抗内毒素噬菌体抗体库的构建及筛选

目的构建一个鼠源性的抗内毒素单链噬菌体抗体库,从中筛选出对内毒素具有较高亲和力的单链抗体。方法从小鼠脾细胞中提取总RNA,通过RT-PCR技术扩增出小鼠抗体重链、轻链可变区基因（VH,VL）,用Linker将VH,VL交联形成单链抗体可变区片段（ScFv）。经NotⅠ,SfiⅠ双酶切后与经同样双酶切的pCANTAB5E载体相连,转化入大肠杆菌TG1以构建鼠抗内毒素单链噬菌体抗体库。在援救噬菌体抗体库后,用内毒素淘筛特异性的ScFv,富集的噬菌体阳性克隆重新感染TG1。在96孔板分别援救单个含特异性ScFv的TG1菌落,最后随机挑选出190个菌落经ELISA检测抗内毒素ScFv。结果小鼠血清中抗内毒素的效价为1∶12800。提取的总RNA浓度为12.3813μg/ml,纯度较好。扩增出的VH长约340bp,VL约320bp,ScFv约800bp。转化入TG1后有约1.9×107个菌落。淘筛一轮过后即有3×104阳性菌落长出,190个菌落经ELISA检测有2个阳性克隆。结论成功地构建了一个库容量为1.9×107的鼠抗内毒素单链噬菌体抗体库,并从中筛选出了2株抗内毒素ScFv。     

用不同方法从大容量噬菌体抗体库中筛选抗完整食管癌细胞的单链抗体

目的:初步探索从天然的单链大容量噬菌体抗体库中筛选肿瘤细胞抗体的技术策略.方法:通过两种方法,即2%多聚甲醛固定细胞筛选法(PF)及活细胞直接筛选法(NF),经过4轮"吸附-洗脱-扩增"的淘筛过程,对食管癌KYSE-170细胞进行筛选,得到抗食管癌细胞的噬菌体抗体,完善了噬菌体抗体库筛选完整细胞的特异性抗体的技术策略.并且进一步制备了其可溶性抗体.结果:活细胞NF组的筛选阳性率高于2%多聚甲醛固定PF组,筛选特异性抗体的阳性率分别为25.00%和12.50%,两组的差异具有统计学意义.结论:利用单链大容量抗体库可以采用不同的筛选方法成功制备与肿瘤细胞结合的噬菌体抗体,为今后的研究和应用奠定基础.     

全人源肝癌噬菌体单链抗体的筛选及特异性鉴定

目的：对全人源肝癌噬菌体单链抗体库进行鉴定，筛选肝癌抗体，同时对抗体的活性及特异性进行鉴定。方法：PCR鉴定阳性重组菌TG1中人肝癌ScFv的插入率。先以人成纤维细胞吸附后再以体外培养的肝癌细胞SMMC-7721为抗原对所建抗体库进行3轮“吸附-洗脱-扩增”的亲和筛选。将筛选后的ScFv进行PCR鉴定及双酶切鉴定；通过ELISA法及FCM鉴定其与人肝癌细胞及正常细胞的结合活性。结果：ScFv基因插入率为70％。在亲和筛选过程中，肝癌噬菌体单链抗体得到富集，收获率逐轮得到提高，第3轮为第1轮的214倍。筛选后的ScFv进行PCR鉴定及双酶切鉴定，均可检测到目的基因。ELISA分析结果显示18个克隆与SMMC-7721呈阳性反应，阳性率为90％，15个克隆与成纤维细胞有交叉反应。得到3株肝癌单链抗体。ScFv的FCM鉴定表明，以正常胎肝细胞L-02为对照，ScFv与肝癌结合比率为41．3％。特异性鉴定表明，其与肝癌细胞结合活性明显高于正常细胞。结论：利用噬菌体抗体库技术结合减数筛选得到了肝癌噬菌体单链抗体及其基因，且筛选后的抗体片段与人肝癌细胞有特异性的结合活性。     

