原发性高血压不同危险度分层中血管活性物质的水平及药物治疗的影响

目的:观察原发性高血压患者不同危险度分层的血浆肾上腺髓质素（ADM）、内皮素-1（ET-1）、假性血友病因子（VWF）及心房钠尿肽（ANP）的水平及临床意义。方法:随机选取不同危险度分层的原发性高血压患者100例。30例正常人对照。测定血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）治疗前后血浆ADM、ET-1、VWF、ANP浓度的变化。ADM、ET-1、ANP采用放免分析法,VWF采用酶联免疫法。结果:治疗前各组与对照组比较,ADM、ET-1、VWF、ANP显著升高（P<0.05或P<0.01）。治疗后各组ADM、VWF、ET-1、ANP显著降低（P<0.01）。结论:ADM、ET-1、VWF、ANP与原发性高血压危险度分层相关。通过治疗可降低ADM、ET-1、VWF、ANP的水平,改善内皮功能。     

Clinical significance of plasma endothelin-1 in patients with chronic liver disease

To determine the clinical significance of plasma endothelin-1 in chronic liver disease, these levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. The plasma endothelin-1 levels in patients with cirrhosis (N=16) (2.04 ± 0.25 pg/ml) and patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (N=22) (2.23 ± 0.17 pg/ml) increased significantly compared with controls (N=16) (1.17 ± 0.17 pg/ml) and patients with chronic hepatitis (N=11) (1.09 ± 0.19 pg/ml) (P<0.01). The presence of ascites rather than tumor volume was associated with a significant elevation of endothelin-1. Endothelin-1 showed significant negative correlations with parameters of hepatic function, including indocyanine green clearance, serum albumin, and prothrombin time. Although endothelin-1 was not correlated with plasma renin activity and plasma endotoxin, it demonstrated a significant positive correlation with the plasma level of atrial natriuretic peptide (r=0.42,P<0.01). These findings demonstrate that plasma endothelin-1 increased in proportion to the severity of liver damage and may be causally related with the derangement of systemic/renal hemodynamics and fluid and electrolyte homeostasis seen in advanced liver disease.     

高血压病患者左心室舒张功能与血清脂联素浓度关系的临床研究

目的探讨原发性高血压(EH)患者左心室舒张功能与血清脂联素(Adiponectin)浓度关系的临床研究。方法采用放免法测定50例正常人和64例EH患者的血清脂联素浓度。用多普勒组织成像(DTI)技术检测正常人及EH患者二尖瓣环舒张早期运动速度(Ea)、舒张晚期运动速度(Aa)及Ea/Aa,比较其测值与血清脂联素浓度的相关性。结果EH患者组二尖瓣环DTI参数及血清脂联素浓度明显低于正常对照组(P<0.01);EH患者组血清脂联素浓度与Ea、Ea/Aa呈正相关(r=0.44P<0.01,r=0.56P<0.01)。结论检测血清脂联素浓度有利于EH患者左心室舒张功能受损程度的判断。     

Fosinopril improves left ventricular diastolic function in young mildly hypertensive patients without hypertrophy

To clarify whether fosinopril monotherapy can improve left ventricular diastolic function (LVDF) in young mildly hypertensives without hypertrophy, we studied 66 patients (pts) with diastolic blood pressure 90–100 mmHg, aged <45 years, with normal 2-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo), and impaired DF. Impaired DF was defined as a Doppler transmitral early (E) to atrial (A) filling velocity ratio (E/A ratio) <1. Thirty-eight pts were selected for fosinopril monotherapy. Mean age was 36 years. Duration of documented hypertension was 5.4 years. Mean daily dose of fosinopril was 20 mg. Twenty-eight controls were treated with hydrochlorothiazide and hydralazine combination. Sixty-six age- and sex-matched healthy subjects served to establish normal reference values of 2-D and Doppler echo measurements. All hypertensives were treated for 30 months and re-examined 4 weeks after cessation of treatment. The fosinopril-treated group showed improvements in transmitral E (52 ± 8 cm/s, vs. 61 ± 9 cm/s, p < 0.01), A (56 ± 9 cm/s, vs. 47 ± 6 cm/s, p < 0.05), and E/A ratio (0.93 ± 0.16, vs. 1.29 ± 0.18, p < 0.01). Moreover, the early to atrial velocity-time integral ratio (1.31 ± 0.10, vs. 2.24 ± 0.10, p < 0.001) improved. The pulmonary venous flow pattern normalized after fosinopril therapy. LV mass index, relative wall thickness, LV dimension, left atrial dimension, fractional shortening, heart rate, and body mass index did not change. The hydrochlorothiazide-hydralazine combination-treated group did not show an improved diastolic function. It is concluded that long-term fosinopril monotherapy leads to an improvement of impaired LVDF in young mildly hypertensives without hypertrophy.     

