胆囊嵌顿结石腹腔镜手术的探讨

目的:探讨胆囊嵌顿结石腹腔镜胆囊切除术的方法.方法:527例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者中嵌顿结石58例(11%),在气管插管静脉复合麻醉下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术.结果:嵌顿结石的平均手术时间(110±31) min较非嵌顿者(60±25) min显著延长(P<0.05);平均出血量(120±100) g较非嵌顿者(30±16) g显著增加(P<0.05);中转开腹手术明显增多;术后有2例存在残留结石.结论:对于胆囊嵌顿结石,应用腹腔镜治疗要严格掌握适应症,对于三管合流部炎症较重,而解剖需要60 min以上的病例,以及嵌顿结石的位置无法确认或术野展开困难的病例,应及时中转开腹手术.     

经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的学习曲线研究

目的:评估经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术不同阶段的手术情况和治疗效果,探讨其学习曲线。方法:回顾性分析我院2010年10月—2012年03月由同一组手术医师完成的80例经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料,按手术时间先后次序分为A、B、C、D 4组,每组20例,比较各组在手术时间、术中出血量、中转率(增加Trocar或开腹)、并发症、术后住院时间、30 d再入院率等方面的差异,分析不同阶段手术效果。结果:4组患者在年龄、性别、体重指数(BMI)、疾病类型方面无明显差异(P>0.05)。A组平均手术时间(59.2±12.9 min)、术中出血量(19.6±8.0 mL)明显高于B组(46.5±11.2 min,13.5±7.3 mL)、C组(44.3±9.3 min,11.2±5.6 mL)、D组(42.5±8.6 min,10.7±4.4 mL),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各组在中转率、并发症、术后住院时间、30 d再入院率方面无明显差异(P>0.05)。手术频数由A组的1.5台/月上升到D组的6台/月。结论:经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊良性疾病安全、可行,随着手术经验的积累,手术时间明显缩短,术中出血量减少,学习曲线约为20例。     

急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术100例分析

研究慢性胆囊炎急性发作与首次发病急性胆囊炎的患者分别行腹腔镜胆囊切除术手术效果分析。回顾性分析2015年1月—2017年1月急性胆囊炎住院行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者100例。其中慢性胆囊炎急性发作50例为慢性组,首次发病急性胆囊炎50例为急性组。对两组患者均于发病72 h内行腹腔镜胆囊切除术。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、中转开腹或造瘘率、胆囊完整切除率、手术并发症(胆管损伤和术后胆瘘)及术后住院时间。手术时间:慢性组(94.16±31.05)min,急性组(70.06±23.46)min;术中出血量:慢性组(100.00±30.67)m L,急性组(60.00±15.83)m L;术后住院时间:慢性组(6.30±2.78)d,急性组(4.50±1.23)d。慢性组与急性组手术时间、术中出血量和术后住院时间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。中转开腹手术:慢性组3例,中转率6%(3/50),急性组0例,中转率为0;中转腹腔镜胆囊造瘘术慢性组3例,急性组1例。变更手术方式(中转开腹+造瘘)两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术中胆管损伤、术后胆瘘发生率两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。胆囊未完整切除,行胆囊部分切除术:慢性组10例,急性组3例,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。首次发病急性胆囊炎患者72 h内行腹腔镜胆囊切除术在手术时间、术中出血量、胆囊完整切除率及术后住院时间上均优于慢性胆囊炎急性发作患者。但在中转手术方式及手术并发症方面差异无统计学意义。     

双管喉罩在老年患者腹腔镜胆囊切除手术中的应用

目的探讨双管喉罩(ProSealLMA)在老年患者腹腔镜胆囊切除手术中应用的有效性和安全性。方法60例择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者,ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级,年龄>60岁,体重指数<30kg/m2,随机均分为气管导管组(T组)和ProSeal喉罩组(P组)。观察患者入室后10min(T1)、插管前(T2)、插管后1min(T3)、5min(T4)、气腹前(T5)、气腹后15min(T6)、30min(T7)和气腹结束后10min(T8)的HR、BP、SpO2、呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)和气道峰压(Ppeak),在T1、T6和T8分别抽取动脉血进行血气分析,在气腹开始时和气腹完毕时进行胃张力评分,记录气腹时间和麻醉时间及拔管和术后并发症。结果两组患者一般情况、术中通气情况、血气分析及胃张力变化差异均无统计学意义。T组较P组插管时循环系统波动大(P<0.05),且拔管时呛咳发生率高(P<0.01)和术后咽痛发生率高(P<0.05)。结论双管喉罩可安全有效地应用于非肥胖老年患者的腹腔镜胆囊切除手术。     

单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术对缺血修饰白蛋白水平的影响

目的:评估单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术对缺血修饰白蛋白水平的影响。方法:对140例良性胆囊病变患者进行前瞻性研究,其中42例行单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术,98例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,两组均按标准麻醉方案施术。分别于术前、术后45 min、术后24 h分析患者血清缺血修饰白蛋白水平。结果:两组手术时间分别为(36.2±12.1)min与(44.2±14.1)min,两组患者手术时间、中转率、术后45 min、术后24 h缺血修饰白蛋白水平差异无统计学意义。手术时间延长(>30 min)时,可导致患者缺血修饰白蛋白水平的早期增加。结论:单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术是良性胆囊疾病有效、安全的手术方法。手术时间延长可能增加组织缺血,但其与胆囊切除术操作本身无关。     