抗γ-精浆蛋白人-鼠杂合Fab噬菌体抗体库的构建及导向筛选

目的:建立人-鼠杂合Fab噬菌体抗体库,筛选抗γ-精浆蛋白(γ-sm)人源性抗体轻链。方法:PCR扩增前列腺癌患者外周血淋巴细胞人抗体全套轻链基因,克隆人含鼠源抗γ-sm抗体Fd基因的pComb3X噬粒中,建立人-鼠杂合Fab噬菌体抗体库。通过稀释滴定、限制性酶切等分别对库容、基因重组率和多样性进行鉴定。以M13K07辅助噬菌体超感染,利用纯化的γ-sm对杂合库进行筛选,对筛出的阳性克隆进行功能检测。结果:构建了库容量为1．2×107CFU、重组率为90％、多样性好的人-鼠杂合噬菌体抗体库。ELISA检测出2个强阳性克隆,Western blot确证为抗γ--sm的人-鼠杂合Fab,竞争ELISA显示其表观亲和力约为亲本鼠抗体亲和力的71．8％。DNA测序显示筛到的人源轻链可变区基因属IGKV4-1*01胚系家族。结论:成功得到人源性抗γ-sm抗体轻链,为进一步获得全人源化抗体奠定了基础。     

全人源食管癌噬菌体单链抗体库的筛选及特异性鉴定

目的：我们应用噬菌体抗体库技术构建了食管癌相关的人源单链抗体文库，本文目的在于对该抗体库进行鉴定，筛选食管癌抗体，同时对抗体的活性进行检测。方法：PCR鉴定TG1中食管癌单链抗体scFv的插入率；1．5％琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定Sfi I和NotI双酶切质粒的结果；先以人正常食管上皮细胞吸附后再以食管癌细胞Eca109为抗原对所建抗体库进行4轮的亲和筛选；将阳性重组噬菌体克隆感染Ecoli HB2151进行可溶性抗体表达及经亲和柱层析纯化；用SDS—PAGE测定该抗体的相对分子量；用Western blot鉴定该抗体；用ELISA法、免疫组化法鉴定该抗体与人食管癌细胞的结合的特异性。结果：seFv基因插入率为91．7％；酶切后检测到目的基因片段。在亲和筛选过程中，食管癌噬菌体单链抗体得到富集，收获率逐轮得到提高，第4轮为第1轮的141倍；SDS—PAGE与Western blot结果显示抗体的相对分子量为左右和30kd条带染色；在Ecoli HB2151中实现了单链抗体的可溶性表达。免疫组织化学结果提示可溶性抗体仅染食管癌组织，而肝癌组织和胃癌组织不染色。免疫细胞化学结果表明此可溶性抗体可使Eca109细胞染色。ELISA测定结果显示可溶性抗体具有较高的免疫活性，能与Eca109细胞结合，而不与胃癌BGC-823和NHEEC结合。结论：利用噬菌体抗体库技术的阴性、阳性筛选得到了食管癌噬菌体单链抗体，且筛选后的抗体片段与人食管癌细胞有特异性的结合活性。     

全人源抗乳腺癌噬菌体单链抗体库的构建

目的:利用噬菌体展示技术构建全人源性抗乳腺癌单链抗体库。方法:从临床获取未化疗乳腺癌病人外周血样30份,分离出单个核细胞(PBMC),提取总RNA,用RT-PCR技术逆转录获得cDNA,并扩增出全套人抗体重链(VH)和轻链(VL)基因,经重叠延伸PCR(SOE-PCR),在体外将两者连接成单链抗体(scFv)基因片段,将该片段用Sfi I和Not I酶切后克隆至pCantab5E噬菌体载体,电转化TG1感受态菌,收集培养后平板上的菌落,即构建初级噬菌体单链抗体库。结果:得到长度约为360bp和340bp的VH和VL,拼接后得到的scFv长度约为750bp;经PCR初步鉴定插入率约为80%,BstN 1多样性酶切检验,酶切图谱呈多样性。经测序验证,最终获得库容约为2.4×106pfu/ml初级单链抗体库。结论:本研究获得了全人源抗乳腺癌噬菌体单链抗体库,为下一步筛选抗人乳腺癌细胞特异性单链抗体奠定了基础。     

