腹腔镜胃癌根治术中并发症的预防及处理策略

正随着腹腔镜手术技术的提高和器械的发展,腹腔镜胃癌根治术逐步由治疗早期胃癌拓展到进展期胃癌。D2根治术是目前治疗进展期胃癌的标准手术方式,李国新教授为主要研究者的CLASS-01研究的初步分析结果为腹腔镜胃癌D2淋巴结清扫术的安全性、可行性提供了循证医学支持,然而腹腔镜胃癌手术的解剖层次复杂,胃周血液供应丰富,淋巴结清扫难度大,手术团队配合要求很高~([1])。日本内     

胃癌第2站淋巴结清扫方法的研究

目的总结胃癌第2站淋巴结清扫的手术体会。方法对57例胃癌D2淋巴结清扫手术方法及结果进行回顾性研究,统计淋巴结清扫数目、手术失血量、术后并发症,总结安全彻底的胃癌第2站淋巴结清扫经验及术中注意事项。结果 57例胃癌患者D2手术均取得成功,共清扫淋巴结1543枚,平均27.07枚;淋巴结癌转移共486枚,转移率31.5%。手术失血量平均244.7ml。术后并发症发生率22.8%,未出现淋巴结清扫相关的并发症。结论在熟悉胃周局部解剖,掌握淋巴结清扫技术,遵循解剖层次分离的基础上,是可以安全彻底地进行胃癌第2站淋巴结清扫的。     

腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术：附54例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术的安全性和可行性.方法 对54例胃癌患者进行腹腔镜辅助下胃癌根治术,其中根治性全胃切除术12例,近端胃大部切除术18例,远端胃大部切除术24例;淋巴结清扫D1式29例,D2式25例.结果 54例均成功完成腹腔镜手术.平均手术时间全胃切除(164.4±38.7)min,近端胃切除(142.4±35.2)min,远端胃切除(149.1±35.4)min.平均术中出血量全胃切除(164.6±80.1)mL,近端胃切除(149.5±94.7)mL,远端胃切除(152.5±87.7)mL.清扫淋巴结数平均(19.1±6.2)枚/例.术后平均胃肠功能恢复时间(3.5±0.7)h.术后发生吻合口出血2例,均经非手术治疗止血;无吻合口瘘、吻合口梗阻、十二指肠残端瘘等并发症.术后住院时间平均(9.2±1.7)d.结论 腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术安全、可行;只要严格遵守肿瘤的手术原则,腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术能够保持肿瘤的根治性,同时能体现手术的微创性.     

经脐单孔腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术

目的探讨经脐单孔腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术的可行性、安全性和治疗效果。方法患者女,53岁,病理回报为胃窦腺癌,于2011年6月17日应用常规的腹腔镜器械行经脐单孔腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术,患者气管插管全身麻醉满意后,于脐下缘取3em弧形切口建立气腹,探查腹腔,游离胃大弯,用腹腔镜直线切割吻合器离断十二指肠及远端胃,在距十二指肠悬韧带40em空肠处切一小口,行胃空肠吻合、空肠空肠吻合。结果成功的应用常规腹腔镜器械完成了经脐单孔腹腔镜下根治性胃癌切除术,D2式淋巴结清扫。手术时间为185min,术中失血量为146ml,患者术后3d排气下床活动,5d进流食,引流管于术后6d拔除,术后住院13d。随访4个月,无并发症发生。结论经脐单孔腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术是安全、有效、可行的,但仍需更多病例的研究证实。     

全腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术胃空肠非离断式Roux-en-Y吻合51例疗效分析

目的 探讨全腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术胃空肠非离断式（Uncut）Roux-en-Y吻合的安全性、可行性和短期疗效。方法 回顾性分析2014年9月至2015年12月上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院实施的全腹腔镜远端胃癌D2根治术胃空肠Uncut Roux-en-Y吻合51例临床资料,观察手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫总数、并发症发生率、住院天数和随访结果。结果 全组51例病例均在全腹腔镜下成功完成,无中转开腹,无术中并发症,无手术相关死亡。手术平均时间为170（135～210）min,其中消化道重建时间为27（24～41）min,术中平均失血为60（30～110）mL。术后平均排气时间2（1～3）d,手术后平均住院天数8（7～12）d。术后1例（2.0%）出现吻合口出血,予以保守治疗后好转。无吻合口漏、十二指肠残端瘘和Roux滞留综合征等相关并发症发生。术后短期随访9（5～20）个月。术后每6个月复查胃镜和胃肠道造影,无反流性胃炎,无空肠阻断处再通。结论 全腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术胃空肠Uncut Roux-en-Y吻合安全、可行,且具有全腹腔镜下操作简便,术后近期再通率低,既避免了Billroth-Ⅱ式吻合的反流性胃炎,又避免了Roux-en-Y吻合的Roux滞留综合征,有临床应用价值。     