多普勒超声心动图对高血压病左室舒张功能的评价

本文对２４例高血压病人（１２例为心肌肥厚组，１２例为无心肌肥厚组）及２４例正常人进行了多普勒超声研究，发现高血压病心肌肥厚组ＰＶＥ降低，ＩＲＴＩ延长，ＰＶＡ、ＡＩ、ＡＦＦ、ＡＥＦ增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；而三组间的ＬＶＥＦ值无显著差异，结果表明：高血压病左室舒张早期功能降低与心室肥厚有关；舒张晚期左房射血代偿性增强对维持心脏的收缩功能有一定意义；左房射血力（ＡＥＦ）这一新指标可能为早期发现高血压病舒张功能改变提供依据。     

原发性高血压患者早期心脏舒张功能及其影响因素

目的探讨人口学情况对原发性高血压(高血压)发生的影响,分析各因素对高血压患者心脏舒张功能的综合影响。方法对2016年1月至2018年11月芜湖市第五人民医院60例新发现高血压Ⅰ级患者(试验组)和30名健康体检的志愿者(对照组)进行研究,比较两组研究对象血脂、肝及肾功能、收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、左心室舒张期内径(left ventricular internal diastolic diameter,LVIDd)、室间隔厚度(interventricular septal thickness,IVST)、左心室后壁厚度(left ventricular posterior wall thickness,LVPWT)、左心室质量指数(left ventricular mass index,LVMI)、心率、血糖的差异,分析各影响因素对高血压患者心脏舒张功能的综合影响。结果试验组患者有高血压家族史、年龄60岁及以上人数比例及体质量指数显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组患者血脂异常、肝及肾功能异常人数比例及SBP、DBP、IVST、LVPWT、LVMI、血糖显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析结果显示影响高血压患者舒张压水平的主要因素为年龄(OR=5.155)、DBP(OR=4.759)、LVMI(OR=4.482)。结论高血压好发于高龄、高体质量指数、血脂和肝及肾功能异常的人群,年龄、DBP、LVMI对患者舒张压功能的影响尤为明显。     

Cardiac diastolic abnormalities and atrial natriuretic factor in essential hypertension

Cardiac function and plasma levels of atrial natriuretic factor(ANF) were studied in a group of 38 patients with untreatedessential hypertension and in a group of 31 well matched normotensivecontrols. ANF was slightly but significantly higher in hypertensivesand was directly correlated with mean arterial pressure andinversely with plasma renin activity (PRA). Hypertensives showednormal systolic function and higher cardiac mass compared tocontrols. ANF was inversely correlated to echocardiographicindexes of left ventricular performance in the former group.At Doppler echocardiographic evaluation, hypertensives showedan impairment in diastolic function which was correlated tothe increase in ANF levels. Stepwise multiple regression analysisperformed with ANF as the dependent variable and several biohumoraland echocardiographic parameters as the independent variablesshowed that only cardiac diastolic function and PRA significantlyaffect ANF levels in hypertensives. In conclusion, an impairmentin cardiac diastolic function may be responsible together withother factors for the increased ANF levels encountered in essentialhypertension.     