全人源肝癌噬菌体单链抗体的筛选及特异性鉴定

目的对全人源肝癌噬菌体单链抗体库进行鉴定,筛选肝癌抗体,同时对抗体的活性及特异性进行鉴定。方法PCR鉴定阳性重组菌TG1中人肝癌ScFv的插入率。先以人成纤维细胞吸附后再以体外培养的肝癌细胞SMMC7721为抗原对所建抗体库进行3轮“吸附洗脱扩增”的亲和筛选。将筛选后的ScFv进行PCR鉴定及双酶切鉴定;通过ELISA法及FCM鉴定其与人肝癌细胞及正常细胞的结合活性。结果ScFv基因插入率为70%。在亲和筛选过程中,肝癌噬菌体单链抗体得到富集,收获率逐轮得到提高,第3轮为第1轮的214倍。筛选后的ScFv进行PCR鉴定及双酶切鉴定,均可检测到目的基因。ELISA分析结果显示18个克隆与SMMC7721呈阳性反应,阳性率为90%,15个克隆与成纤维细胞有交叉反应。得到3株肝癌单链抗体。ScFv的FCM鉴定表明,以正常胎肝细胞L02为对照,ScFv与肝癌结合比率为41.3%。特异性鉴定表明,其与肝癌细胞结合活性明显高于正常细胞。结论利用噬菌体抗体库技术结合减数筛选得到了肝癌噬菌体单链抗体及其基因,且筛选后的抗体片段与人肝癌细胞有特异性的结合活性。     

全人源抗乳腺癌噬菌体单链抗体库的构建

目的：利用噬菌体展示技术构建全人源性抗乳腺癌单链抗体库。方法：从临床获取未化疗乳腺癌病人外周血样30份,分离出单个核细胞（PBMC）,提取总RNA,用RT-PCR技术逆转录获得cDNA,并扩增出全套人抗体重链（VH）和轻链（VL）基因,经重叠延伸PCR（SOE-PCR）,在体外将两者连接成单链抗体（scFv）基因片段,将该片段用Sfi I和Not I酶切后克隆至pCantab5E噬菌体载体,电转化TG1感受态菌,收集培养后平板上的菌落,即构建初级噬菌体单链抗体库。结果：得到长度约为360bp和340bp的VH和VL,拼接后得到的scFv长度约为750bp;经PCR初步鉴定插入率约为80%,BstN 1多样性酶切检验,酶切图谱呈多样性。经测序验证,最终获得库容约为2.4×106pfu/ml初级单链抗体库。结论：本研究获得了全人源抗乳腺癌噬菌体单链抗体库,为下一步筛选抗人乳腺癌细胞特异性单链抗体奠定了基础。     

噬菌体抗体库筛选技术及在肿瘤研究中的应用

噬菌体抗体是指表达在噬菌体表面的抗体分子Fab或SCFV，这些分子的群体称为抗体库。经特定抗原或细胞筛选后可以获得针对该抗原或细胞表面标志物的特异性抗体。经典的筛选方法为固相或液相抗原识别，前提条件是能得到抗原纯品，对于抗原无法提纯或抗原性质不确定的情况则不能适用，所以又出现全细胞筛选，直接利用肿瘤细胞或组织细胞进行筛选，无需纯抗原，但目标抗原一定要有较高的表达水平，对于表达较低的情况，一种策略是先利用正常细胞筛选，去掉无关抗原后，再利用肿瘤细胞筛选；另一种策略是细胞内化筛选，特异性抗体被内化入细胞，然后用酸性洗脱液洗脱掉细胞膜上非特异结合的噬菌体抗体后裂解细胞，获得特异性抗体。其余筛选方法还有切片组织筛选、体内筛选等，适用面较窄，未获推广。筛选效率主要通过以下几项的检测：转化数，即被感染的噬菌体数，它随筛选轮数的增加而增加；抗体基因插入栽体的频率，高比例的丢失意味着筛选的低效率；抗体亲和性。抗体库技术避免了杂交瘤技术中的许多难点，如细胞融合、动物免疫等，目前该技术已逐渐在肿瘤诊断和肿瘤治疗中发挥重要作用，     

