长链非编码RNA与病毒和微小非编码RNA关系的研究进展

非编码RNA,包括以miRNA、siRNA和piRNA等为代表的短小RNA和长链非编码RNA.长链非编码RNA,有别于其他小分子非编码RNA,是目前非编码RNA研究的热点.随着研究的不断推进,人们发现lncRNA与物种进化、胚胎发育、物质代谢以及肿瘤发生等都有着密切的联系.microRNA是一类长度为19～ 23个核苷酸的内源性非编码RNA,可以在转录水平或转录后水平调节基因的表达.     

基因间长非编码RNA:T-UCRs转录活性的验证

目的选择小鼠大脑皮层胚胎发育阶段转录的一类非编码RNA,即基因间区的T-UCRs作为研究对象,探究小鼠基因组上基因间超保守区域的转录活性。方法 1)利用UCSC数据库(NCBI37/mm9)通过生物信息学预测筛选在小鼠14.5 d胎脑中可能表达的基因间UCR;2)Coding Potential Assessment Tool(CPAT)和Coding Potential Caculator(CPC)对筛选结果进行编码能力预测;3)RT-PCR对筛选结果进行验证;4)Real-time PCR分析T-uc.62在不同组织中的表达差异以及在小鼠不同发育阶段脑组织中的表达变化。结果 1)通过UCSC网站上的RNA-seq数据库筛选得到16个可能在小鼠E14.5脑组织中表达的基因间UCRs;2)通过CPAT和CPC分析,16个UCRs均不具有蛋白编码能力,提示可能是非编码RNA;3)经过RT-PCR验证发现有15个是可以表达的;4)以T-uc.62为例,其主要在小鼠发育阶段的脑组织中高表达,而在小鼠的成年组织中低表达甚至不表达。结论基因间超保守区域可以转录生成长非编码RNA,其中,T-uc.62主要在小鼠发育阶段的脑组织中高表达;其可能在大脑发育过程中发挥重要功能。     

基于生物学信息分析及推测PCGEM1在前列腺癌中的表达分子调控网络

非编码 RNA,包括以 miRNA、siRNA 和 piRNA 等为代表的短小 RNA 和长链非编码 RNA（long non-coding RNA,lncRNA）。长链非编码 RNA,有别于其他小分子非编码 RNA,是目前非编码 RNA 研究的热点。随着研究的不断推进,人们发现 lncRNA 与物种进化、胚胎发育、物质代谢以及肿瘤发生等都有着密切的联系[1]。miRNA 是一类长度为21~25个核苷酸（nt）的单链 RNA,属于非编码蛋白 RNA,广泛存在于生物界,miRNA 调节人类1/3基因的表达,miRNA 是一类新发现的基因调节剂,可以在转录水平或转录后水平调节基因的表达,在肿瘤的发生与发展中扮演着“癌基因”与“抑癌基因”的角色[2]。前列腺癌基因表达标记1（prostate cancer gene expression marker 1, PCGEM1）全长1643 nt,在前列腺组织及前列腺癌组织中呈特异表达的长链非编码 RNA,但其表达调控网络目前未知[3],本文旨在运用生物学软件对其进行生物学信息分析,为下一步实验验证其表达分子调控网络机制提供线索。     

非编码RNA调控精子发生的研究进展

随着基因组学研究的发展,发现生物体基因组内存在大量不编码蛋白质的基因。这些基因的转录产物称为非编码RNA(Noncoding RNA,ncRNA)。以前认为ncRNA是基因组中无用的序列,但是研究表明ncRNA在很多生命活动中起到很重要的作用。按照转录产物的序列长短ncRNA分为短链非编码RNA(Small ncRNA)和长链非编码RNA(LncRNA)。精子发生包括精原细胞增殖,精母细胞减数分裂以及精子成熟等一系列受到精确调控的生理发育过程。精子发生需要相关基因的适时表达,并受到转录和转录后水平的调控。但是精子发生过程的调控机制目前还未完全研究清楚。最新研究发现在精子发生过程ncRNA起到很重要的作用,即使在成熟精子细胞中也有ncRNA的表达。表明ncRNA参与调控精子发生的过程,并且这些父源ncRNA可能在接下来的受精和胚胎发育中起到重要的调节作用。结合最新研究进展,本文综述了ncRNA在精子发生过程所起的作用,以期为精子发生过程中ncRNA的进一步研究提供参考。     

