Ⅰ期后前路减压、植骨固定术治疗严重下颈椎椎管骨性狭窄

目的 探讨Ⅰ期后前路减压、植骨固定术治疗严重下颈椎椎管骨性狭窄的临床疗效。方法 2006年4月- 2009年3月采取Ⅰ期后路减压、前路减压植骨固定术治疗严重下颈椎椎管骨性狭窄患者29例,其中颈椎陈旧性骨折11例,颈椎后纵韧带钙化7例,颈椎间盘突出钙化11例。病程2个月～3.2年,平均1.4年。术前神经功能按Frankel分级：B级2例,C级19例,D级8例;日本骨科学会( JOA)术前平均评分为9.8分。结果 本组患者随访7～28个月,平均15.2个月。植骨块于术后5个月骨性融合,融合率为100％。所有患者Frankel分级平均提高1.2级,神经症状均有明显减轻。JOA脊髓功能术后平均评分为13.8分,平均提高4.0分,平均改善率为55.6％。结论 Ⅰ期后前路减压、植骨固定术是治疗严重颈椎管骨性狭窄的安全有效的方法,术中可进行电生理监护以提高手术的安全性。     

一期前后路手术治疗颈椎骨折脱位并四肢瘫

目的探讨一期前后路手术治疗颈椎骨折脱位并四肢瘫的意义。方法回顾性分析23例颈椎骨折脱位并四肢瘫患者手术治疗的临床资料。结果 23例患者随访0～12个月,平均(5.8±3.6)个月。4例患者死亡,19例患者存活,脊髓功能ASIA评分提高0～1级。术前ASIA分级为A级9例,术后ASIA评分提高为B级2例,无提高3例,死亡4例;术前ASIA分级为B级14例,术后ASIA评分提高为C级6例,无提高8例。4例死亡病例均为单纯前路减压手术:1例术后呼吸、心搏骤停死亡,2例因自主呼吸微弱出院后在家中死亡,1例死于并发肺部感染。8例ASIA分级提高一个级别的均为一期前后路减压手术。结论一期前后路颈椎管减压植骨内固定或并硬膜下减压是治疗此类患者有价值的方法。     

前后路联合减压植骨带锁钢板内固定治疗复杂颈椎损伤

对于外伤所致颈椎骨折、脱位的治疗,传统的手术方法是以牵引复位、颈椎后路减压固定术或颈椎前路减压植骨固定术为主,再辅以适当外固定为基本术式。颈椎爆裂性骨折、颈椎骨折和/或脱位,其主要致压物多来自脊髓前方,故临床上颈椎前路减压植骨融合术已被广泛应用,但对颈椎椎体骨折合并椎板骨折,颈脊髓前后方同时受压的复杂损伤患者,手术入路选择上说法不一。我科自1998年3月～2002年9月采用颈椎前后路联合减压植骨带销钢板内固定治疗复杂颈椎损伤21例,取得了满意疗效。     

下颈椎骨折脱位并关节突交锁的手术方式选择

目的 探讨下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突交锁的手术方式选择.方法 对68例下颈椎骨折脱位合并关节突交锁患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.其中单侧小关节脱位33例,双侧小关节脱位35例.美国脊髓损伤协会(ASIA)评分:A级5例,B级11例,C级9例,D级10例.所有患者均于术前行颅骨牵引,关节突交锁复位的则行前路减压植骨融合内固定术治疗;否则行后路切开撬拨复位或关节突切除复位固定、前路植骨融合内固定术.结果 术中均无大血管、气管、食管、脊髓意外损伤.平均随访41.5个月,所有患者均复位良好,颈椎椎间高度和生理曲度维持良好,术后6个月后植骨全部融合,无钢板螺钉并发症.不完全性脊髓损伤患者术后神经功能均有一定恢复.结论 手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位并关节突交锁疗效确切,根据损伤的具体类型采用适合的手术方式是手术成功的关键.     