噬菌体抗体库筛选技术及在肿瘤研究中的应用

噬菌体抗体是指表达在噬菌体表面的抗体分子Fab或scFv,这些分子的群体称为抗体库。经特定抗原或细胞筛选后可以获得针对该抗原或细胞表面标志物的特异性抗体。经典的筛选方法为固相或液相抗原识别,前提条件是能得到抗原纯品,对于抗原无法提纯或抗原性质不确定的情况则不能适用,所以又出现全细胞筛选,直接利用肿瘤细胞或组织细胞进行筛选,无需纯抗原,但目标抗原一定要有较高的表达水平,对于表达较低的情况,一种策略是先利用正常细胞筛选,去掉无关抗原后,再利用肿瘤细胞筛选;另一种策略是细胞内化筛选,特异性抗体被内化入细胞,然后用酸性洗脱液洗脱掉细胞膜上非特异结合的噬菌体抗体后裂解细胞,获得特异性抗体。其余筛选方法还有切片组织筛选、体内筛选等,适用面较窄,未获推广。筛选效率主要通过以下几项的检测:转化数,即被感染的噬菌体数,它随筛选轮数的增加而增加;抗体基因插入载体的频率,高比例的丢失意味着筛选的低效率;抗体亲和性。抗体库技术避免了杂交瘤技术中的许多难点,如细胞融合、动物免疫等,目前该技术已逐渐在肿瘤诊断和肿瘤治疗中发挥重要作用。     

Bispecific Monoclonal Antibody Therapy of B-Cell Malignancy

Bispecific monoclonal antibodies (bsAbs) that recognize CD3 with one arm and a tumor associated antigen with the other arm can retarget T-cells toward tumor cells in an MHC independent manner, thereby combining the specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the power of the cellular immune system. B-cell malignancies are particularly attractive as targets for anti-CD3-based bsAb therapy because of their sensitivity to other forms of antibody therapy, and the extent to which B-cells and T-cells communicate at the molecular level. BsAbs that recognize CD3 and a number of antigens on malignant B-cells have been shown in vitro to be capable of retargeting T-cells. In animal models of B-cell malignancy, bsAb can eliminate tumor loads that are resistant to unmodified monoclonal antibody therapy. Ongoing early clinical trials in advanced B-cell lymphoma indicate CD3-based bsAbs have significant biologic effects, and suggest they have anti-tumor activity as well. A number of significant questions relating to bsAb therapy of B-cell malignancies remain. It is unclear what role both endogenously produced and exogenously administered cytokines are likely to play. Further exploration of whether bsAb can induce T-cells to target to tumor will also be required before the true promise of this novel form of immunotherapy can be determined.     

抗p53融合蛋白单克隆抗体的性质鉴定

目的 :研制出能特异与p5 3结合的单克隆抗体 ,使对 p5 3的检测得到更为广泛的应用。 方法 :以原核表达的 p5 3-GST融合蛋白为免疫原 ,常规方法作细胞融合 ,间接酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)双筛和免疫组织化学(IHC)筛选 ,将能稳定分泌抗人p5 3单抗的杂交瘤细胞株的细胞上清 (命名为M12 6 )与常用p5 3进口单抗PAB180 1(ZYMED公司 )作对比实验。结果 :此单抗适用于ELISA、IHC、免疫印迹及免疫沉淀等方面的研究 ,并且在一定程度上优于PAB180 1。结论 :新制备的单抗M12 6可考虑取代进口单抗PAB180 1而用于p5 3的表达及突变研究。     

An Experimental Model for Pharmacokinetic Studies of Monoclonal Antibodies in Human Colonic Cancer

An experimental model consisting of athymic rats carrying human colonic tumours from cell line LS 174T in both hind legs was used. ¹²⁵I-labelled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA) monoclonal antibodies were injected intra-arterially (i.a.), either alone (21 rats) or together with degradable starch microspheres (6 rats). As a control, an irrelevant antibody was injected i.a., alone (6 rats) or together with microspheres (3 rats). An intra-arterial injection was given on the side bearing one tumour in each rat, while the contralateral tumour served as an 'intravenous' control. The rats were submitted to external gamma measurements daily for four days. On the fourth day they were killed and pieces from the tumours and from various organs were examined by in vitro measurements. The results indicate strong expression of CEA in LS 174T cells grafted to athymic rats. No lasting enhancement of the tumour uptake was achieved by intra-arterial injection of antibodies as compared with the control tumours.     