应用组织多普勒成像技术对高血压病左室舒张功能的评估

目的探求无创评价左室舒张功能的新方法。方法应用组织多普勒成像（DTI）及脉冲多普勒（PWD）技术检测高血压患者二尖瓣环舒张期运动速度（E、A）及二尖瓣口血流频谱（e、a）,并进行对比研究。结果①高血压病患者e、e/a较正常对照组明显降低（P<0.01）,左室等容舒张时间及减速时间显著延长（P<0.01）,但左室肥厚（LVH）组与non-LVH组间无显著差异。②正常人E/A与年龄呈负相关,高血压病患者的相关性减低（P<0.05,P<0.01）。③高血压病患者E、E/A较正常对照组明显减低（P<0.01）,且LVH组比non-LVH组降低更加显著（P<0.01）。④DTI检测左室充盈假性正常化组二尖瓣环E/A<1。结论DTI能更准确地测定高血压病患者二尖瓣环舒张期运动速度的改变,评价左室舒张功能受损程度优于传统的血流多普勒法。     

Relaxation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hypertensive heart disease: relations between hypertrophy and diastolic function

AIM—To determine the relation between the extent and distribution of left ventricular hypertrophy and the degree of disturbance of regional relaxation and global left ventricular filling.
METHODS—Regional wall thickness (rWT) was measured in eight myocardial regions in 17 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 12 patients with hypertensive heart disease, and 10 age matched normal subjects, and an asymmetry index calculated. Regional relaxation was assessed in these eight regions using regional isovolumetric relaxation time (rIVRT) and early to late peak filling velocity ratio (rE/A) derived from Doppler tissue imaging. Asynchrony of rIVRT was calculated. Doppler left ventricular filling indices were assessed using the isovolumetric relaxation time, the deceleration time of early diastolic filling (E-DT), and the E/A ratio.
RESULTS—There was a correlation between rWT and both rIVRT and rE/A in the two types of heart disease (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: r = 0.47, p < 0.0001 for rIVRT; r = −0.20, p < 0.05 for rE/A; hypertensive heart disease: r = 0.21, p < 0.05 for rIVRT; r = −0.30, p = 0.003 for rE/A). The degree of left ventricular asymmetry was related to prolonged E-DT (r = 0.50, p = 0.001) and increased asynchrony (r = 0.42, p = 0.002) in all patients combined, but not within individual groups. Asynchrony itself was associated with decreased E/A (r = −0.39, p = 0.01) and protracted E-DT (r = 0.69, p < 0.0001) and isovolumetric relaxation time (r = 0.51, p = 0.001) in all patients. These correlations were still significant for E-DT in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (r = 0.56, p = 0.02) and hypertensive heart disease (r = 0.59, p < 0.05) and for isovolumetric relaxation time in non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 8, r = 0.87, p = 0.005).
CONCLUSIONS—Non-invasive ultrasonographic examination of the left ventricle shows that in both hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hypertensive heart disease, the local extent of left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with regional left ventricular relaxation abnormalities. Asymmetrical distribution of left ventricular hypertrophy is indirectly related to global left ventricular early filling abnormalities through regional asynchrony of left ventricular relaxation.


Keywords: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; hypertensive heart disease; isovolumetric relaxation; diastolic function     

2型糖尿病患者左心室舒张功能与B型脑钠肽的关系

目的分析2型糖尿病患者左心室舒张功能与B型脑钠肽的关系。方法收集100例2型糖尿病患者(B型脑钠肽≥100 pg/mL)。超声心动图测量指标包括左心房收缩末期容积指数(LAVI)、舒张早期二尖瓣血流峰值与舒张晚期血流峰值的比值(E/A)、左心室射血分数。用SPSS 18.0软件对测量数据进行Pearson相关分析。结果100例2型糖尿病患者心率为(81.8±5.6)次/min,B型脑钠肽浓度为(269.1±201.9)pg/mL,左心室射血分数为61.1%±5.8%,E/A值为0.83±0.07,左心房收缩末期容积指数为(20.07±4.38)mL/m2。E/A、左心房收缩末期容积指数与B型脑钠肽呈正相关(r=0.062,P=0.539;r=0.762,P<0.01)。结论 BNP和LAVI可有望作为早期识别左心室舒张功能不全或评价治疗效果的指标。     