颈后纵韧带骨化后脊髓损伤的手术入路选择

目的 探讨颈后纵韧带骨化后脊髓损伤的外科治疗手术入路选择. 方法 回顾性分析25例颈后纵韧带骨化后脊髓损伤患者手术治疗的临床资料.按照Frankel神经功能分类法分级:A级2例,B级3例,C级14例,D级6例.前路手术12例,后路手术8例,后前路联合手术5例. 结果 术中无大血管、气管、食管、脊髓损伤等严重并发症.所有患者均获随访,时间15～86个月,平均38.3个月,前路手术患者均获骨性融合,内固定无松动、断裂及脱出.后路手术患者术后X线及CT摄片显示无再次关门现象.21例患者脊髓功能获得不同程度改善,4例尤改善者上肢疼痛、麻木有不同程度的缓解. 结论 采用前路、后路或后前路联合入路治疗颈后纵韧带骨化后脊髓损伤均取得良好临床疗效,根据影像学表现结合患者全身情况合理选择手术入路是手术成功的关键.     

88例颈椎过伸性损伤手术疗效分析

目的 探讨手术与非手术治疗颈椎过伸性损伤(CWI)的疗效.方法 对88例颈椎过伸性损伤患者进行回顾性分析.其中手术组64例(颈椎前路手术减压术44例,后路减压术20例),非手术组24例.颈椎损伤神经功能恢复按Frankle分级和ASIA评分标准进行评估.结果 随访6～24个月,结果显示,两组神经功能均较治疗前有明显改善,手术组比非手术组神经功能恢复好,两组间差异有统计学意义;前路手术较后路手术神经功能恢复好.结论 手术治疗急性颈椎过伸性损伤疗效较好;而前路减压是过伸性颈椎损伤首选的治疗方法.     

胸腰段椎体骨折手术入路的临床选择

目的：观察经前路椎体切除减压固定植骨融合及后路切开复位内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤的疗效。方法：分析采用前后路两种方法治疗128例胸腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤患者的临床资料，观察其神经功能恢复情况。结果：128例术后均无神经功能损害加重。在新鲜胸腰段椎体骨折中，神经功能的恢复程度进步1个或1个以上ASIA等级的占55．1％；在陈旧性胸腰段椎体骨折中，神经功能恢复程度进步1个或1个以上ASIA等级的占80．9％，总有效率为59．4％。结论：对来自椎管前方压迫的胸腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤，前路减压手术具有减压彻底、神经功能改善率高、融合成功率高、脊柱稳定性好等优点，是治疗胸腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤的有效方法。后路手术适用于大多数新鲜胸腰段椎体骨折，撑开过程中后纵韧带有间接复位作用，同样也具有很好疗效。     

下颈椎骨折脱位手术入路选择及治疗效果分析

目的 探讨下颈椎骨折脱位手术入路的选择和手术疗效. 方法 回顾性分析我院近年收治的68例下颈椎骨折脱位患者临床资料.患者入院前后均行CT、MRI及X线片检查.行前路手术54例,后路手术10例,前后联合入路手术4例.观察手术前后神经功能恢复、脱位纠正、椎体高度恢复、植骨融合等情况,评估手术疗效. 结果 所有患者均获随访,时间6 ～ 36个月,平均21个月.所有患者术后神经功能障碍无加重.除5例美国脊髓损伤协会(ASIA)分级A级患者神经功能无任何恢复,其余患者ASIA分级均有1～2级提高.所有患者脱位均复位、椎体高度恢复.椎间植骨均融合,平均融合时间为12周.术后复查X线片示内固定位置可,螺钉无松动、脱落,无植骨块松动、脱出. 结论 对于下颈椎骨折脱位,应根据骨折脱位类型与脊髓受压部位和程度采用不同的手术入路治疗.前路手术较单纯后路或前后路联合手术具备更宽的适应证,手术时间短、出血少,能有效行神经减压,恢复颈椎生理曲度,术后颈椎可获得即刻稳定,利于患者早日康复锻炼,应为下颈椎骨折脱位治疗的首选方法.     