Anti-murine Antibody Response to Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer Patients

Although development of human anti-murine inununoglobulin antibody (HAMA) is often seen in patients receiving murine antibodies, the variety of methods used for detecting HAMA makes it difficult to compare directly the HAMA responses measured by different assays. In the present study, several parameters of the HAMA response to two murine monoclonal antibodies were evaluated. The anti-sialosyl Tn antibody MLS102 and anti-CA125 antibody 145-9, which were labeled with ¹¹¹ln, were injected intravenously into 17 colorectal cancer patients and 11 ovarian cancer patients for immnnoscintigraphy, respectively. HAMA was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There was no difference in baseline HAMA levels before antibody injection between the two groups. HAMA developed more frequently in ovarian cancer patients receiving the 145-9 antibody than in colorectal cancer patients receiving the MLS102 antibody (9/11 vs. 6/17, P <0.05). No significant difference was observed in maximal HAMA levels between the two groups of patients. However, time to reach the maximal levels was delayed and the duration of the response seemed longer in ovarian cancer patients. Among 11 patients receiving the 145-9 antibody three patients became positive for HAMA more than 2 months after antibody injection and the other two had HAMA activity in their sera for more than 17 months. HAMA response was different between the two antibodies, and late onset or long duration of HAMA response against the 145-9 antibody suggests the importance of HAMA measurement in patients who receive a second injection of murine antibodies even after a long interval.     

Phage Display Cloning and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Genes and Recombinant Fab Fragment against the CD98 Oncoprotein

The Fab gene of anti-CD98 heavy chain (h.c.) monoclonal antibody (mAb) HBJ127 was cloned and expressed as a recombinant Fab (rFab) fragment by means of a phage display system. The variable heavy and light chain genes of HBJ127 were found to be derived from VOx-1 and IgVk8-30 germline, respectively. Extensive somatic mutation was found in the heavy chain complementarity determining region 2. rFab fragment was purified homogeneously from crude bacterial lysates by Ni-chelate chromatography in a yield of 71.4 μg from 100 ml of culture. rFab fragment was reactive with the cell surface of CD98-positive cells irrespective of tissues of origin, but not with CD98-neg-ative cells. The recognition site of the rFab fragment was identical to that of mAb since the binding of rFab fragment to HeLaS₃cells was completely inhibited by pretreatment with an excess of mAb. The relative affinity values of rFab fragment and mAb were found to be 0.11x10⁸ and 0.35X10⁸ M ^-1, respectively. Three-fold lower affinity of rFab fragment may be due to the difference of valency of the antibody preparation. Cell growth inhibition in vitro by rFab fragment preincubated with anti-Fab suggests that the rFab fragment produced by cloned gene-bearing Escherichia coli was identical to the Fab part of HBJ127 mAb. These results show that a small fragment with antigen binding activity similar to that of the parent mAb can easily be prepared by using a phage display system. To our knowledge, this is a first report of the production of anti-CD98 h.c. rFab fragment.     

Development and Characterization of Chimeric Anti-carcinoembryonic Antigen Monoclonal Antibodies and Their Fab Fragments

In an attempt to reduce the immunogenicity of two different murine anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), KM10 and A10, we produced recombinant mouse/human chimeric MAbs and the respective Fab fragments carrying the variable regions of the murine MAbs. Chimeric A10 Fab fragment was expressed in Escherichia coli , and produced in large quantities in a mini-jar fermentation system. In competitive binding assays, chimeric MAbs and their Fab fragments showed identical specificity to human CEA epitopes, as compared to the parental MAbs or Fab fragments. Both chimeric Fab fragments exhibited strong immunohistochemical reactivity with various gastrointestinal carcinomas and no reactivity with CEA-related antigens, such as NCA (nonspecific cross-reacting antigen) or BGPI (biliary glycoprotein I). Furthermore, chimeric KM10 MAb elicited substantially higher antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity than the murine MAb. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro was much weaker with chimeric KM10 MAb. These results indicate that chimeric MAbs or Fab fragments could potentially replace the parental murine antibodies or their Fab fragments in therapy or diagnosis of human gastrointestinal carcinomas.     

