进展期胃癌分子靶向治疗

进展期胃癌化疗效果不佳。分子靶向治疗是近年来进展期胃癌综合治疗的新手段。目前这些策略主要包括针对表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）通道的靶向治疗、针对血管内皮生长因子通道的靶向治疗、口服小分子靶向药物等。近期有关HER2、EGFR、VEGF、mTOR信号通路的靶向药物曲妥珠单抗、西妥昔单抗、贝伐单抗、阿帕替尼、索拉非尼、舒尼替尼、拉帕替尼、RAD001（everolimus）等综合治疗进展期胃癌的报道结果令人鼓舞。     

影响表皮生长因子受体靶向治疗的相关分子检测

近年来,肿瘤分子靶向治疗药物不断出现,其中表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)成为治疗的重要靶点.针对EGFR治疗的策略有两类,一类是作用于胞外配体结合区的单克隆抗体,如西妥昔单抗、帕尼单抗和尼妥珠单抗;另一类是胞内酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitors,TKI),如吉非替尼、埃罗替尼等.     

抗EGFR靶向治疗胃癌

EGFR家族在胃癌形成中具有重要的作用.针对EGFR的分子靶向药物主要包括胞外单克隆抗体和胞内酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,许多新药如曲妥珠单抗、西妥昔单抗、帕尼单抗、拉帕替尼,已进入胃癌治疗的Ⅲ期临床研究阶段,而ToGA研究结果更给晚期胃癌患者带来希望.     

胃癌分子靶向治疗的研究新进展

分子靶向治疗是近几年来胃癌治疗领域的热点。目前,西妥昔单抗、帕尼单抗、吉非替尼、拉帕替尼、曲妥珠单抗等为胃癌治疗的主要靶向药物。本文结合最新研究报道对胃癌分子靶向治疗的最新进展作如下综述。     

抗EGFR治疗在头颈部鳞癌中的研究进展

表皮生长因子受体(Epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)在头颈部鳞状细胞癌(Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, HNSCC)的发生发展中发挥重要作用。EGFR作为一种生物标志物，参与多种信号通路，且在HNSCC中高表达。目前，一系列抗EGFR靶向治疗药物相继用于HNSCC的临床研究及治疗，包括西妥昔单抗、尼妥珠单抗和阿法替尼等。本文就HNSCC抗EGFR的治疗现状和研究进展作一综述，以期为药物选择及预后等提供参考。     

乳腺癌的靶向治疗

乳腺癌靶向治疗基于分子分型为乳腺癌患者提供了一个有效和个性化治疗的选择.目前用于乳腺癌靶向治疗的药物包主要括以人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)为靶点的药物曲妥珠单抗、帕妥珠单抗、拉帕替尼、T-DM1和以血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)为靶点的贝伐珠单抗以及以雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)为靶点的依维莫司,多项研究表明靶向治疗联合化疗能显著提高患者的无进展生存期及总生存时间.     

表皮生长因子受体抑制剂在非小细胞肺癌治疗中的应用

特异性阻断肿瘤生长的表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)抑制剂在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的治疗中具有极大潜力。目前,有两种通过修正细胞内外酪氨酸激酶信号传导过程来达到阻断此信号传导通路的治疗方法已被应用于NSCLC的治疗中。现以吉非替尼、西妥昔单抗等药物为例,综述EGFR抑制剂在NSCLC治疗中单独及与化疗或其他靶向治疗药物联合应用的临床研究进展。     

人表皮生长因子受体2阳性胃癌靶向治疗的研究进展

以靶向治疗为代表的新兴治疗方法是传统一线放化疗耐药的有效补充,人表皮生长因子受体2（HER2）是胃癌靶向治疗中十分重要的靶点之一,曲妥珠单抗联合化疗已被用于晚期胃癌的一线治疗方案,帕妥珠单抗和马格妥昔单抗治疗胃癌的安全性和有效性已得到了验证。然而,单克隆抗体因其分子量较大、不能穿透血脑屏障,且耐药而导致治疗效果下降,因此需探索其他靶向HER2的疗法在胃癌中的疗效。小分子药物酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（TKI）如拉帕替尼、吡咯替尼等具有分子量小、可穿透血脑屏障和口服生物利用度高等优点,未来经过大型临床试验验证后有望成为胃癌围手术期治疗、新辅助治疗的选择药物。抗体-药物偶联物（ADC）如T-DM1、T-DXd等尽管其发挥肿瘤杀伤作用的机制不同,但能够克服单克隆抗体的耐药,是曲妥珠单抗等单抗治疗失败患者治疗药物的补充。因此,对胃癌患者进行更加细致的分层后,靶向HER2的各类胃癌治疗药物有望发挥更加显著的作用。     