彩色多普勒评价高血压左心室舒张功能的价值

目的　探讨多普勒组织成像 (DTI)技术评价高血压病 (EH)患者左心室舒张功能的价值 ,以寻求一种可靠、客观的评价高血压左心室舒张功能的新方法。方法　采用放免法测定 2 0例正常人和 4 2例 EH患者 (伴心肌肥厚者2 0例和不伴心肌肥厚者 2 2例 )的血清 I型前胶原 (PC )和 型前胶原 (PC )的浓度。用 DTI法检测正常人及 EH患者二尖瓣环舒张早期运动速度 (Ea)、舒张晚期运动速度 (Aa)及 Ea/Aa,并用二尖瓣血流多普勒法检测舒张期血流速度 E、A及 E/A,比较两种方法测值与血清 PC 、PC 型前胶原的相关性。结果　 1.EH患者非左心室肥厚(non- L VH )组及左心室肥厚 (L VH )组二尖瓣口血流参数、二尖瓣环 DTI参数均明显低于正常对照组 (P<0 .0 1) ;2 .EH患者 non- L VH组与 L VH组间 E、E/A无明显差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,但 L VH组 Ea、Ea/Aa明显低于 non- L VH组(P<0 .0 5 ) ;3.EH患者 non- L VH组血清 PC 、PC 与 E/A及 Ea/Aa均呈负相关 ;而 L VH组血清 PC 、PC 与Ea/Aa亦呈负相关 ,与 E/A无明显相关。结论　 DTI能更准确定量高血压患者二尖瓣环舒张期运动速度的改变 ,DTI法检测二尖瓣环运动速度之比与反应心肌纤维化程度的血清 PC 、PC 浓度相关良好 ,有利于舒张功能受损程度的判断 ,优于传统的二尖瓣口血流法。     

非阻塞性冠状动脉粥样硬化患者血管内皮功能与左室舒张功能的关系

目的 探讨非阻塞性冠状动脉粥样硬化患者血管内皮功能与左室舒张功能的关系。方法 选取2013.6～2015.6宣武医院心脏内科收治的因胸痛疑诊冠心病、经冠脉造影检查证实为非阻塞性冠状动脉粥样硬化症（冠状动脉狭窄＜50%）患者119例,其中男性55例,女性64例,年龄31～85岁,平均年龄60岁。专业培训人员采用标准化问卷调查记录患者临床资料,行超声心动图和肱动脉血流介导内皮依赖性血管舒张功能（FMD）检测,分为FMD正常组（FMD＞10%）和减低组（FMD≤10%）。结果 两组人群基本临床资料无显著性差异（P值均＞0.05）。左室结构指标室间隔厚度、左室后壁厚度、左室舒张末内径、左室质量指数两组间比较无显著性差异（P值均＞0.05）。左室收缩功能指标每搏输出量、心输出量、左室短轴缩短率及射血分数组间比较也无显著性差异（P值均＞0.05）。FMD降低组较FMD正常组E/A比值显著减低（P＜0.001）、E/e’比值显著升高（P=0.006）,控制年龄等影响因素,偏相关分析显示FMD与E/A比值存在显著正相关（r=0.261,P=0.005）,FMD与E/e’呈显著负相关（r=-0.203,P=0.033）。结论 在非阻塞性冠状动脉粥样硬化人群中,内皮功能与左室舒张功能密切相关,内皮功能不全患者左室舒张功能明显减退。     