长链非编码RNA与胃癌的关系研究新进展

长链非编码RNA（10ngnon—codingRNA,LncRNA）是调节性非编码RNA之一,转录本长度〉200nt,表达具有时空特异性,无明显可读框,不编码蛋白质。在细胞质,会影响RNA稳定性和miRNA活性;在细胞核,主要调控基因转录和mRNA剪接。根据与最近编码蛋白质基因的关系,LncRNA可分为五类：     

长链非编码RNA作为自身免疫病生物标志物的研究进展

长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)指不编码蛋白质的基因转录产物,参与多种生物学过程,其异常表达与许多疾病有关.lncRNA在免疫调节中发挥重要作用,参与固有免疫与适应性免疫过程,与自身免疫性疾病有关.近年来研究发现,lncRNA可在mRNA转录、蛋白质翻译和修饰等过程中发挥调控作用...     

一类受p53调控的lincRNAs

据Cell2010年7月29日报道[Cell,2010,142（3）：409—4191,哈佛大学医学院、麻省理工大学、斯坦福大学等处的研究人员发现了一类受p53调控的新型长链非编码RNAs（large intergenic noncoding RNAs,lincRNAs）。Rinn儿博士领导了这一研究。之前,他发现了成千上万种新形式的RNA,而这些RNA被称作大量插入的非编码RNA或者LINCs,后来证明,这些新发现的RNA在调节基因上面扮演的绝不仅仅是一个辅助的角色,或者更像是直接起作用。     

血中游离microRNA检测在肿瘤液体活检中的应用和进展北大核心CSCD

1993年微小RNA（microRNA）被首次发现,并引起了极大的关注。microRNA是具有17～25个核苷酸的短小非编码RNA,通常在转录后水平调节基因的表达。目前miRBase中包含了2661个人类microRNA,它们均由有核细胞的基因组编码。     

非编码RNA在人脑胶质瘤中的研究进展

非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,ncRNA)是近年发现的一类新型RNA,其共同特点是它们都能经基因组转录产生,但不产生蛋白产物,通过RNA水平调控执行多种生物学功能。哺乳动物基因组序列中绝大多数为ncRNA,其中,长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,ln RNA)在人类脑部大量表达,参与胶质瘤染色质重构、介导修饰、转录调控、选择性剪切等生物过程。微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)在脑部也被大量发现,在胶质瘤中部分miRNA表达异常升高,调控癌症相关基因的表达或参与调控肿瘤形成机制和调控通路。另外,环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNA)和与PIWI蛋白家族结合的RNA(Piwi-interacting RNA,piRNA)在胶质瘤发生发展中也可能发挥作用。     

长链非编码RNA CCAT2在肿瘤中的研究进展

长链非编码RNA(LncRNA)是继微小RNA(miRNA)之后非编码RNA(ncRNA)研究的热点.LncRNA在基因组中普遍转录,由于其在转录调控、转录后调控和表观遗传调控中的不同功能,使其正在成为肿瘤发生研究的新热点.结肠癌-相关转录本2(CCAT2)作为一种长链非编码RNA首先在大肠癌中被发现并命名,后被证实在其他多种肿瘤如乳腺癌、卵巢癌、胃癌、非小细胞肺癌、子宫颈癌、食管鳞状细胞癌的发生发展中存在异常表达,说明C C A T 2可以作为肿瘤标记物广泛应用.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.