区居民 和小学生健康行为行成率和健康知识知晓率均 ＞ ９０％ ;无害化厕所普及率达 ９６． ７５％ 。 结论 南水北调东线 工程江都段输水河道未发现钉螺和血吸虫病疫情,但水源河道仍有钉螺分布,需加强监测。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.