超声评价原发性扩张型心肌病舒张功能障碍及其与收缩功能的关系

目的 :探讨原发性扩张型心肌病 （DCM）是否存在主动舒张功能障碍及舒张功能障碍与收缩功能障碍的关系。方法 :DCM患者 5 6例 ,彩色超声诊断仪常规方法测量 L VEDD,L AD,L VEF,L VEDV,L VESV,E,A,E/ A ,IVRT,DT。结果 :1仅有舒张功能障碍 8例 （14%） ,收缩功能障碍和舒张功能障碍并存者 48例 （86 %）。 2主动舒张功能障碍 ,即 IVRT≥ 10 0 m s者 2 1例 （38%） ,IVRT<10 0 ms者 35例 （6 2 %） ,两组比较 ,前者 L VEF高 ,L AD小 ,E低 ,A高 ,E/ A大 （P<0 .0 5 ）。IVRT≥ 10 0 ms时 ,控制变量 L VEF情况下 ,IVRT与 L VEDD呈正相关 （r=0 .39,P<0 .0 5 ） ,未发现 L VEF与 E/ A或 E相关 （均 r=- 0 .2 2 ,P>0 .0 5 ） ;以 IVRT 110 ms为分界点分成两组 ,IVRT≥110 ms组较 <110 ms组 L VEDD大 （74± 9vs 6 6± 10 m m,P<0 .0 5 ） ,而 L VEF无显著差别。 3DT≥ 15 0 m s者 2 1例 ,DT<15 0 m s者 35例 ,两组比较 ,前者 IVRT长 ,L VEDV小 （P<0 .0 5 ） ,而 L VEF,L AD,L VEDD,E,A,E/ A,L VESV无显著差别。结论 :DCM存在主动舒张功能障碍 ,随着主动舒张功能障碍加重 ,收缩功能下降增剧。     

依那普利对老年高血压病病人左室舒张功能改善的临床观察

应用平衡法放射性核素心室造影，观察了依那普利（悦宁啶）对老年高血压病患者左室舒张功能的影响。结果表明：血压治疗后较治疗前明显降低，其中收缩压治疗后（１８．５±１．８ｋＰａ）较治疗前（２２．５±２．７ｋＰａ）明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），舒张压治疗后（１０．６±１．１ｋＰａ）较治疗前（１３．７±１．４ｋＰａ）明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），左室舒张功能得到不同程度改善。平均充盈率（ＭＦＲ）治疗后（１．５００４±０．３５２３）较治疗前（１．３９１１±０．４０８５）明显提高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；１／３充盈分数（１／３ＦＦ）治疗后（０．３４４５±０．１３０４）较治疗前（０．２７７９±０．１１５）明显提高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示依那普利在有效地降低血压的同时，亦能确切地改善左室舒张功能。     

Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with so-called lone atrial fibrillation

Lone atrial fibrillation (AF) is defined by the absence of identifiable causes of AF, but its hemodynamics have not been investigated. Twenty-eight patients with lone AF were compared with 14 control patients referred for Wolff-Parkinson-White ablation. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography were performed to rule out structural heart disease, followed by transseptally performed complete hemodynamic evaluation of the left heart systolic and diastolic function. There was no evidence of diastolic dysfunction according to echocardiographic criteria in AF and control patients. There was no difference in echocardiographic measurements, except for a significantly higher inferosuperior left atrial dimension seen in the four-chamber apical view in AF patients (51+/-10 vs 40+/-6 mm, P = 0.03). Hemodynamic evaluation showed that end-diastolic left ventricular pressure and the nadir of the left atrial Y descent were significantly higher in lone AF patients versus controls: 13+/-5 versus 8+/-3 mmHg (P = 0.001) and 6.7+/-3 versus 4.6+/-2.7 mmHg (P = 0.05). Our results demonstrated the presence of diastolic left heart dysfunction in patients with so-called lone AF.     

