TRIB1的研究进展

TRIB1属于人类TRIB家族，是促分裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen·activatedproteinkinase，MAPK）途径级联控制的调节蛋白，在多种组织中表达，与骨髓恶性肿瘤、卵巢癌、动脉粥样硬化及组织移植密切相关。此文就TRIB1的起源、家族、结构、功能、参与的信号途径及相关疾病作一综述。     

TRIB3激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路对喉癌TU686细胞体外生长增殖及移植瘤小鼠外周免疫抑制分子表达的影响

目的：探讨TRIB3激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路对喉癌TU686细胞体外生长增殖及移植瘤小鼠外周免疫抑制分子表达的影响。方法：分别在体外细胞（人永生化表皮细胞系HaCat及喉癌细胞TU686）及组织（喉癌及癌旁组织）中检测TRIB3蛋白及RNA表达，随后将TU686细胞分为阴性对照组（NC组）及敲低TRIB3组（sh-TRIB3组），提取细胞总蛋白及RNA，验证两组细胞中TRIB3表达水平。验证成功后，CCK-8、集落克隆实验及流式细胞术检测TU686细胞的增殖能力；Western blot检测两组细胞中Wnt、Cyclin-D1、C-myc、β-catenin、p-β-catenin蛋白表达水平，相关性分析验证TRIB3与Wnt、Cyclin-D1、C-myc、β-catenin、p-β-catenin蛋白表达的相关性。利用敲低TRIB3的核心质粒构建低表达TRIB3的裸鼠移植瘤模型（TRIB3 sgRNA组），并设置平行对照组（Control sgRNA组），观察瘤体的生长体积及重量，ELISA测定移植瘤小鼠血清免疫抑制分子表达。结果：与HaCat细胞及正常癌旁组织相比，...     

TRIB1与癌症相关性的研究进展

TRIB1是果蝇Tribbles蛋白的一个同源蛋白.在人体内,TRIB1缺乏催化结构域,因此无激酶活性,但可作为支架蛋白,参与蛋白与蛋白之间的相互作用.TRIB1已被证实在多种癌症中发挥作用,包括急性髓细胞白血病、前列腺癌、卵巢癌、结直肠癌等.此文就TRIB1的功能与特点以及在癌症方面的研究进展加以综述.     

TRIB3参与血管动脉粥样硬化机制的探讨

正常内皮细胞功能的障碍首先表现为细胞信号蛋白表达的改变或缺陷,引起相应细胞的生物学功能降低,从而加速相关疾病的发生与进展.TRIB3是肥胖、糖尿病和动脉粥样硬化等代谢性疾病的关键枢纽蛋白,通过胰岛素抵抗、内质网应激、脂质代谢等一系列途径,加速血管动脉粥样硬化的形成与进展.因此,本文旨在探讨TRIB3如何调控机体中血脂水平、血糖代谢、血管活性,加速血管动脉粥样硬化形成的机制所在.     

B7-H1/PD-1共刺激途径与病毒感染

B7-H1及其受体PD-1是共刺激分子B7-CD28家族的重要成员.B7-H1在淋巴组织及外周非淋巴组织广泛诱导性表达,PD-1则主要表达在活化的T细胞、B细胞及髓系细胞表面.B7-H1/PD-1共刺激途径主要作用是负性调节T、B细胞的免疫反应,参与维持外周组织的免疫耐受.病毒感染可以上调B7-H1及PD-1的表达,抑制病毒特异性T细胞的免疫功能,B7-H1/PD-1途径是病毒逃避免疫监视,引发慢性感染的重要通路,因而阻断B7-H1/PD-1共刺激途径能够恢复病毒特异性T细胞的功能,清除病毒感染,这对于病毒感染的免疫治疗,尤其是病毒慢性感染的免疫治疗具有重要意义.     

沉默MARCH2通过ATF4-CHOP-TRIB3-AKT-MTOR轴调控结肠癌细胞自噬

目的探讨结肠癌细胞中MARCH2调控自噬的机制。方法采用RNA干扰技术和Western blot法检测沉默MARCH2的结肠癌细胞中内质网应激相关蛋白水平、TRIB3蛋白水平、AKT-MTOR信号通路及自噬水平的相关性。结果沉默MARCH2的结肠癌HCT116细胞中AKT-MTOR信号减弱,TRIB3、CHOP和ATG12-ATG5结合物蛋白水平升高。沉默CHOP会引起TRIB3的蛋白水平降低;敲减TRIB3引起AKT-MTOR信号有所回升;敲减ATF4导致CHOP和TRIB3蛋白水平降低,AKT-MTOR信号回升,ATG12-ATG5结合物水平降低。结论沉默MARCH2可能通过上调CHOP,从而升高TRIB3,导致AKT-MTOR抑制,最终促进自噬发生。ATF4-CHOP-TRIB3-AKT-MTOR轴在沉默MARCH2诱导自噬发生过程中起非常重要的作用。     

TRIB3在肥胖发生中作用的研究进展

Tribbles同源蛋白3(TRIB3,TRB3)是一种蛋白激酶抑制剂,参与细胞凋亡、应激反应、转录、调控等一系列生物过程。肥胖是由生活方式、内分泌,包括药物因素在内的多种因素引起的慢性代谢性疾病。TRIB3在体内异常表达时可能参与肥胖的发生。脂肪组织和内脏脂肪的膨胀会导致代谢紊乱、器官功能障碍、男性不育、各种慢性疾病和死亡率的增加。因此,探究TRIB3在肥胖中的作用机制有利于对肥胖的诊断及治疗提供新思路。     

TRIB3基因Q84R多态性与2型糖尿病

TRIB3基因是2型糖尿病及糖尿病动脉粥样硬化的易感基因之一,其基因多态性Q84R与2型糖尿病有强相关性,这一结果在白种人中已得到证实.TRI3基因位于人染色体20p13-p12.2,蛋白质位称TRB3,该基因通过抑制丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶Akt的磷酸化,抑制胰岛素信号传导,而在糖代谢中起重要作用.另外,有研究认为TRIB3基因可能调节胰腺β细胞功能.     

024 Toll样受体-一个新发现的介导天然免疫的古老家族(上)

Toll样蛋白是近年在人和小鼠细胞上发现的跨膜信号传递受体家族,它在进化上高度保守.本文介绍了它在人类的家族成员、组织表达分布和分子结构特征,重点介绍了TLR2、TLR4的胞内信号转导途径.     

人类组织因子途径抑制因子的研究进展

人类组织因子途径抑制因子属于库尼(Kunitz)型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂家族蛋白,分为组织因子途径抑制因子-1(tissuefactorpathwayinhibitor-1,TFPI-1)和组织因子途径抑制因子-2(tissuefactorpathwayinhibitor-2,TFPI-2)。TFPI-1以抗凝血作用为主,而TFPI-2是广谱丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂。二者在结构上有部分同源性,均由3个重复的Kunitz结构域组成。但二者在基因序列、组织来源、分布和作用机理上的很大差异,导致二者在多种生理和病理过程中发挥的作用也大不相同。就有关研究进展做一综述。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.