超重的穿孔或坏疽性阑尾炎患者行腹腔镜手术的近期疗效分析

目的探讨腹腔镜手术在超重或肥胖(以下统称"超重")的穿孔或坏疽性阑尾炎患者中应用的安全性及近期疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2007年1月至2014年12月期间急性穿孔性或坏疽性阑尾炎接受腹腔镜手术(152例)和开腹手术(60例)患者的临床资料,根据身体质量指数(BMI)将患者分为超重组(BMI≥25 kg/m2,n=69)和正常体重组(BMI25 kg/m2,n=143),观察指标包括中转率、手术时间、住院时间、再住院率、再手术率、总并发症及各种具体并发症发生率。结果 1超重组和正常体重组行腹腔镜的中转开腹率比较差异无统计学意义〔4.2%(2/48)比6.7%(7/104),χ2=0.06,P0.05〕。2超重组行腹腔镜的手术时间明显短于超重组行开腹者〔(41.6±11.7)min比(63.1±23.3)min,P0.01〕,超重组行腹腔镜与正常体重组行腹腔镜比较差异无统计学意义〔(41.6±11.7)min比(39.6±12.7)min,P0.05〕。3超重组行腹腔镜手术的总并发症率及切口感染率均明显低于超重组行开腹手术者〔总并发症率:16.7%(8/48)比52.4%(11/21),χ2=9.34,P0.01;切口感染率:4.2%(2/48)比33.3%(7/21),χ2=8.54,P0.01〕。尽管超重组(腹腔镜和开腹)的总并发症率较正常体重组(腹腔镜和开腹)明显增加〔27.5%(19/69)比14.7%(21/143),χ2=5.02,P0.01〕,但超重组行腹腔镜与正常体重组行腹腔镜比较差异并无统计学意义〔16.7%(8/48)比12.5%(13/104),χ2=0.45,P0.05〕。4所有行腹腔镜患者(超重和正常体重)的再手术率明显低于所有行开腹手术患者〔1.3%(2/152)比10.0%(6/60),χ2=6.7,P0.01〕。5无论超重或正常体重患者行何种手术的腹腔内残余脓肿发生率、肺部感染率及住院时间比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于罹患穿孔性或坏疽性阑尾炎的超重患者,腹腔镜手术是较开腹手术更安全、有效的手术方式,与正常体重的穿孔性或坏疽性阑尾炎患者比较,超重状态并不显著增加腹腔镜手术的手术难度及围手术期风险。     

悬吊式免气腹三孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的应用体会

目的:探讨悬吊式免气腹三孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的可行性及临床应用价值。方法:回顾分析2014年9月至2015年12月为26例患者(高龄或合并心肺功能不全)行悬吊式免气腹三孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料,术中使用框架拉钩、克氏针作为腹壁悬吊装置,应用腹腔镜操作器械完成手术。结果:26例手术均获成功,无一例中转开腹,手术过程顺利,手术时间50~70 min,平均(56.4±2.6)min;无腹腔及脐部切口感染;平均住院(7.0±1.6)d,患者均顺利出院。结论:对于年老体弱、合并心肺功能不全的患者,悬吊式免气腹三孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术优势明显,具有临床推广价值。     

肺功能障碍患者非气腹腹腔镜胆囊切除术

目的探讨肺功能障碍者行非气腹腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的安全性。方法9例（肺功能损害轻度3例，中度6例）均在硬膜外麻醉下手术。其中非感染期阻塞性通气功能障碍或（和）混合性通气功能障碍7例（1例有哮喘史），单肺切除1例，一侧肺部分切除1例。直视下从脐下切口进腹，从切口处置入腹壁提升器的柄，角度张开的大小根据患者个体实际情况调整，以提起后达到最佳的暴露空间为准。手术操作与气腹腹腔镜相同。结果9例均安全地在硬膜外麻醉下施行非气腹腹腔镜胆囊切除手术，手术时间30—103mm，平均51min，无中转开腹，未出现手术并发症。结论在密切的麻醉监护下，硬膜外麻醉结合非气腹腹腔镜对肺功能障碍患者行胆囊切除手术仍是安全可靠的。     

改良二孔法与三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的对比研究

目的 比较改良二孔法与三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的疗效.方法 回顾性分析200例LC患者的临床资料,其中100例行改良二孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术(简称二孔法组),100例行三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术(简称三孔法组),对比分析两组手术时间、中转率、术后6h疼痛程度、术后住院时间以及并发症.结果 两组均无并发症发生,二孔法组与三孔法组手术时间分别为(45.3±11.2)min和(41.1±10.8)min(P＞0.05),中转开腹手术率分别为3%和2%(P＞0.05),术后6h疼痛程度分别为(1.9±0.5)分和(2.5±0.7)分(P＜0.05),住院时间分别为(2.6±1.3)d和(3.8±1.7)d(P＜0.05).结论 改良二孔法与三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术一样安全有效,且具有创伤更小、疼痛更轻、住院时间更短等优点.     

食管引流型喉罩在腹腔镜胆囊手术中的应用

目的探讨食管引流型喉罩在腹腔镜胆囊切除手术中应用的有效性和安全性。方法 80例择期腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者,ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级,体质量指数30kg/m2,随机分为气管导管组(T组)和食管引流型喉罩组(P组)。观察患者入室后10min(T1)、插管前(T2)、插管后1min(T3)、5min(T4)、气腹前(T5)、气腹后10min(T6)、15min(T7)和气腹结束后10min(T8)的HR、BP、SPO2、PETCO2和气道峰压PPEAK,在气腹开始时和气腹完毕时进行胃张力评分,记录气腹时间和麻醉时间及拔管和术后并发症情况。结果 2组患者一般情况,术中通气情况,胃张力情况变化差异均无统计学意义,T组较P组插管时循环系统波动大(P0.05),且拔管时呛咳发生率高(P0.01),术后咽痛发生率高(P0.05)。结论食管引流型喉罩可安全有效地应用于腹腔镜胆囊切除手术。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.