完全腹腔镜远端胃癌D_2根治术毕Ⅰ式吻合(德尔塔吻合)(附23例报告)

目的:探讨完全腹腔镜远端胃癌D2根治术毕Ⅰ式吻合技术的可行性与安全性。方法:回顾总结2012年4月至2013年7月为23例远端胃癌患者行完全腹腔镜下胃癌D2根治术毕Ⅰ式吻合的临床资料。结果:23例均顺利完成远端胃大部切除胃十二指肠毕Ⅰ吻合术,无一例中转开腹。手术时间170~280 min,平均(228±46)min;术中出血量30~170 ml,平均(60±23)ml;术中行德尔塔吻合的时间为23~45 min,平均(31±21)min;清扫淋巴结17~29枚,平均(25±9)枚。术后病理分期ⅠB期9例、Ⅱ期14例。结论:胃十二指肠毕Ⅰ吻合术操作简单、可行,手术更加安全、便捷,尤其对于进展期胃癌的治疗更加符合消化道的生理解剖,利于胃肠功能的恢复,是安全、有效的完全腹腔镜下胃大部切除术后的重建方式。     

腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术的临床应用

目的探讨腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术的可行性及手术方法。方法行腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术15例,D1清扫3例,D2/D2 12例。全部病例均行毕Ⅱ式胃空肠吻合。结果15例成功进行腹腔镜手术。手术时间平均(218.6±31.6)min,术中出血量平均(132.4±21.3)ml,清扫淋巴结平均(33.4±13.6)个。肿瘤近端切缘(6.6±0.9)cm,远端切缘(5.4±0.6)cm,术后肛门排气时间平均(3.5±0.6)d,无手术死亡,无吻合口漏,术后并发肺部感染1例,经治疗后痊愈。术后随访1~10个月,无肿瘤复发或转移。结论腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术能达到与开腹胃癌标准根治术(D2)的淋巴结清扫范围及肿瘤切缘,且具有创伤小、出血少、术后恢复快等优点。     

基于胃十二指肠重叠法三角吻合的全机器人远端胃癌根治术的临床应用（附2例报告）

目的 探讨基于胃十二指肠重叠法三角吻合的全机器人远端胃癌根治术临床应用的可行性和安全性。方法 回顾性分析2017年11月,2例使用达芬奇Si机器人手术系统,行全机器人远端胃癌根治术病人的临床资料。结果 病例1为33岁女性远端胃癌病人,病例2为77岁男性病人。两者均成功完成全机器人远端胃癌D2淋巴结清扫以及胃十二指肠重叠法三角吻合,手术时间分别为210 min和240 min。术中出血量20 mL和100 mL;淋巴结清扫数目为32枚和24枚。上、下切缘病理检查结果均未见癌残留。术后首次肛门排气时间3.0 d和2.5 d,进食流质时间4 d和5 d,术后住院6 d和8 d。两者均无术后并发症发生。结论 基于胃十二指肠重叠法三角吻合的全机器人远端胃癌根治术可行且安全,其临床价值有待进一步深入研究。     

腹腔镜下胃癌根治性切除术31例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜下胃癌根治性的可行性. 方法 2006年8月～2007年5月行腹腔镜下胃癌根治性除术31例,其中根治性远端胃癌根治术26例,根治性全胃切除术5例. 结果 中转开腹手术1例,完全腹腔镜胃癌根治术2例,腹腔镜辅助下胃癌根治术28例.D1 β淋巴结清扫2例,D2/D2 淋巴结清扫 29例,联合肝脏部分切除1例.中位手术时间5 h(4.5～7 h).术中出血量中位数为150 ml(100～600 ml).术中输血1例.术中脾损伤1例.清扫淋巴结数目的中位数为20枚(14～33枚).本组无术后死亡.术后胃肠功能恢复时间的中位数4 d (3～6 d).术后胃无力1例,经保守治疗后3周恢复;1例全胃切除,回肠储袋出血1例;环甲关节半脱位1例;无吻合瘘及肺部感染.31例随访2～8个月(中位时间5个月),无复发和转移. 结论 腹腔镜胃癌根治术可行.     

进展期胃下部癌第12p组淋巴结转移的相关因素分析北大核心CSCD

目前D2根治术被认为是进展期胃癌的标准术式,但是对胃下部癌手术中是否需要清扫第12p组淋巴结仍未达成共识[1].本研究回顾性分析进展期胃下部癌第12p组淋巴结转移的相关因素,探讨胃下部癌D2根治术清扫第12p组淋巴结的必要性.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.