HER-2改变在非小细胞肺癌靶向治疗中的研究进展

肺癌是恶性程度和死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤之一,非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)约占85%。靶向治疗是NSCLC的首选治疗方案。靶向治疗显著改善了ALK、ROS1、BRAF、NTRK、MET和大多数EGFR突变的NSCLC患者的临床结果。但自从发现异常激活的人类表皮生长因子受体2(HER-2)对EGFR抑制剂有耐药性并且其对化疗并不敏感以来,便促进了对HER-2改变的NSCLC患者靶向治疗的深入研究。HER-2改变包括基因突变、扩增和蛋白过表达。HER-2改变的不同类型针对不同的靶向治疗药物,其中HER-2第20外显子突变是NSCLC中具有功能意义的最为重要的驱动突变。本文针对HER-2改变的NSCLC患者的靶向治疗药物：阿法替尼、波齐替尼、吡咯替尼、曲妥珠单抗-美坦新偶联物、溴他替尼等的研究进展进行了详细综述。     

抗EGFR单抗联合EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂对人肺腺癌细胞凋亡的影响及其机制

目的:目前抗表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)的小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂吉非替尼(gefitinib)和抗EGFR单克隆抗体西妥昔单抗(cetuximab)在肺癌的临床应用中颇为广泛.鉴于这两种药物均针对EGFR分子靶点,因此本研究旨在就上述两种药物联合用药对人肺腺癌细胞凋亡的影响及其分子机制进行探讨.方法:吉非替尼和西妥昔单抗单独或联合用药作用于人肺腺癌细胞株A549和SPC-A-1后,用碘化丙啶标记,采用流式细胞术观察细胞凋亡情况,活细胞计数试剂盒测定各组细胞增殖抑制情况,Western印迹法检测两种药物对EGFR下游信号通路蛋白[磷酸化蛋白激酶B(phosphorylated Akt, p-Akt)、磷酸化EGFR(phosphorylated EGFR,p-EGFR)和磷酸化丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase, p-MAPK)]在蛋白水平表达的影响.结果:吉非替尼或西妥昔单抗单独作用后,A549和SPC-A-1细胞均明显凋亡,同时细胞增殖受到不同程度的抑制.Western印迹法检测p-Akt、p-EGFR和p-MAPK蛋白表达量均较不用药对照组下降.吉非替尼和西妥昔单抗联合作用后,肺腺癌细胞的凋亡、增殖以及在EGFR分子层次表现出较单一用药更为显著的作用.结论:吉非替尼和西妥昔单抗两种药物之间具有良好的协同作用,联合用药可能在临床治疗非小细胞肺癌中具有较大的应用潜力.     

抗EGFR家族靶向药物在胃癌治疗中的研究进展

胃癌发病率占全球癌症发病率的第4位,死亡率占第2位。大多数胃癌患者就诊时已属中晚期,失去手术机会,化疗及分子靶向治疗作为胃癌治疗的有效手段,越来越受到临床研究及实践的重视。近年来,抗表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）家族靶向治疗在胃癌治疗中取得了丰硕的成果。本文总结了EGFR家族信号转导机制及相关靶向药物在胃癌治疗中的研究进展。     

Chemoradiotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: focus on targeted therapies]

Radiotherapy is an essential treatment for many patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Its association with molecular targeted therapies represents a real progress. Among the recent advances in the molecular targeted therapy of cancer, the applications centred on EGFR are currently the most promising and the most advanced at clinical level. Considering the set of therapeutic tools targeting EGFR, there are at present two well-identified emerging categories of drugs with monoclonal antibodies, on the one hand, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, on the other. In many preclinical studies, the combination of anti-EGFR drugs with irradiation has led to additive or supra-additive cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, antiangiogenic agents have shown promising results in association with anti-EGFR drugs and radiotherapy. This research effort has recently produced encouraging clinical results in advanced head and neck cancer with combination of cetuximab (an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody) with irradiation with a significant impact on patient survival. Active and efficient clinical research is currently ongoing to determine the place of molecular targeted therapies in the treatment of head and neck cancer, particularly in association with radiotherapy.     

胃癌分子靶向治疗的研究进展

目前晚期胃癌的治疗方式是以全身化疗为主的综合治疗。尽管化疗能够延长肿瘤患者的生存期,但副作用较明显,近年来,随着对胃癌的各种相关分子的信号转导通路的逐渐认识,在分子水平抑制肿瘤生长的治疗方式越来越受到人们关注,众多靶向药物应运而生,如曲妥珠单抗、阿帕替尼、Claudin18.2等,各种靶向药物为晚期胃癌的治疗提供了良好的前景。     

