肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术治疗神经原性膀胱的临床应用

目的报告逼尿肌切开双层肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术治疗神经原性膀胱的临床应用.方法1986～1999年间治疗脊髓发育不良所致的反射亢进性神经原性膀胱52例(年龄4～18岁),通过随访比较手术前后临床表现和尿流动力学检查,评价其疗效.结果 43例随访3个月～13年,平均6.7年.术前均表现为尿失禁;术后均无粘液尿、电解质失衡、代谢紊乱、尿路结石等,24例(55.8%)能完全自主排尿,15例(34.9%)配合CIC可达到不失禁,有效率达到90.7%(39/43).39例手术前后行尿流动力学检查,其术前膀胱容量为(159±78)ml,膀胱容量差为(-145±67)ml,充盈期末逼尿肌压为(6.5±2.6)kPa;术后分别改变为(346±86)ml、(12±52)ml、(2.1±1.5)kPa.均较术前有显著改善(P<0.01),已达到或接近其正常范围.结论逼尿肌切开双层浆肌层膀胱扩大术是一种较理想的膀胱扩大术和反射亢进性神经性膀胱的有效疗法.     

神经源性膀胱扩大术远期疗效观察

目的 评价保留膀胱黏膜的双层肠管浆肌层膀胱扩大术的远期疗效.方法 病例选择条件:术前有明确支配膀胱的神经性损害,膀胱容量明显小于同龄儿童的正常值,同时伴有Ⅳ度以上膀胱输尿管反流,经过一段时间的口服抗胆碱能药物、清洁间歇导尿等保守治疗后,膀胱内压仍然较高,输尿管反流无明显改善,我们对符合上述条件的75例神经源性膀胱患儿行切除部分逼尿肌保留膀胱黏膜的双层肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术,同时根据患儿的具体情况选择性联合应用膀胱输尿管移植抗反流、膀胱颈紧缩、膀胱颈悬吊等手术方式,术后对患儿进行长期随访,对手术前后临床症状、肾脏功能、尿流动力学(膀胱容量、残余尿、逼尿肌压和顺应性)等方面进行评价.结果 75例手术患儿中68例获得随访,随访时间平均4.3年,术后无一例发生肾脏功能衰竭,45例获得一定的临床治疗改善.23例术后在尿流动力学、临床症状方面无明显改善.结论 术后膀胱容量不能有效扩大是导致术后疗效不理想的重要原因,保留膀胱黏膜的双层肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术是治疗神经源性膀胱的一种方法,但该方法有待改进.     

小儿神经原性膀胱手术前后尿流动力学检查评价

目的　基于手术前后尿流动力学检查结果的分析,对小儿神经原性膀胱逼尿肌和括约肌不协调的成因进行讨论,并对外科治疗进行评价。方法　55例行盆底肌加强及膀胱颈悬吊的神经原性膀胱患儿于术前和术后4～10个月行尿流动力学对照检查,然后分析其结果并行统计学处理。结果　34例逼尿肌反射亢进型中,30例术后逼尿肌和括约肌不协调减轻或较协调,4例无变化。最大膀胱容量增加（89.0±17.2）ml,最大尿道压力下降（2.7±0.37）kPa,最大尿道闭合压下降（3.1±0.6）kPa;21例术后逼尿肌无反射或反射低下型,逼尿肌反射明显改善11例,改善10例,最大膀胱容量增加（55.6±10.3）ml,最大尿道压力增加（2.9±0.7）kPa,最大尿道闭合压增加（2.6±0.7）kPa。结论　盆底肌加强和膀胱颈悬吊手术是治疗小儿神经原性膀胱的良好术式。因腰骶部脊膜膨出所致的小儿神经原性膀胱逼尿肌与外括约肌协同失调本质上可能是尿道外括约肌对漏斗状膀胱颈代偿性收缩的一个表现。     