颈椎病合并颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的手术治疗

目的探讨颈椎病合并颈椎后纵韧带骨化症(OPLL)的手术治疗方法和注意事项。方法对本院1995—2006年收治的29例颈椎病合并颈椎后纵韧带骨化症患者手术治疗临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果29例平均获得10个月(8~12个月)以上的随访,根据JOA评分标准,颈前路减压组优6例、良7例、可3例,优良率为81.2%,颈后路减压组优4例、良5例、可4例,优良率为69.2%。结论颈椎病合并颈椎后纵韧带骨化症引起脊髓神经根受压时,在颈椎前路手术切除椎间盘的同时去除颈椎后纵韧带骨化块,疗效优良。     

颈椎单侧关节突交锁的治疗选择

目的 探讨颈椎单侧关节突交锁的不同治疗方法选择.方法 32例颈椎单侧关节突交锁,行头颅牵引复位成功8例,其中3例维持牵引1个月后改行头颈胸石膏固定,余5例行前路减压植骨融合内固定术.23例牵引失败,其中14例行前路切开复位、椎间盘切除植骨融合内固定术;3例前路复位失败行椎间盘切除加椎体次全切除减压植骨内固定术,1例前路复位失败改行后路切开复位后再前方植骨内固定术;3例行后路切开复位侧块内固定植骨融合术,2例行后路切开复位减压、前路椎间盘切除减压植骨内固定术.1例由于漏诊,伤后8个月行前路减压植骨融合术.结果 平均随访18个月.发现颈椎不稳2例,均为仅行牵引复位,未做融合术者.颈前路手术者植骨块术后12周均获骨性融合.颈椎生理曲度及椎间隙高度恢复较好.无内固定并发症,亦无治疗中神经并发症.结论 下颈椎单侧关节突交锁的治疗需要综合考虑多方面的因素,包括是否伴有椎间盘损伤、是否合并后柱骨折、脊髓压迫及损伤情况.对伴有创伤性颈椎间盘突出的单侧关节突交锁者,前路减压复位稳定术是首选方法,对于不伴椎间盘突出者,可试行牵引复位或直接后路切开复位固定.     

Acute cervical traumatic spinal cord injury: MR imaging findings correlated with neurologic outcome--prospective study with 100 consecutive patients

PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate whether quantitative and qualitative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging assessments after spinal cord injury (SCI) correlate with patient neurologic status and are predictive of outcome at long-term follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 100 patients (79 male, 21 female; mean age, 45 years; age range, 17-96 years) with traumatic cervical SCI. Ethics committee approval and informed consent were obtained. The American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) motor score was used as the outcome measure at admission and follow-up. The ASIA impairment scale was used to classify patients according to injury severity. Three quantitative (maximum spinal cord compression [MSCC], maximum canal compromise [MCC], and lesion length) and six qualitative (intramedullary hemorrhage, edema, cord swelling, soft-tissue injury [STI], canal stenosis, and disk herniation) imaging parameters were studied. Data were analyzed by using the Fisher exact test, the Mantel-Haenszel chi(2) test, analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and stepwise multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: Patients with complete motor and sensory SCIs had more substantial MCC (P=.005), MSCC (P=.002), and lesion length (P=.005) than did patients with incomplete SCIs and those with no SCIs. Patients with complete SCIs also had higher frequencies of hemorrhage (P<.001), edema (P<.001), cord swelling (P=.001), stenosis (P=.01), and STI (P=.001). MCC (P=.012), MSCC (P=.014), and cord swelling (P<.001) correlated with baseline ASIA motor scores. MSCC (P=.028), hemorrhage (P<.001), and cord swelling (P=.029) were predictive of the neurologic outcome at follow-up. Hemorrhage (P<.001) and cord swelling (P=.002) correlated significantly with follow-up ASIA score after controlling for the baseline neurologic assessment. CONCLUSION: MSCC, spinal cord hemorrhage, and cord swelling are associated with a poor prognosis for neurologic recovery. Extent of MSCC is more reliable than presence of canal stenosis for predicting the neurologic outcome after SCI.     

单纯后方入路治疗合并强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折

目的 总结采取单纯后方入路治疗合并强直性脊柱炎下颈椎骨折的特点及治疗效果.方法 分析2003年6月-2008年6月住院治疗的合并强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折患者26例,分析受伤机制、损伤严蕈程度、救治过程、手术记录、术后随访记录和康复过程,评价术后神经功能恢复程度及骨折愈合情况.结果 有6例患者采取单纯后方人路手术治疗,脊髓损伤按美国脊髓损伤学会(ASIA)分级:A级2例,B级1例,C级2例,D级1例.所有患者均采取后路复位侧块固定融合手术,2例A级患者分别于术后2,3个月因呼吸功能衰竭死亡.其余4例随访37个月(12～54个月),骨折均愈合,愈合时间平均3.8个月(3～5个月),神经功能显著改善.1例患者因发生硬脊膜外血肿症状加重至B级,术后达到D级,C级及D级患者均恢复到损伤前水平,2例A级损伤患者发生低钠血症.本组患者均未发生内固定相关并发症.结论 合并强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折在骨折端无骨缺损时,复位后对位对线良好者可通过单纯后方入路完成固定融合手术,并可实现骨折稳定愈合.     

