再次心脏瓣膜置换术43例临床分析

目的 总结43例人工心脏瓣膜再次置换手术的治疗方法及体会.方法 手术均经胸骨正中切口在体外循环下进行.其中行二尖瓣置换术(MVR)21例,主动脉瓣置换术(AVR)6例,二尖瓣置换加主动脉瓣置换术(DVR)10例,同期三尖瓣成形术(TVP)共23例,三尖瓣置换(TVR)6例.结果 住院期间死亡1例,其余患者心功能明显改善,出院时心功能改善至Ⅰ级36例、Ⅱ级7例.结论 把握好手术时机,术中良好的心肌保护,再次心脏瓣膜置换术是安全可行的.     

二次心脏瓣膜置换术23例报告

对23例心脏瓣膜置换术后患者行二次瓣膜置换。其中单独行二尖瓣置换术（MVR）11例,主动脉瓣置换术（AVR）2例,二尖瓣置换加主动脉瓣置换术（DVR）3例。同期三尖瓣成形术（TVP）共3例,三尖瓣置换术（TVR）7例。结果围术期发生并发症11例,死亡2例。认为再次心脏瓣膜置换术应早期进行。术前积极改善心功能,术中尽早建立体外循环、完善心肌保护,术后积极纠正低心排、预防并发症可减少手术病死率。     

二尖瓣及主动脉瓣联合瓣膜置换术112例分析

目的探讨二尖瓣及主动脉瓣联合瓣膜置换术治疗严重联合瓣膜病的临床价值。方法对112例行二尖瓣及主动脉瓣置换术的患者进行回顾性总结和分析,其中风湿性心脏病111例,退行性瓣膜病1例。术前心功能（NYHA）Ⅲ级76例,Ⅳ级12例,再次瓣膜置换8例。均采用胸部正中切口,全部切除二尖瓣90例,保留前瓣2例,保留后瓣10例,保留全瓣10例;术中同时行三尖瓣成形术68例。共置换人工心脏瓣膜224枚。结果手术病死率1．78％,术后早期并发症发生率25．89％。结论二尖瓣及主动脉瓣联合瓣膜置换术是治疗严重联合瓣膜病的最好方法。     

左心瓣膜置换术后远期三尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的:评价左心瓣膜置换术后三尖瓣重度关闭不全外科治疗效果。方法:对25例左心瓣膜置换术后,人工瓣膜功能正常,三尖瓣重度关闭不全患者行三尖瓣成形术或三尖瓣置换术;首次手术二尖瓣置换术17例,二尖瓣加主动脉瓣置换术8例,在首次手术中10例曾行三尖瓣DeVega法成形术。结果:三尖瓣成形术13例;三尖瓣置换术12例。术后早期死亡4例,病死率16%。随访7个月～8年,平均(5.1±2.6)年,2例三尖瓣置换患者死于心血管事件,长期生存15例,心功能Ⅱ级8例,Ⅲ级4例,Ⅳ级3例,多数仍需强心、利尿药维持,临床症状明显改善。结论:对左心瓣膜置换术后三尖瓣重度关闭不全患者外科手术是一种合适的选择。合理掌握手术指征、手术时机和良好的围手术期治疗是手术成功的关键。     

风湿性心脏病左心瓣膜置换同期三尖瓣成形术的效果分析

目的回顾性分析风湿性心脏病(风心病)左心瓣膜置换同期行三尖瓣成形术患者的资料,探讨不同三尖瓣成形手术的临床疗效分析。方法 45例风心病二尖瓣、主动脉瓣病变患者行人工机械瓣置换术,同期行三尖瓣成形术,采用Kay法15例、De Vega法18例及成形环成形12例,术后1、3、6个月通过超声心动图、心电图、胸部X片随访观察,评估术后心功能、三尖瓣反流及心电生理等恢复情况。结果各组患者术前一般临床资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后心功能均较术前有改善,成形环成形术后三尖瓣反流较Kay法、De Vega法改善明显,Kay法和De Vega法组患者的三尖瓣反流比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后均未发生房室传导阻滞等缓慢性心律失常。有2例Kay法和1例De Vega法术后患者因心功能不全再次入院治疗,1例成形环成形术后心包积液行心包穿刺术治疗恢复。结论风心病左心瓣膜置换同期行三尖瓣成形术,术后心功能改善明显。成形环成形法较Kay法、De Vega法术后三尖瓣反流再发生率低,值得在三尖瓣反流的患者中推广应用。     