膀胱自体扩大术在神经性膀胱患儿中的应用评价

目的评价逼尿肌部分切除、膀胱自体扩大术的临床疗效。方法选择脊髓脊膜膨出患儿6例,其中男性3例,女性3例,年龄18个月至9岁。患儿均口服索利那新和行清洁间歇导尿3个月后无好转而行逼尿肌部分切除、膀胱自体扩大术,术后予清洁间歇导尿,手术前及术后1年行泌尿系超声、排泄性膀胱尿道造影,并行尿动力评价,评价指标为膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性和充盈末逼尿肌压。结果术前尿动力学检查显示6例患儿膀胱容量减小、膀胱顺应性下降及逼尿肌压升高,其中5例膀胱容量低于预期容量的50%。排泄性膀胱造影4例合并膀胱输尿管反流,其中左、右侧Ⅳ°反流各1例,双侧Ⅳ°反流2例。6例患儿手术后恢复顺利,无穿孔、感染发生。术后1年尿动力学检查显示6例患儿膀胱容量略有增加,但膀胱容量与预期膀胱容量(年龄×30+30)、膀胱顺应性及逼尿肌压力无明显变化,VCUG显示4例输尿管反流无减轻。结论对于膀胱容量明显变小的神经性膀胱患儿,逼尿肌部分切除、膀胱扩大术不能有效增加膀胱容量和顺应性,降低逼尿肌压,临床不能取得满意的效果。     

神经性膀胱的评价和治疗

目的评价不同严重程度神经性膀胱患儿的治疗方法和结果。方法 2013年4月至2014年1月我们收治神经性膀胱患儿15例,男7例,女8例,年龄1~13岁,均有脊膜膨出修补术病史。全部患儿行尿动力学检查、泌尿系超声和排泄性膀胱尿道造影。尿动力学检查显示9例合并逼尿肌压升高,12例合并膀胱容量减少,7例合并逼尿肌过度活动;泌尿系超声和排泄性膀胱尿道造影显示8例合并肾积水和输尿管扩张,7例合并输尿管反流。5例行手术治疗,其中1例行小肠膀胱扩大及输尿管抗反流术,2例行逼尿肌部分切除膀胱扩大术及输尿管抗反流术,1例行小肠膀胱扩大术,1例行输尿管抗反流术,术后配合清洁间歇导尿。其余10例行清洁间歇导尿,4例同时口服索利那新。结果2例小肠膀胱扩大术后膀胱容量明显增加,逼尿肌压明显下降,输尿管反流消失;2例逼尿肌部分切除膀胱扩大术者膀胱容量略有增加,逼尿肌压略有下降,仍存在输尿管反流。1例输尿管抗反流者反流消失。保守治疗患儿中,膀胱容量在正常容量的2/3以上且逼尿肌压较低的6例患儿中,2例尿失禁消失,2例失禁较前明显减轻,2例无改善;膀胱容量不足正常1/2,逼尿肌压较高的4例患儿中,尿失禁及输尿管反流无明显减轻;4例应用索立那新后逼尿肌过度活动明显减轻。结论尿动力学检查泌尿系超声和排泄性膀胱尿道造影是评价神经性膀胱的重要手段,神经性膀胱患儿要根据其评价结果采取个性化的治疗方案。     

改良Lich-Gregoir手术治疗神经性膀胱输尿管反流的评价

目的　探讨改良Lich Gregoir手术在治疗神经性膀胱输尿管反流中的应用。方法　神经性膀胱并输尿管反流患儿 12例 ,男 8例 ,女 4例 ,年龄 4～ 14岁 ,均为脊膜膨出修补术后。排泄性膀胱尿道造影 (VCUG)示膀胱输尿管反流左侧 5例 ,右侧 3例 ,双侧 4例 ,其中Ⅲ° 4条 ,Ⅳ° 10条 ,Ⅴ°2条。全部行改良Lich Gregoir输尿管抗反流术 ,同时行保留膀胱黏膜肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术。结果　术后 6个月随访 ,VCUG显示 16条反流的输尿管中 ,Ⅲ° 4条反流完全消失 ,Ⅳ°10条中 3条变为Ⅰ°,3条变为Ⅱ° ,1条变为Ⅲ°,3条无明显变化 ,Ⅴ°2条变为Ⅲ°。结论　神经性膀胱逼尿肌压增高 ,导致膀胱输尿管连接部功能失调 ,同时逼尿肌纤维化、膀胱挛缩 ,使得输尿管膀胱壁内段缩短 ,是输尿管反流的重要原因。行改良Lich Gregoir输尿管抗反流术的同时 ,须行膀胱扩大术 ,降低逼尿肌压 ,增加膀胱顺应性。     