无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的手术治疗

目的探讨无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的病理基础、手术方法的选择和治疗效果。方法对20例采用手术治疗的无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤患者进行回顾分析，并根据不同的特点采用不同的手术方式，观察近期疗效。结果20例无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤患者中，退变性椎管狭窄13例(65％)，节段性不稳6例(30％)。以颈椎间盘脱出为主要表现7例(35％)；存在各种原因所致的椎管储备间隙明显减少或消失的病理基础7例(35％)；在椎管储备间隙明显减少或消失的病理基础上，伴有节段性椎间不稳或椎间盘脱出6例(30％)。20例术后随访9～84个月，平均36．5个月。前路手术固定节段均获骨性融合，内固定物无松动，断裂；后路手术无再关门现象。术后MRI检查显示椎管容积扩大，颈髓受压缓解。3例术后脊髓功能无改善，其余患者均有不同程度恢复。结论颈椎椎管狭窄是无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的重要病理基础；合理选择术式，手术操作正确，前、后路手术均能获得较理想的脊髓功能恢复效果。     

Incidence of vertebral artery thrombosis in cervical spine trauma: correlation with severity of spinal cord injury

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The incidence of blunt traumatic vertebral artery dissection/thrombosis varies widely in published trauma series and is associated with spinal trauma. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of traumatic vertebral artery thrombosis (VAT) in cervically injured patients by using routine MR angiography (MRA) and MR imaging and identify associations with the severity of neurologic injury. METHODS: A retrospective review of 1283 patients with nonpenetrating cervical spine fractures with or without an associated spinal cord injury (SCI) was performed. Imaging consisted of routine cervical MR imaging and 2D time-of-flight MRA of the neck. The cervical injury level, neurologic level of injury, and American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grade were recorded. RESULTS: In this study, 632 patients met the inclusion criteria, 83 (13%) of whom had VAT on the admission MR imaging/MRA. Fifty-nine percent (49/83) of VAT patients had an associated SCI. VAT was significantly more common in motor-complete patients (ASIA A and B, 20%) than in neurologically intact (ASIA E, 11%) cervical spine-injured patients (P = .019). VAT incidence was not significantly different between motor-incomplete (ASIA C and D, 10%) and neurologically intact (ASIA E, 11%) cervical spine-injured patients (P = .840). CONCLUSION: The absence of neurologic symptoms in a patient with cervical spine fracture does not preclude VAT. VAT associated with cervical spinal injury occurs with similar frequency in both neurologically intact (ASIA E) and motor-incomplete patients (ASIA C and D) but is significantly more common in motor-complete SCI (ASIA A and B).     

颈、胸椎手术中医源性脊髓损伤的危险因素分析

目的 分析颈、胸椎手术中可能导致医源性脊髓损伤(iatrogenic spinal cord injury,ISCI)的危险因素,为减少手术中脊髓损伤提供理论依据。方法 回顾性调查2002年1月-2009年1月行颈、胸椎(C1～ T12)手术患者120例,按随机数字表法分为损伤组（34例）和对照组（86例）,对两组临床因素、影像学因素、手术和病理因素及可能的保护因素等共30个变量进行单因素分析,对差异有统计学意义的指标进行多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。结果 两组单因素比较显示,合并高血压、合并糖尿病、术前美国脊髓协会( ASIA)损伤分级、椎管狭窄率、脊髓／有效椎管面积比值、脊髓MRI T2W1高信号、术中出血量、椎管内突出物与硬膜粘连及术中使用甲基强的松龙( methylprednisolone,MP)等9个变量差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示合并糖尿病、术前ASIA损伤分级、脊髓／有效椎管面积比值、脊髓MRI T2W1高信号、术中出血量与ISCI呈正相关,术中使用MP与ISCI呈负相关。结论 合并糖尿病、ASIA损伤分级、脊髓MRI T2W1高信号、脊髓／有效椎管面积比值、术中出血量为ISCI的危险因素,术中使用MP对ISCI的发生有预防作用。     