Assessment of systolic and diastolic left ventricular and left atrial function using vector velocity imaging in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

Five adult patients with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) diagnosed by usual criteria were studied with velocity vector imaging (VVI) on admission and at follow-up, when their LV function had improved, as assessed by 2D TTE wall-motion score (WMS) index. Averaged peak segmental longitudinal strain (S) in systole, and velocity (V) and strain rate (SR) in both systole and diastole were measured from apical 4- (A4C) and 2-chamber views (A2C) in all patients. The data obtained by VVI were analyzed separately for involved and uninvolved segments, which were independently assessed by WMS. In the involved segments, systolic S, V, SR, and diastolic SR improved (P-value < 0.05) on follow-up. Diastolic V showed a trend toward improvement but did not reach statistical significance. In the uninvolved segments, none of the parameters improved significantly either during systole or diastole. In three of these five patients, left atrial (LA) walls were also studied by placing region of interest (ROI) points in the middle of each wall. Peak segmental LA systolic and diastolic V and SR as well as systolic S were obtained for both involved and uninvolved LA walls which were assessed independently using WMS similar to LV. In the involved LA walls, none of the atrial systolic and diastolic parameters changed significantly but all parameters with the exception of systolic V showed a tendency toward improvement during follow-up. Among the uninvolved LA walls, none changed significantly but atrial systolic SR and, diastolic V and SR tended to increase during follow-up. Our retrospective study using VVI demonstrates that TC patients also have LV systolic and diastolic longitudinal dysfunction, not just systolic radial dysfunction as assessed by traditional 2D TTE indices. Longitudinal LA dysfunction may also be present.     

运动试验Ptfv1异常与左室舒张功能的关系及临床意义

目的 :探讨运动试验诱发心电图 V1导联终末电势 (Ptfv1)异常的临床意义。方法 :以 Ptfv1<- 0 .0 3mm· s及超声心动图 E/ A<1为异常标准 ,对 2 0 5例运动试验 Ptfv1与 E/ A异常发生率的关系进行分析。结果 :在运动试验诱发 Ptfv1异常合并 ST异常组 (n=30 )及单纯 Ptfv1异常组 (n=4 2 )中 ,E/ A异常者高达 90 .0 %及 85.7% ,显著高于运动试验正常组 (n=75) (P<0 .0 0 5)及单纯 ST异常组(n=58) (P<0 .0 0 5)。结论 :运动试验 Ptfv1异常与 E/ A异常 (左心室舒张功能障碍 )有关 ,可作为反映早期左心室舒张功能异常的心电图指标。     

Acute effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on left ventricular diastolic function: A pulsed wave Doppler study in man

Doppler echocardiographic indices of diastolic function andsystemic haemodynamics were studied in response to infusionsof atrial natriuretic peptide (0.5, 1, 2, 5 pmol.kg^–1.min^–1)and placebo (0.9%(w/v) saline) in ten normal male subjects.Compared with placebo, atrial natriuretic peptide infusion produceda significant and dose-related reduction in the isovolumic relaxationtime [(mean and 95% CI) –5.9 (–9.2 To –2.6)ms (P<0.01) at 5pg. kg^–1 min^–1 and a significantincrease in the ratio between early and late transmitral peakvelocities [0.46 (0.02 to 0.89) (P<0.05) at 5 pg. kg^–1min^–1]. No significant changes in heart rate, blood pressureor aortic stroke distance were observed with infusion of atrialnatriuretic peptide compared with placebo. These data suggestthat pathophyisological plasma concentrations of atrial natriureticpeptide improve diastolic function by increasing the rate ofmyocardial relaxation.     

非酒精性脂肪性肝炎患者心脏舒张功能变化及其与肝功能的相关性研究

目的了解NASH患者心脏舒张功能。方法采用彩色多普勒超声心动图检查64例单纯性脂肪肝(SFL)、56例脂肪性肝炎(NASH)患者和120例正常对照者。应用E/A比值评价心脏的舒张功能。结果 NASH组心脏舒张功能不全(DCD)的发生率为44.6%,显著高于SFL组的10.9%及正常对照组的5.0%(P0.01);正常对照组、SFL组及NASH组E/A比值分别为1.3±0.2、1.3±0.2和1.0±0.3(P0.01);NASH组ALT、AST和GGT水平比SFL组及正常对照组显著升高(P0.01)。结论 NASH患者常伴有DCD和血清GGT显著升高。