核糖体蛋白基因家族与肿瘤的关系

摘要：核糖体是蛋白质合成的场所,核糖体蛋白质是核糖体的重要组成部分,所以核糖体蛋白异常,对细胞的生理活动会产生严重影响,引起多种疾病,甚至引起细胞的恶性转化,而导致肿瘤的发生。一些核糖体蛋白基因在多种肿瘤中表达异常,与肿瘤的发生、发展以及多药耐药（MDR）有关。     

基因疗法

将遗传信息插入哺乳动物细胞的方法很多,其中部分方法已成功地用于活体动物胚胎细胞和躯体细胞遗传信息的修饰。一旦引入基因的表达得以控制,这些技术就有可能治疗人类的某些遗传性疾病。已确认的遗传疾病有百余种,它包括单基因或一小串连锁基因缺陷,它们涉及酶的基因,或涉及结构蛋白基因。遗传性疾病目前的治疗方法有二:1.针对一种代谢障碍的药物和饮食疗法,2.对原发遗传变异所致并发症的支持疗法。显然这些措施未能解决病因学问题。遗传性疾病对人类     

eya基因家族的生物学功能及其在固有免疫和肿瘤免疫中的研究进展

eya基因广泛存在于从果蝇到人类的多种生物中,属于视网膜决定基因网络成员。其表达的蛋白同时具有酪氨酸磷酸酶和苏氨酸磷酸酶活性,是一类重要的转录调控因子。EYA蛋白与细胞的极性形成有关,并且广泛参与到细胞的增殖、凋亡、迁移、DNA损伤修复以及组织血管生成、固有免疫反应和器官发育等一系列生理病理活动中,eya基因的突变与多种先天性疾病以及恶性肿瘤的发生密切相关。随着对该基因相关研究的进一步深入,抑制EYA酪氨酸磷酸酶活性有望成为治疗相关疾病的一个新的作用靶点。     

核糖体蛋白在肿瘤中的改变及作用

核糖体蛋白除参与蛋白质的合成外,还有核糖体外功能。在肿瘤中核糖体蛋白发生改变,如表达升高、降低或突变,与肿瘤的发生、发展、转移和肿瘤抑制有关。其作用包括调节癌基因和抑癌基因而参与转录、翻译及凋亡等诸多方面。     

NF-kB信号通路在病毒感染中的作用

因子kB(NF-kB)是一种广泛存在于体内多种细胞的核转录因子.目前已发现NF-kB调节着100多种靶基因的表达,如细胞因子、趋化因子、生长因子、黏附分子、某些急性期反应蛋白以及参与免疫识别的受体和抗原递呈的蛋白质等.这些分子大多数均参与宿主的免疫和炎症反应.     

小鼠免疫相关GTP酶Irgm基因家族的研究进展

免疫相关GTP酶(IRG)基因家族与抗感染和炎症免疫过程有关.小鼠Irgm1、Irgm2与Ir-gm3基因编码的蛋白参与细胞自噬、Colon氏病等发生发展,并在固有免疫应答中发挥重要作用.了解Irgm1、Irgm2与Irgm3基因的表达、功能等情况以及Irgm1、Irgm2与Irgm3基因编码的蛋白参与免疫过程的机制,有利于免疫系统疾病的治疗.     

人胚胎肾细胞系HEK293中的翻译调控

目的探讨人胚胎肾细胞系HEK293中的翻译调控。方法通过Polysome profiling结合Western blot实验检测并验证HEK293细胞中mRNA的翻译活性;通过针对RPL10A和RPS17两种核糖体蛋白的RNA免疫共沉淀、建库测序(RIP-seq)及生物信息学分析,获得参与HEK293细胞蛋白质合成调控的相关分子。结果在两种核糖体蛋白的RNA免疫共沉淀实验富集的分子中共有129种基因,其中93.8%为蛋白质编码基因;且功能与RNA剪接、分解代谢、MAPK信号通路、染色体定位、RNA转运等相关。结论通过针对核糖体蛋白的RNA免疫共沉淀可以获得HEK293细胞中活跃翻译的mRNA。     

病毒性心肌炎原癌基因c-fos的表达

原癌基因c-fos参与了细胞的生长、分化和信息传递,它在某些疾病和病理生理过程中表达增加,可能参与其发生与发展.有关病毒性心肌炎（viral myocarditis,VMC）中c-fosmRNA的表达目前罕见报道.本研究就是利用免疫组化方法和原位杂交方法探讨原癌基因c-fos的mRNA及蛋白质在小鼠VMC心肌细胞中的表达.     

新基因NOR1对肝癌细胞系HepG2蛋白质表达谱的影响

目的:研究NOR1基因对肝癌细胞系HepG2蛋白质表达谱的影响.方法:将pcDNA3.1( )/ NOR1的表达质粒经脂质体导入HepG2 细胞,Northern blot筛选出阳性克隆,通过双向电泳分离过表达NOR1的HepG2细胞内蛋白质,筛选出差异表达的蛋白质点,并进行质谱分析鉴定.结果:鉴定出6种表达上调的蛋白质点,包括锌指蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子受体、酪氨酸蛋白磷酸化受体等,这些蛋白质涉及基因转录、信号转导等肿瘤发生相关事件.结论:NOR1基因可能通过上调这些蛋白参与多种途径影响肝癌的发生发展.     

FHL1的结构和功能及其与疾病的关系

FHL(four and a half LIM domain)家族是含有4 个半LIM结构域的蛋白家族,现发现该家族由5 个成员,即FHL1、FHL2、FHL3、FHL4、FHL5 /ACT 组成,其表达具有组织特异性.它们通过LIM结构域与某些结构蛋白、激酶、转录调控因子等多种蛋白质相互作用,对某些基因的表达、细胞分化与发育、细胞骨架形成等发挥重要调控作用.FHL1(four and a half LIM domain 1)是FHL家族中表达最广泛的成员,尤其在骨骼肌和心肌中高表达.近年研究表明其参与某些病理过程,与心血管疾病、肌肉疾病、肿瘤疾病等相关.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.