Therapy and Imaging of Pancreatic Carcinoma Xenografts with Radioiodine-labeled Chimeric Monoclonal Antibody A10 and Its Fab Fragment

Recombinant mouse/human chimeric monoclonal antibody A10 (ch-A10) and its Fab fragment (ch-Fab) react with carcinoembryonic antigen on various gastrointestinal carcinomas. We performed biodistribution studies with ¹²⁵I-labeled ch-Al0 and ch-Fab in an antigen-positive human pancreatic carcinoma (BxPC-3) xenograft model. We also evaluated the anti-tumor effect of ¹³¹I-labeled ch-Al0 and studied the detection of BxPC-3 xenografts with ¹²³I-labeIed ch-Fab in whole body scintigraphy. In comparative biodistribution studies, the tumor uptake of ¹²⁵I-labeled ch-Al0 was significantly greater than that of ¹²⁵I-labeIed ch-Fab 24 h post-injection. However, the tumor-to-blood ratio was 46.8 for ch-Fab at 24 h post-injection, while it was only 1.4 for ch-Al0. Microautoradiography studies showed that ch-Fab penetrated more uniformly into the tumor nodules than did ch-Al0. In mice given a therapeutic dose of ¹³¹I-labeled ch-AlO, a significant inhibition of tumor growth was seen, while control ^I31l-labeled human IgG did not affect tumor growth. Leukocyte toxicity was observed within 3 weeks after injection of ¹³¹I-labeled ch-Al0, but leukocyte counts recovered to normal levels at 8 weeks post-injection. In whole-body scintigraphy, clear and rapid tumor imaging was obtained with 200 (Ci of ¹²³I-labeled ch-Fab 24 h post-injection. These results suggest that radioiodine-labeled chimeric A10 antibodies could potentially be useful candidates for radioimmunotherapy and radio-immunodetection of pancreatic carcinomas.     

Infusion Reactions Associated with the Therapeutic Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of Malignancy

With the FDA approval of Rituximab in 1998 for the treatment of lymphoma, and Trastuzumab in 1999 for the treatment of breast cancer, monoclonal antibodies were officially added to the therapeutic armamentarium against malignancy. Most of the side effects associated with these agents are due to antigen-antibody interactions on specific cells and tissues. One of the most predictable side effects of these products is a constellation of various systemic effects including flu-like syumptoms such as headache, fever, sweats, skin rash, shortness of breath, hypotension, nausea, and asthenia that occurs with the first infusion of such products. Rarely severe hypotension, bronchospasm, and hypoxia and even death have occurred. The pathophysiology of these reactions appears to be secondary to the release of cytokines as the antibodies bind do circulating antigen-expressing cells that are then removed in the reticuloendothelial system of the lungs, spleen and liver. In patients with large numbers of antigen-dense cells that have a high mitotic index, such as prolymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, or lymphosarcoma cell leukemia, there is a risk of true tumor lysis syndrome. One should be particularly cautious when treating patients with high numbers of circulating antigen-expressing cells in the setting of underlying cardiovascular or respiratory disease.     

Selection of high affinity human neutralizing antibodies to VEGFR2 from a large antibody phage display library for antiangiogenesis therapy.

Compelling evidence suggests that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors play an important role in angiogenesis associated with tumor growth and metastasis. VEGF exerts its biologic activities through 2 transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors: the fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor (Flt-1, or VEGFR1) and kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR or VEGFR2). We have previously produced a panel of antibodies directed against KDR from mice immunized with the recombinant form receptor. These antibodies efficiently neutralized VEGF-induced KDR activation and mitogenesis of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC). Murine antibodies, however, may not be suitable candidates for human therapy because of their propensity to elicit human anti-mouse antibody response. Here we isolated several high-affinity human Fab antibody fragments directed against KDR from an antibody phage display library constructed from the pooled B lymphocytes of nonimmunized healthy human donors. These human Fab fragments bind specifically to KDR with nanomolar affinity and block KDR/VEGF interaction with IC(50) of approximately 2-20 nM. Further, they effectively inhibit VEGF-stimulated mitogenesis of HUVEC and migration of human leukemia cells. Epitope mapping studies demonstrated that all neutralizing human antibodies bound the epitope(s) located within the first 3 N-terminal immunoglobulin-like domains of KDR, the same region that encompasses the binding site of VEGF. Our results suggest that these human anti-KDR antibodies may have potential application in the treatment of cancer and other diseases in which pathologic angiogenesis occurs.