神经源性膀胱患儿回肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术后长期随访

目的 探讨回肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术治疗神经源性膀胱患儿的远期疗效.方法 应用回肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术治疗神经源性膀胱患儿32例.男23例,女9例;8例术前合并双肾输尿管积水及双侧输尿管扩张,3例单侧膀胱输尿管返流,2例有轻度肾功能损害.对比手术前后主观症状[国际尿失禁咨询委员会问卷简表(ICI-Q-SF问卷)]、尿流动力学检查、泌尿系超声及逆行膀胱造影,评价术后疗效.术后所有患儿定期复查血电解质、肾功能及泌尿系超声,监测并发症.结果 随访5～12 a,26例(81.25%)临床症状好转或痊愈,6例(18.75%)无明显改善.术前ICI-Q-SF问卷评分为(18.1±1.0)分,随访结束为(7.8±2.5)分,二者比较差异有统计学意义(t=14.688,P=0.000).尿流动力学检查显示术后最大膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性较术前明显增加,充盈末逼尿肌压较术前降低.术后电解质、肾功能均正常.远期并发症5例:4例并症状性泌尿系感染,1例并膀胱结石.结论 回肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术治疗神经源性膀胱患儿并发症少,远期疗效比较理想.     

神经性膀胱输尿管反流治疗对策的探讨

目的探讨神经性膀胱患儿输尿管反流的治疗措施。方法脊膜修补术后神经性膀胱并输尿管反流患儿45例,男29例,女16例,年龄4～14岁。排泄性膀胱尿道造影(VCUG)示膀胱输尿管反流左侧19例,右侧11例．双侧15例,其中Ⅰ°-Ⅲ°12例(15条),Ⅲ°-Ⅴ°33例(45条)。Ⅰ°-Ⅱ°中,5例(7条)仅行清洁间歇导尿,7例(8条)行保留膀胱黏膜肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术；Ⅲ°-Ⅴ°中,9例(12条)仅行间歇导尿。24例(33条)行保留膀胱黏膜肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术,其中19例(28条)同时行Lich-Gregoir手术,术后配合间歇导尿。结果6个月后随访,Ⅰ°-Ⅱ°15条中,7条行清洁间歇导尿,3条反流消失(42．9%),8条行保留膀胱黏膜肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术者,6条反流减轻或消失(75．0%)；Ⅲ°-Ⅴ°45条中,12条行间歇导尿者,10条反流程度进一步加重,5条单纯行膀胱扩大术者,2条反流减轻或消失(40．0%),28条同时行Lich-Gregoir手术者,23条反流减轻或消失(82．1%)。结论神经性膀胱输尿管反流的治疗方法取决于输尿管反流的程度。Ⅰ°-Ⅱ°单纯行膀胱扩大术,也可考虑只行清洁间歇导尿；Ⅲ°-Ⅴ°反流须在行膀胱扩大术的同时行输尿管抗反流术,术后配合间歇导尿。     

脊髓拴系综合征手术前后尿流动力学评价的临床意义

目的：评价脊髓拴系系松解术后临床疗效与尿流动力学改变的关系,方法：20例脊髓拴系综合征患儿行拴系松解术,手术前及术后6个月行尿流动力学检查,结果：11例症状改善,术后膀胱顺应性,膀胱容量,充盈末尿道闭合压增加,逼尿肌压降低,残余尿减少,6例无改善,3例加重,结论：拴系松解术是治疗脊髓拴系综合征的有效方法,手术前后尿充动力学检查是指导治疗和评价疗效的客观指标。     

