奎硫平与利培酮门诊治疗首发精神分裂症的比较研究

目的以利培酮为对照,探讨奎硫平治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效和副作用.方法将78例符合CCMD-3和DSM-Ⅳ的精神分裂症诊断标准的首发病人随机分为两组,分别给予奎硫平和利培酮治疗8周.在治疗前及治疗2、4、6、8周时采用阳性症状和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定临床疗效,副反应量表(TESS)评定副反应. 结果治疗8周后的疗效近似(P>0.05);奎硫平组和利培酮组的显效率差异无显著性(P>0.05);奎硫平组的副反应发生率低于利培酮组,但差异无显著性(P>0.05).利培酮组锥体外系副反应和内分泌改变的发生均明显高于奎硫平组(P＜0.05).两药的副作用均以轻、中度多见.结论奎硫平和利培酮对首发精神分裂症的疗效相当,依从性好,副作用方面有一定的差异.     

奎硫平与利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者疗效及生活质量影响的对照研究

目的 探讨奎硫平与利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者疗效与生活质量影响.方法 将76例符合CCMD-3诊断标准的首发精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,分别给予奎硫平(n=38,A组)和利培酮(n=38,B组)治疗8周,采用阳性症状阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定临床疗效,副反应量表(TESS)评定副反应.结果 治疗8周后两组的疗效相似(P＞0.05),A组和B组显效率差异无显著性(P＞0.05);A组副反应发生率低于B组,但差异无显著性(P＞0.05),B组锥体外系反应和内分泌改变发生均高于A组(P＜0.05);A组和B组组内GQOLI-74评分治疗前后比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01),A组在躯体健康维度因子的改善显著优于B组(P＜0.01).结论 奎硫平对精神分裂症患者的疗效与利培酮相似,但副作用少,生活质量优于后者.     

阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗精神分裂症的对照研究

目的:以利培酮为对照,验证阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症的疗效及安全性.方法:将100例符合CCMD-3诊断标准的精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,阿立哌唑组50例,利培酮组50例.分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗8周.采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应.结果:两组治疗8周的疗效相当,有效率差异无显著性(P>0.05).阿屯哌唑组的锥体外系反应(EPS)发生明显低于利培酮组(P<0.05).结论:阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗精神分裂症疗效相当,不良反应较利培酮少,是一种安全有效的抗精神病药.     

阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗精神分裂症的双盲双模拟多中心研究

目的:研究阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗精神分裂症的疗效与安全性。方法:采用CCMD-3精神分裂症的诊断标准,223例精神分裂症患者随机分为阿立哌唑组(109例)和利培酮组(114例),治疗6周。治疗前后用阳性症状和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、临床疗效总评量表(CGI)和副反应量表(TESS)、锥体外系副反应量表(ESRS)评定疗效和安全性。结果:经6周治疗,223例患者完成研究。阿立哌唑组治愈率31.8%,有效率83.3%;利培酮组治愈率39.1%,有效率87.5%(P>0.05)。两组治疗前后PANSS总分、阳性症状、阴性症状、一般精神病理症状评分比较有显著差异(P<0.01)。阿立哌唑组阴性症状分治疗6周末下降较利培酮组明显,有显著差异(P<0.05)。治疗4周末、6周末阿立哌唑组反应缺乏分下降,和利培酮组比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。治疗4,6周末TESS评定阿立哌唑不良反应发生率低于利培酮(P<0.05)。阿立哌唑组主要不良反应是锥体外系副反应、失眠、头昏等。结论:阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者安全有效。     

阿立哌唑治疗首发精神分裂症30例

目的评估阿立哌唑治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效和副反应。方法将60例首发精神分裂症住院患者随机均分为两组，分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗8周。采用阳性症状与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、临床疗效总评量表的病情严重程度项（CGI～sI）和副反应量表（TESS）评定疗效与副反应。结果两组疗效和副反应发生率比较无显著性差异，但阿立哌唑的锥体外系反应和内分泌改变发生率显著低于利培酮。结论阿立哌唑治疗首发精神分裂症安全有效。     

阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的:探讨阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症的疗效及不良反应。方法:以阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗精神分裂症各30例作对照研究,采用阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、不良反应症状量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:两组RANSS总分在治疗后与治疗前比较有显著性差异(P<0.01),阿立哌唑组有效率93%,显效率83%,利培酮组有效率90%,显效率80%;两组间疗效无显著性差异(P>0.05),利培酮组副作用比阿立哌唑组多。结论:阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症疗效确切,且安全性高。     

奋乃静与阿立派唑对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能影响的对照分析

目的探讨阿立哌唑和奋乃静对首发患者认知功能的影响。方法将90例住院精神分裂症患者随机分为阿立哌唑治疗组和和奋乃静治疗组,每组45例,用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效,用韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS-RC)、临床记忆量表(CMS)评定认知功能。结果阿立派唑治疗组和奋乃静治疗组疗效相当,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。治疗后,阿立派唑组在WAIS-RC、CMS中各项得分均高于奋乃静组。CMS总分阿立派唑组高于奋乃静组,两者之间有显著差异性(P<0.01)。结论与奋乃静组相比,阿立哌唑组能更好地改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能,提高患者的智力水平。     

阿立哌唑与氯氮平治疗首发精神分裂症对照研究

目的 探讨阿立哌唑与氯氮平对首发精神分裂症患者的临床疗效及安全性.方法 对80例精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,分别给予阿立哌唑与氯氮平治疗,疗程8周.用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)和副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效和不良反应.结果 两组疗效差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),阿立哌唑不良反应显著少于氯氮平(P<0.01).结论 阿立哌唑与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效相当,某些不良反应较氯氮平组轻而少.     

阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的:探讨阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗精神分裂症的疗效和不良反应。方法:应用阿立哌唑与利培酮分别治疗精神分裂症各34例,疗程8周。用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效,用治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定药物不良反应。结果:两组PNSS总评分治疗前后差异有显著性。阿立哌唑组总有效率82.3%,利培酮组为82.3%,两者相同(P>0.05)。不良反应发生率:阿立哌唑组为19.82%,利培酮组为25.32%,阿立哌唑组低于利培酮组,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症有疗效好,且疗效相同。但不良反应少,是一种安全、有效的抗精神药。     

阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗女性精神分裂症患者的临床对照研究

目的比较阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗女性精神分裂症患者的疗效和安全性。方法采用随机、单盲对照的方法,将80例女性精神分裂症患者分为2组,分别使用阿立哌唑与利培酮对照治疗8周。采用阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效,副反应量表%(TESS)评定副反应。结果治疗8周后阿立哌唑组显效率87.5%;利培酮组显效率为82.5%,两组差异无显著性(P>0.05),阿立哌唑组总不良反应发生率为40%,利培酮组总不良反应发生率为45%,两组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论阿立哌唑适用女性精神分裂症患者的临床治疗,疗效好、安全性高、依从性好、不良反应轻(且有同有异)、锥体外系反应少、对体重和月经影响小,无溢乳的抗精神病药。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.