1566例联合瓣膜置换手术早期疗效分析

目的:分析1566例联合瓣膜病变外科治疗的早期疗效。方法:回顾性分析我院联合瓣膜置换术的早期临床资料,本组1566例,占同期瓣膜手术患者34.6%(1566/4526),瓣膜疾病的病因以风湿性心脏病为最常见,占96.3%。男/女比例为654/912,年龄(45.51±15.48)岁,病程(12.42±7.75)年,术前心功能等级(NYHA,级)为3.11±1.72。本组全部患者行联合瓣膜置换术,其中心脏停跳下手术1259例,心脏不停跳下手术307例,行二尖瓣置换+主动脉瓣置换手术1510例,二尖瓣置换+三尖瓣置换手术8例,二尖瓣置换+主动脉瓣置换手术+三尖瓣置换手术例48例;另外,本组同期行三尖瓣环缩成形术342例,左心房血栓清除173例,左心房折叠术87例,冠状动脉搭桥手术27例,主动脉根部加宽21例。结果:手术早期病死率(住院病死率)为1.40%(22/1566),其余均痊愈出院。其中低心输出量综合征(低心排)死亡8例,严重心律紊乱(主要指心室颤动、心脏骤停)4例,呼吸衰竭3例,多脏器功能衰竭4例,肾衰竭1例,脑部并发症1例,主动脉根部破裂1例。结论:联合瓣膜置换术的主要并发症为低心排、顽固性心律紊乱、呼吸衰竭、多脏器功能衰竭及肾衰竭等;手术早期疗效好,中、远期疗效有待进一步随访研究。     

手术治疗重度主动脉瓣狭窄24例疗效分析

目的观察重度主动脉瓣狭窄的手术治疗效果。方法24例重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者均在全麻、低温及体外循环下行主动脉瓣置换,同期行主动脉瓣环扩大术2例、二尖瓣置换术5例、三尖瓣成形术5例。结果本组术后死亡2例,发生并发症8例,其中低心排综合征6例,急性肾功能不全2例。其余患者随访1~2 a,心功能恢复良好。结论瓣膜置换术是治疗重度主动脉瓣狭窄的有效方法。手术时机的选择、围术期的心肌保护、合适的瓣膜型号是提高手术成功率的重要因素。     

重症心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗(附75例报告)

对75例重症心脏瓣膜病患者施行瓣膜置换术。均采用机械瓣。患者术前心功能Ⅲ级28例,Ⅳ级47例。共行二尖瓣置换术29例．主动脉瓣置换术9例,二尖瓣＋主动脉瓣置换术37例。同时施行三尖瓣成形术62例,左房血栓清除术17例,左房成形术12例,冠状动脉搭桥术4例。术后早期死亡5例。认为良好的术前准备、恰当的手术时机和手术方式．积极防治并发症可提高重症心脏瓣膜病的疗效。     

高龄、高危心脏瓣膜病人瓣膜置换28例治疗观察

目的 总结高龄和高危心脏瓣膜病人行瓣膜置换术的疗效,探讨影响手术疗效因素及手术适应证.方法 2000年3月～2005年10月,共行高龄（年龄超过65岁）和高危心脏瓣膜置换术28例：单纯二尖瓣置换17例;主动脉瓣置换3例;二尖瓣及主动脉瓣置换6例;行二尖瓣置换及冠状动脉旁路移植术2例.同期行三尖瓣成形术21例.结果 术后早期并发症18例;晚期死亡1例,死因为肺出血.术后2周、3个月复查超声心动图示各心腔内径较术前明显缩小.随防出院者时间3～36个月,术后心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级27例,Ⅲ级1例.结论 提高高龄和高危心脏病人手术疗效的关键是选择合适手术时机,妥善处理围术期和术后高危因素.     

瓣膜置换术治疗重症风湿性心脏瓣膜疾病51例临床观察

目的探讨瓣膜置换术治疗重症风湿性心脏瓣膜疾病的临床经验。方法51例重症风湿性心脏瓣膜病患者行中、低温体外循环下阻断升主动脉手术,二尖瓣置换26例,主动脉瓣置换9例,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣联合置换16例。结果无手术死亡;术后发生并发症19例,术后早期死亡3例,48例痊愈出院,随访心功能恢复到Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。结论加强围术期监测和管理可提高瓣膜置换术治疗重症风湿性心脏瓣膜疾病的疗效。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.