脊髓栓系的尿动力学表现及临床意义

目的：探讨及评价脊髓栓系的尿动力学表现及临床意义。方法：对66例脊髓栓系患儿行尿动力学检查、MRI和排泄性膀胱尿道造影。结果：58例患儿发现有尿动力学异常改变，逼尿肌反射亢进35例，反射低下25例，逼尿肌括约肌不协调27例。54例膀胱顺应性，逼尿肌压增加，53例 残余尿增加，51例膀胱容量减少。8例尿动力学表现正常。脊髓圆锥位置正常5例，位于L3－L5间32例，L5以下29例。输尿管反流16例。结论：脊髓栓系可导致尿动力学发生不同的异常改变，脊髓圆锥位置与尿动力学表现的类型及上尿路损害无相关关系，上尿路损害与逼尿肌括约肌不协调、逼尿肌压和患儿的年龄密切相关。尿动力学检查是评价下尿路功能和治疗的客观指标。     

托特罗定在小儿神经原性膀胱的应用评价

目的 评价托特罗定治疗小儿神经原性膀胱的有效性和安全性.方法 随访126例2002年1月至2009年9月收治的神经原性膀胱患儿,男71例,女55例,年龄(6.2±3.1)岁,全部病例行清洁间歇导尿,81例同时服用托特罗定(0.1 mg·kg-1·d-1,2次/d),45例未服用托特罗定.就诊时和治疗3个月后分别行尿动力学和临床评价.结果 导尿+药物组中8例因副作用终止治疗,其中3例出现口干,2例头晕,3例便秘加重,73例坚持服用托特罗定.就诊时导尿组膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(119.3±19.6)ml、(4.0±1.1)ml/cmH2O、(56.7±10.4)cmH2O.3个月后膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、逼尿肌压压分别为(122.0±20.1)ml、(4.1±1.1)ml/cmH2O、(55.8±10.9)cmH2O,无明显变化.11例(24.4%)逼尿肌过度活动减轻,13例(28.9%)漏尿分数下降.药物+导尿组就诊时膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(119.8±17.6)ml、(4.4±1.3)ml/cmH2O、(55.1±11.7)cmH2O,3个月后膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(149.6±23.1)ml、(7.5±2.3)ml/cmH2O、(38.4±11.6)cmH2O,膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性明显增加,膀胱内压降低.58例(79.5%)逼尿肌过度活动减轻,53例(73%)漏尿分数下降及家长表示满意.结论 托特罗定可抑制逼尿肌过度活动,降低膀胱内压,增加膀胱顺应性和膀胱容量,较少有副作用,有利于保护上尿路功能,并可减轻尿失禁的程度,对于反射亢进型小儿神经原性膀胱的治疗是安全、有效的.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tolteroding to treat neurogenic bladder in children. Methods 126 patients (71 boys and 55 girls of 6. 2 ± 3. 1 years old) with hyperreflexia neurogenic bladder who were treated during January 2002 to September 2009 were followed up. All patients were performed clean intermittent catheterization. 81 patients took tolterodine(0. 1mg· kg-1 ·d-1 ,2 times/d) and 45 patients did not use tolterodine. Urodynamic and leakage score were evaluated before the treatment and 3 months later. Results 8 patients stopped tolterodine due to side effect,such as dry mouth in 3, dizziness in 2, sever constipation in 3. 73 patients took tolterodine all the time. Before treatment, the bladder volume, compliance and detrusor pressure in catheterization group were 119. 3 ± 19. 6 ml、4. 0 ± 1. 1ml/cmH2O 、56. 7 ± 10. 4 cmH2O, respectively. Three months after the treatment, bladder volume, compliance and detrusor pressure were 122. 0 ± 20. 1 ml、4. 1 ± 1. 1ml/cmH2O 、 55. 8 ± 10. 9 cmH2O, respectively. There was no significant difference. Detrusor overactivity in 11 patients(24. 4％)and leakage score in 13 patients (28. 9％)decreased. Bladder volume, compliance and detrusor pressure in catheterization + tolterodine group in the beginning were 119. 8 ± 17. 6ml、4. 4 ± 1.3ml/cmH2O 、 55. 1 ± 11.7 cmH2O, respectively. 3 months later, bladder volume, compliance and detrusor pressure were 149. 6 ± 23. 1 ml、7. 5 ± 2. 3ml/cmH2O 、38. 4 ± 11.6 cmH2O, respectively. Bladder volume and compliance increased and detrusor pressure decreased significantly. Detrusor overactivity in 58 patients(79. 5％)and leakage score in 53 patients(73％)decreased. The parents satisfied with this result. Conclusions Tolterodine could inhibit the detrusor overactivity, so it could decrease detrusor pressure and increase bladder volume and compliance and protect kidney. It was effective to the children with hyperreflexia nerurogenic bladder.     