脊髓型颈椎病前路术后脊髓损伤的原因及防治对策

目的 探讨脊髓型颈椎病前路手术引起脊髓损伤的原因和防治策略.方法 分析2001年-2009年共749例实施前路减压融合手术的脊髓型颈椎病患者病历资料.共有5例患者在术后即刻或术后早期出现了脊髓功能下降.其中男3例,女2例;年龄48-62岁,平均52岁.2例合并有后纵韧带骨化.术前日本骨科学会(JOA)评分9-16分,平均12.4分.手术方式采用前路经颈椎间盘或椎体次全切除减压、自体髂骨或Cage融合、钛合金板内固定术.术中出血50～200 ml.2例患者术后即刻发现脊髓功能障碍加重,1例术后6 h出现下肢感觉运动消失,1例术后24 h出现一侧肢体瘫痪,1例术后5 d出现四肢麻木加重.4例患者早期给予大剂量甲基强的松龙冲击治疗.5例患者均再次行颈椎前路探查术,其中1例患者同时又行后路单开门椎管扩大成形术.结果 随访时间1～2年,平均16个月.4例患者脊髓功能(JOA评分)术后3个月均恢复或优于术前水平,术后1年均优于术前水平;1例患者术后1年神经功能仍无改善.分析脊髓损伤原因:术中减压和止血伤及脊髓2例,减压不彻底1例,血肿和止血纱布压迫各1例.结论 颈前路减压手术引起脊髓损伤的主要原因是术后延迟损伤,如果发现和处理及时,脊髓功能大多数可以恢复至术前水平.应尽量避免术中操作伤及脊髓,从而导致脊髓功能永久性障碍.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the causes and prevention strategies of postoperative spinal cord injury after anterior approach surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Methods The clinical data of 749 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy treated with anterior approach surgery from 2001 to 2009 were retrospectively studied.There were five patients with spinal cord dysfunction instantly or early after operation,including three males and two females at average age of 52 years (range,48-62 years).Two patients were combined with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score was average 12.4(9-16)preoperatively.The surgeries included anterior cervical diskectomy(or corpectomy)and interbody fusion(iliac bone graft or cage or titanium mesh)and locking plates fixation.The blood loss was 50-200 ml.The symptoms included instant spinal cord injury in two patients,loss of the motor and feeling of both legs at 6 h after surgery in one,paralysis of one side limbs at 24 h after surgery in one and numbness of limbs at 5 days after surgery in one.Four patients were treated by large dose of methylprednisolone.Five patients underwent anterior exploration surgery,of which one patient received posterior cervical one-door expansive laminoplasty. Results The patients were followed up for average 16 months(12-24 months).The JOA score of four patients was recovered at three months and WaS better than preoperation after surgery.The function of spinal cord of one patient showed no improvement at one year after surgery.The causes for spinal cord injury included inappropriate surgical manipulation in decompression and haemostasis in two patients,insufficient decompression in one,epidural hematoma in one and absorbable hemostatic gauze in one. Conclusions The major causes of postoperative spinal cord injury in anterior approach surgery for cervical spondylofic myelopathy are the delayed postoperative injury.The spinal cord can recover to normal and has satisfactory prognosis if discovered promptly.We must avoid the spinal cord injury by surgical Manipulation that may result in permanent neurological deficits.     

钛合金Z-plate内固定器治疗胸腰椎骨折14例

目的　介绍钛合金制Z -plate用于胸腰椎骨折椎管侧前方减压后内固定。　方法　对 14例胸腰椎骨折伴椎管内神经前方受压患者行椎管侧前方减压、Z -plate内固定术。按美国脊髓损伤协会 (ASIA)的分级标准 ,观察术前、术后神经损伤分级情况。　结果　随访 3～ 10个月 ,平均 6 .1个月。ASIA分级 :术前A级 3例 ,B级 2例 ,C级 5例 ,D级 4例 ;术后A级 1例 ,C级 2例 ,D级 3例 ,E级 8例。　结论　Z -plate使用简单 ,内固定牢靠。因属钛合金制品 ,术后不干扰MRI、CT复查 ,特别适用于需行胸腰椎椎管侧前方减压、内固定术患者