The Role of Anti–Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Anti–Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapies in the Treatment of Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Standard first-line therapy for non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with platinum-based agents, given in combination with cytotoxic compounds, has reached a relative plateau in its therapeutic efficacy. Novel molecular targeted agents acting on specific pathways have emerged as effective agents for treating NSCLC; some have already produced positive results in phase III trials. Notably, inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway with an anti-VEGF antibody, bevacizumab, and targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway with a small-molecule EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib or a monoclonal antibody (cetuximab) have demonstrated prolonged survival in patients with advanced disease in both the first- and second-line settings. The heterogeneity of signaling processes leading to tumor cell survival and proliferation supports the targeting of multiple signaling pathways as an effective anticancer treatment strategy. Consequently, rational combinations of molecular targeted agents might offer superior clinical efficacy and an alternative treatment option to patients refractory to, or unable to tolerate, standard chemotherapy. The challenge lies in determining which molecular entities should be pursued and the best approach to combine them. This review discusses the potential clinical utility of combining bevacizumab and erlotinib to inhibit both angiogenesis and EGFR signaling as a valid nonchemotherapeutic approach for the treatment of NSCLC. Other combinations of novel therapies that block EGFR and angiogenic pathways, as well as complementary signaling pathways, with unique modes of action and low toxicity profiles could offer an increased repertoire of individualized treatment options for patients with advanced NSCLC.     

Sorting nexin 2‐mediated membrane trafficking of c‐Met contributes to sensitivity of molecular‐targeted drugs

The sorting nexin (SNX) family is a diverse group of cytoplasmic and membrane‐associated proteins that are involved in membrane‐trafficking steps within the endocytotic network. SNX1 and SNX2 are components of the mammalian retromer complex and they also play critical roles in the membrane trafficking of growth factor receptors including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and c‐Met. The human lung cancer cell lines, which harbor activating mutations in the kinase domain of EGFR gene, are sensitive to EGFR‐targeted drugs gefitinib or erlotinib. However, a lung cancer cell line harboring gene amplification of c‐Met is sensitive to the c‐Met‐targeted drug SU11274 but not to EGFR‐targeted drugs. C‐Met overexpression is identified as one of the bypass mechanisms for acquired resistance to EGFR‐targeted drugs. Here we show that the siRNA‐mediated knockdown of SNX2 decreases the cell‐surface localization of c‐Met, but not that of EGFR, resulting in lysosomal degradation of the c‐Met protein. SNX2 specifically interacts with c‐Met and treatment with lysosomal inhibitors almost completely annihilates downregulation of c‐Met protein by SNX2 knockdown. Therefore, silencing of SNX2 markedly alters sensitivity to anticancer drugs targeted to c‐Met (SU11274) and EGFR (gefitinib and erlotinib) through promotion of compensatory activation of the EGFR pathway in lung cancer cells. These findings suggest that development of drugs targeting SNX2 could be useful in overcoming drug resistance to EGFR‐targeted drugs in lung cancer cells harboring c‐Met gene amplification.     

Recent clinical developments and rationale for combining targeted agents in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

While chemotherapy has been the standard of care for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), efforts have shifted toward evaluating novel targeted agents in an attempt to improve outcome. These targeted agents are directed toward key components in several signalling pathways such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-IR). There is also increasing interest in using combinations of targeted agents to inhibit more than one pathway; for example, inhibition of VEGFR + EGFR and VEGFR + PDGFR + EGFR. Further investigation is needed to identify the most appropriate combinations of these targeted agents in select patient subgroups, and to define optimal treatment doses to thereby achieve the best therapeutic index. This review outlines the rationale for combining targeted agents for the treatment of advanced NSCLC.     

Primary and secondary therapeutic strategies for EGF receptor pathway inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer

As diagnostic and therapeutic options increase, strategies for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are becoming more tailored for specific patient subpopulations and individual patients. The introduction of therapy targeted against the EGF receptor (EGFR) pathway has provided new treatment options for select patients with NSCLC. However, more than half of unselected NSCLC patients will fail to achieve disease stabilization on an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), and secondary resistance is observed in virtually all patients who initially respond or achieve disease stabilization. Efforts are underway to identify clinical and molecular predictors in patients who may benefit from treatment with EGFR TKIs. Recent strategies for targeting the EGFR pathway include combining EGFR TKIs with newer agents and developing second-generation irreversible EGFR TKIs, which may be used in patients who have failed treatment with first-generation EGFR TKIs.     

晚期胃癌化疗进展

随着细胞毒药物和分子靶点药物的研发,晚期胃癌患者姑息化疗取得一定进展。患者中位生存期可接近1年。本文主要介绍新药多西紫杉醇、紫杉醇、奥沙利铂、伊立替康、卡培他滨、S1及靶向药物在晚期胃癌治疗中的作用以及局部晚期胃癌的化疗策略,尤其重点介绍Ⅲ期临床试验研究结果。提出一些新联合方案,如含多西他赛的DCF方案、含奥沙利铂的EOX和FLO方案、含卡培他滨的EOX和顺铂＋希罗达方案、含伊立替康的ILF方案、含S1的S1＋DDP方案,可以作为一线治疗晚期胃癌的新的参考方案。而靶向药物在晚期胃癌治疗中结论尚不明确,其有效性、安全性和最终收益有待进一步的研究;新辅助化疗可作为局部晚期胃癌治疗的选择。