Botulinum toxin type A for neurogenic detrusor overactivity due to spinal cord lesions in children: A retrospective study of seven cases

ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness and safety of intradetrusor injections of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) used to treat neurogenic detrusor overactivity in children.Patients and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed the records of seven children treated at least once (7/7: one injection; 4/7: two and three injections; 2/7: four injections; 1/7: five injections) with intradetrusor BTA injections in 2005–2008, for neurogenic detrusor overactivity with incontinence despite timed bladder catheterizations and anticholinergic agents. Clinical, urodynamic, and imaging study data at baseline were collected. Clinical efficacy criteria were the urinary tract infection (UTI) rate, continence, and need for anticholinergic agents. The following urodynamic data were assessed: maximum catheterized volume without leakage, reflex volume, maximum detrusor pressure, and bladder compliance.ResultsSeven children received 18 injections. Social continence was achieved from the first injection. No further recurrent lower UTIs occurred. Maximum catheterized volume and reflex volume increased, and maximum detrusor pressure decreased. Detrusor compliance became interpretable and increased. Grade II right vesicoureteral reflux, present at baseline in one patient, resolved after BTA therapy. UTIs were the only adverse effects.ConclusionInjection with BTA proved effective and safe in the short term. This may be an alternative to surgery in children with neurogenic detrusor overactivity.     

Management of vesicoureteral reflux secondary to neurogenic bladder

The authors encountered 108 cases of vesicoureteral reflex (VUR) in 231 cases of neurogenic bladder complicating spina bifida. Bladder compliance and percent volume (% vol.) were measured pre- and postoperatively and the patients were divided into four groups retrospectively according to the treatment. Ninety-five percent of low-grade VUR (grades I and II) disappeared spontaneously with conservative therapy or after augmentation cystoplasty without antireflux surgery; 92% of high-grade VUR (grade III or more) required ureteral reimplantation with or without bladder augmentation. Reflux did not recur in any case of ureteral reimplantation with bladder augmentation, however, it did recur in 20.4% of the cases of simple ureteral reimplantation without bladder augmentation. Percent volume and bladder compliance in cases of recurrence following simple ureteral reimplantation were significantly lower than in the successful cases. This study suggests that low-grade VUR can resolve spontaneously with conservative therapy or with a suitable maneuver to improve bladder compliance. High-grade reflux in cases of preserved bladder volume (% vol.>75%) and compliance (>7 ml/cmH₂O) can be treated successfully with simple ureteral reimplantation, however, in cases of low volume (% vol.<60%) and low compliance (<4 ml/cmH₂O), reimplantation with bladder augmentation is recommended. Accepted: 6 January 1998     

Bladder perforation in augmentation cystoplasty during urodynamic investigation: A case report and review of the literature

BackgroundSpontaneous bladder rupture is a known complication of augmentation cystoplasty. We report the second case of bladder rupture during filling cystometry many years after bladder augmentation and the first case occurring in a patient with an autoaugmentation cystoplasty. In addition, the management and outcome for a bladder perforation in an autoaugmentation cystoplasty will be discussed.CaseA 20-year-old male with a history of an L4 myelomeningocele underwent an autoaugmentation cystoplasty for neurogenic bladder dysfunction and decreased bladder wall compliance five years previously. He self catheterized four times daily. During filling cystometry, detrusor pressure increased to 60 cm H₂O with 300 mL filling. Detrusor pressure then rapidly decreased to 20 cm H₂O without evidence of external leakage. The infusion was immediately stopped and X-ray showed intraperitoneal leakage of contrast material. Serial abdominal examination demonstrated worsening abdominal distension. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a 2 cm perforation within the autoaugment portion of the bladder.ConclusionAn autoaugmentation cystoplasty improves bladder compliance and capacity with the use of native urothelial tissue. Although perforation after autoaugmentation has not been previously reported, caution must be used during urodynamic evaluation in patients with decreased bladder wall compliance and augmentation cystoplasty.     

清洁间歇导尿在小儿神经源性膀胱治疗中的价值

目的 评价清洁间歇导尿在小儿神经源性膀胱治疗巾的临床意义.方法 脊髓栓系综合征患儿64例.男49例,女15例,年龄3～13岁.均已行脊髓栓系松解手术.临床表现为尿失禁,611例合并大便失禁.52例合并足畸形.就诊时和就诊后1年分别行尿动力学和排泄件膀胱尿道造影以及超声检查,治疗期间36例坚持间歇导尿.28例未能坚持间歇导尿.结果 导尿组开始有9例合并Ⅲ°以下输尿管反流.4例为单纯肾积水.膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(176±34.5)ml、(3.5±0.6)ml/cmH2O、(54.6±13.2)cmH2O.1年后3例输尿管反流消失,2例肾积水减轻,膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(188±30.3)ml、(3.7±0.9)ml/cmH2O、(50.6±11.8)cmH2O,4例发生尿路感染(11.1%).未导尿组开始有7例合并Ⅲ°以下输尿管反流,5例为单纯肾积水,膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(168±37.2)ml,(3.2±0.7)ml/cmH2O,(59.6±15.6)cmH2O.1年后13例合并输尿管反流.9例合并肾积水.膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(142±23.6)ml,(1.6±0.7)ml/cmH2O,(72.4±9.3)cmH2O.3例发生尿路感染(10.7%).结论清洁间歇导尿可保护膀胱功能.避免或减轻上尿路功能的损害,并不增加尿路感染的发生率.对于神经源性膀胱治疗有重要的应用价值.     

Effect of onabotulinumtoxinA treatment on symptoms and urodynamic findings in pediatric neurogenic bladder

ObjectiveTo evaluate clinical and urodynamic efficiency of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) treatment in pediatric patients with urinary incontinence due to neurogenic overactive bladder.Patients and methodsSeventeen patients aged from 6 to 17 years (median 11 years) were treated with Botox injections. Clinical response to incontinence, duration of the response, and urodynamic results before and 1–3 months after treatment were evaluated.ResultsMean incontinence frequency decreased significantly (p = 0.036); six of 17 patients had >90% reduction, and a further three patients had a 50–90% reduction in incontinence episodes. Median duration of the response was 15 months (range 3–42 months). Mean bladder volume changed from 380 ± 148 ml to 453 ± 147 (p = 0.078), maximal detrusor pressure decreased from 45 ± 31 cmH₂O to 32 ± 21 cmH₂O (p = 0.030), and the number of patients with detrusor contractions during filling decreased from 12 to three (p = 0.005) after the treatment. The patients with poor bladder compliance had either no response or a short duration of response. At follow-up eight patients had undergone bladder augmentation because of persistent incontinence.ConclusionsAbout one third of pediatric patients with neurogenic bladder had a good response to Botox treatment. In many patients, the clinical response was longer than expected. The patients who initially had poor bladder compliance had a poor response to the treatment.